Skip to main content

9. 解决问题——找到更好的方法

第九章

解决问题——找到更好的方法

我希望你对自己的想法越来越有意识。你是否尝试过寻找其中一个热点想法的证据?你是否尝试过记录来访的一个热点想法的支持和反对证据?从家庭作业中你学到了什么?

如果你没有尝试上一章的家庭作业,花点时间回想上周的一个困难情境。识别你的热点想法,然后寻找证据。

设置议程

在本章中,我将讨论解决问题的方法。我们还将看到,如何通过解决问题的方法帮助罗尔和苏珊解决他们在治疗中提出的各种问题。

议程项目 #1: 什么是解决问题?

议程项目 #2: 培养积极的问题导向

议程项目 #3: 识别来访的问题

议程项目 #4: 列举解决方案

议程项目 #5: 选择解决方案

议程项目 #6: 发展应对想法

执行议程

认知行为疗法(CBT)的一个优势是其方法的普遍性。所有人都会遇到问题,每个人都可以从逐步解决问题的方法中受益。

议程项目 #1: 什么是解决问题?

解决问题疗法最初由 D'Zurilla 和 Goldfried(1971)开发,尽管多年来有所修订(D'Zurilla & Nezu, 2006),但核心过程和原则基本保持不变。

解决问题过程概览

解决问题既涉及一种认为问题可以解决或至少可以改善的态度,也涉及基于特定技能的过程。解决问题的过程分为四个明确的步骤。对于许多来访,你可能需要逐步完成整个解决问题的过程;但对于某些来访,你可能只需要使用部分过程。以下是四个步骤:

  1. 识别问题并设定现实的目标
  2. 生成新的解决方案。这通常称为头脑风暴。
  3. 评估不同的解决方案并决定尝试哪一个
  4. 尝试一个解决方案:评估结果并决定问题是否已解决或是否需要继续解决问题。

你可以在 http://www.newharbinger.com/38501 找到《解决问题工作表》。该工作表总结了步骤,并为每个部分提供了有用的问题。你可以将工作表作为治疗指南,也可以作为给来访的资料。

解决问题背后的理论

解决问题的理论基础是,来访的情感困扰源于较差的问题解决技能,这导致了功能失调的应对方式。较差的问题解决能力会导致更多的问题,这些问题反过来又会被糟糕地解决。来访很快发现自己要处理多个问题,从而陷入一个恶性的负循环。解决问题可以中断这一恶性循环,帮助来访找到更好的应对方式(D'Zurilla & Nezu, 2010)。

解决问题理论

良好的问题解决 = 更好的应对 = 改善的生活和更好的心情

当你帮助来访找到解决问题的方法时,你也在传达:“你很重要,我在乎你的福祉,我们可以一起找出解决你问题的方法。”这些是非常有力的信息。对于许多来访来说,整个解决问题的过程感觉新鲜且赋权。

解决问题有效吗?

让我们看看研究结果。良好的问题解决技能与整体情绪调节更好一致,而较差的问题解决技能则与更多困扰和更差的调节相关(D'Zurilla & Nezu, 2010)。例如,较差的问题解决技能与药物和酒精成瘾、犯罪行为和心理困扰有关。好消息是,具有良好问题解决技能的人在经历压力事件后不太可能变得抑郁(Nezu, Nezu, Saraydarian, Kalmar, & Ronan, 1986)。

在过去三十年中,大量研究表明,解决问题是治疗抑郁症(Bell & D'Zurilla, 2009)、焦虑和其他各种心理健康问题的有效方法(D'Zurilla & Nezu, 2010; Malouff, Thorsteinsson, & Schutte, 2007)。解决问题还帮助人们学会了应对严重的身体疾病,如糖尿病(Glasgow, Toobert, Barrera, & Stryker, 2004)和癌症(Nezu, Nezu, Felgoise, McClure, & Houts, 2003)。专注于培养积极的问题解决态度并教授问题解决技能的干预措施似乎最有效(Bell & D'Zurilla, 2009)。

研究总结

积极的问题解决态度 + 问题解决技能 = 有效治疗

议程项目 #2: 培养积极的问题导向

积极的问题导向是良好问题解决的核心要素。下表比较了具有积极和消极问题导向的个体的信念(Nezu, Nezu, & D'Zurilla, 2013)。

积极的问题导向 消极的问题导向
问题是一种挑战。大多数情况是可以改善的。 问题是无法解决且令人害怕的。尝试改善大多数情况是徒劳的。
有能力成功解决问题或使情况变好。 没有能力成功解决问题或使情况变好。
成功的问题解决需要时间、努力和坚持不懈。初期失败是找到解决方案的一部分。 初期失败意味着问题无法解决。

具有积极问题导向的个体

具有积极问题导向的个体会将困难视为正常的生活挑战,并试图找到解决问题的方法。具有消极问题导向的个体往往会逃避问题,或者以冲动或草率的方式解决问题。显然,积极的导向更好,但你如何帮助来访培养这种积极的导向呢?

树立乐观态度和信任

树立乐观态度并相信来访有能力解决问题是帮助来访培养积极问题导向的最有效方法之一。以下是我用来鼓励积极问题解决导向的一些表达:

  • 让我们看看能否找到解决你问题的方法。
  • 我想知道是否有你能做的事情,能够帮助改善这种情况。
  • 我知道这让你感到绝望,但我们能否找到办法哪怕稍微改善一下你的处境?
  • 我不确定我们是否已经考虑了所有可能的解决方案。你愿意尝试解决问题吗?

这些相对简单的干预措施传达了你相信来访有能力找到更好的解决方案,并且你们一起能够改善他的生活。你会发现,随着来访成功地使用解决问题的过程,他的问题导向会自然而然地变得更加积极。

案例分析:罗尔的治疗师如何帮助他培养更积极的问题导向

罗尔向他的治疗师讲述了他的老板给他差评后,两人关系恶化的情况。罗尔感到去上班非常沮丧,以前他喜欢上班,但现在由于收到了差评,他与老板的关系变得尴尬和焦虑,他认为这一切都是毫无希望的。

罗尔:想到要去上班我就感到非常沮丧。以前我喜欢上班,但现在收到差评后,我与老板的关系变得非常尴尬和焦虑。我觉得我们之间的关系太糟糕了,似乎做什么都没有用了。

治疗师:我听到你在想,试图改变与老板的关系是毫无希望的,对吗?

治疗师识别了罗尔的消极问题导向:试图改变与老板的关系是毫无希望的。

罗尔:确实如此,我能做什么呢?

治疗师:我在想,你是否愿意暂时放下“毫无希望”的想法,看看我们是否能找到一些更好的应对方法,帮助你感觉更好。

罗尔:你是什么意思?

治疗师:当你告诉自己“这是毫无希望的”时,这对你的行为有什么影响?

罗尔:我只是避开他,继续做同样的事情。

治疗师:那么,避开他有帮助吗?

罗尔:没有,事实上,情况变得更糟了。我感到越来越尴尬。

治疗师:我在想,你是否愿意和我一起工作,看看我们是否能找到不同的应对方法,可能会改善你与老板的关系。

罗尔:我愿意,但我认为我们找不到任何办法。

治疗师:你可能是对的,但我想看看如果我们共同努力,是否能找到更好的应对方法。

请注意,治疗师承认罗尔可能是对的,但还是请他尝试解决问题。治疗师展示了冷静、理智的解决问题的方法。

议程项目 #3: 识别来访的问题

在来访能够解决问题之前,他需要先识别这些问题。定义问题和设定现实的目标是解决问题技能集的首要组成部分。问题可以是一次性的事件,如离婚或严重的健康问题。它们也可以是经常发生的情况,如管教拒绝做家务的孩子、与伴侣因财务问题争吵,或应对日常的困难,如长时间通勤、慢性疼痛或孤独感。

有时,来访需要帮助解决问题是很明显的。来访可能会在治疗开始时说:“我不知道该怎么办X”,或者来访的某个想法可能是“我还能做什么?”或“我不知道如何处理这个问题”。在其他情况下,识别来访需要解决问题的需求可能更为困难。具有消极问题导向的来访往往逃避问题,但感到焦虑。教给这些来访,如果他们感到焦虑,应该问自己是否有未解决的问题,这会很有帮助。

问题定义

问题越具体和具体化,就越容易想到有用的解决方案。例如,“我与伴侣沟通不好”是一个非常模糊的问题,难以开始解决,而“我和伴侣在如何管教孩子的问题上意见不合”则更加清晰,更容易解决。

罗尔在他的治疗开始时低声说道:“想到要去上班我就感到非常沮丧。以前我喜欢上班,但现在收到差评后,我与老板的关系变得尴尬和焦虑。我觉得我们之间的关系太糟糕了,似乎做什么都没有用了。”

在这个阶段,罗尔的问题还不够具体。他的治疗师使用《解决问题工作表》中的“帮助定义问题的问题”来帮助罗尔变得更加具体和具体化。有时你可能需要使用所有问题,有时只需使用其中几个相关的问题。罗尔的回答如下表所示。

罗尔定义他的问题

帮助定义问题的问题 罗尔的回答
什么发生了或没有发生让你的来访感到困扰? 1. 罗尔的老板给了他差评,但从未与他谈过这件事。
2. 罗尔与老板之间的紧张关系。
3. 目前几乎没有任何随意的接触。
4. 老板从不征求他的意见,从不聊天,经常忽略他。
谁牵涉其中?问题发生在何处?何时发生? 问题涉及罗尔和他的老板;发生在白天的工作中。
为什么这个问题对你来访来说很难? 1. 罗尔对差评感到羞愧。
2. 罗尔感到被评判,讨厌工作,难以集中注意力,认为每个人都知道他与老板的问题。
3. 罗尔不知道如何处理差评。
你的来访目前如何处理这个问题?你的来访是在回避还是采取冲动的行为? 罗尔尽量避免与老板互动。过去,罗尔早上会去老板的办公室聊五分钟;他会征求老板对项目的看法。现在罗尔直接走到自己的办公桌。
你的来访希望他的行为会产生什么后果? 罗尔希望“一切回到正常”。

练习 9.1: 纳西尔有一个繁忙的诊所

练习定义来访的问题。

设定目标

罗尔和他的治疗师现在已经对他的问题有了更清楚的认识。下一步是设定目标。目标需要具体和具体化、现实且可以实现。你还应该明确短期和长期目标。例如,短期目标可能是对老板更加坚定,并要求在圣诞节期间额外两周的假期,但这可能与长期目标冲突,即被视为团队成员并获得晋升。

通常,在来访回答了《解决问题工作表》中帮助定义问题的问题后,他的目标就变得明确了。如果来访的目还不清楚,以下问题可能有所帮助:

  • 来访希望情况如何改变或不同?
  • 来访希望情境中其他人如何改变或不同?
  • 来访希望自己如何改变或不同?

当罗尔的治疗师问他希望情况如何改变时,罗尔回答说他希望“一切都回到正常”。这是一个不够具体的目标。治疗师接着问他希望老板如何改变,以及他希望如何改变。罗尔解释说,他总体上希望再次与老板建立良好的关系。他希望老板能与他开玩笑,轻松地交谈。他还希望能够在项目上向老板征求意见。随着罗尔阐述他的目标,他意识到自己还希望更好地理解那条负面的工作评价。当来访放慢速度,仔细检查他的问题和目标时,他经常会发现一些以前没有关注的重要方面。

你还可以通过注意来访希望其当前行为带来的后果来识别目标。尽管他们的行为可能无效,但大多数人行事的目的是希望改善他们的处境。在罗尔的情况下,治疗师可以问:“你希望在回避老板时会发生什么?”

一旦你识别了来访的目标,并探讨了他希望其行为带来的后果,重要的是要检查其行为的实际后果。除非来访理解他的行为是无效的,否则他不会被激励去解决问题。在罗尔的情况下,他希望通过回避老板使“一切都回到正常”。当治疗师问罗尔回避的后果是什么时,罗尔默默地承认这并没有帮助,反而使情况变得更糟。

向来访解释解决问题

一旦确定来访目前的做法不起作用,就可以向他们解释解决问题的方法。你需要向来访概述这个过程,并让他们对解决问题抱有希望。以下是我如何解释解决问题的方法(你可以在 http://www.newharbinger.com/38501 找到这个脚本的副本):

我们一直在讨论你的问题和你感到的绝望。有时候人们会陷入消极的循环,看不到其他可能性。我在想,你是否愿意尝试找一些其他应对问题的方法。我想向你解释一个叫做“解决问题”的过程。我们首先明确一个具体的问题,然后进行头脑风暴,尝试想出不同的可能解决方案。我们要尽可能多地找出解决方案,而不进行判断。一旦我们想到了一些不同的处理问题的方法,我会花一些时间评估这些解决方案,看看是否有更合理的方案。你愿意试试吗?

轮到你了!

在想象中练习:解释解决问题

我希望你想象向一位来访解释解决问题的过程。在开始之前,从1到10评估你对解释解决问题的舒适程度。练习结束后,再次评估你的舒适程度,看看是否有所改变。现在,让我们尝试这个练习。

选择一个你认为可以从解决问题方法中受益的具体来访。想象你的来访已经确定了一个问题,你想要向他解释解决问题。试着在脑海中勾勒出来访的形象。想象你自己在办公室里和来访在一起。看看你的办公室,注意房间里的声音和气味。阅读我建议的解释解决问题的文本,同时想象自己在说出这些话。你也可以使用自己的表达方式。真正听到并感受到自己在解释解决问题。想象自己再向同一个来访解释两次解决问题,每次想象来访都给予积极的回应。

视频 9.1: 定义问题和设定目标

议程项目 #4: 头脑风暴解决方案

下一个阶段是帮助来访找到新的解决方案。找到新的解决问题的方法是困难的——如果来访知道更好的管理生活的方法,他们早就已经在这样做了。解决问题要求来访跳出常规思维。你需要进行一个称为头脑风暴的过程,这意味着尽可能多地想出各种解决方案。在头脑风暴时,遵循以下三个原则会有帮助:

  • 数量:尽量想出尽可能多的解决方案。
  • 多样性:解决方案的多样性越大,找到好主意的机会就越多。
  • 延迟判断:写下所有想到的解决方案,无论多么荒谬、无关或离谱。

包括一些看似不可能的解决方案;它们可以帮助来访跳出框框思考。有时将一个看似不可能的解决方案与其他解决方案结合起来,可能会得出一个好的解决方案。

寻找新的解决方案

很难不立即跳出来解决来访的问题。理想情况下,头脑风暴新的解决方案是治疗师和来访之间的合作。来访能够自己发现解决方案,这一过程会更加赋权。我通常从询问来访的建议开始。很多时候,我只需要说:“我在想是否有其他处理这种情况的方法。” 如果我想到来访没有提到的具体策略,我通常会说:“我有一个可能有帮助的想法。我们来看看你是否喜欢它。” 如果来访喜欢这个建议,我会鼓励他将这个策略应用到具体问题上。

对于许多来访来说,停下来有意识地审视问题的过程自然会引导他们想到新的、有效的解决方案。然而,有些来访很难想到处理问题的替代方法。可以尝试《解决问题工作表》中的“帮助找到新解决方案的问题”列表。以下是这些问题:

  • 有哪些不同的方法可以处理你的问题?
  • 如果有人遇到这个问题,你会给他什么建议?
  • 如果朋友或关心你的人知道你有这个问题,他们会给你什么建议?
  • 你过去是如何处理类似情况的?
  • 你是如何克服生活中其他领域的障碍的?
  • 是否有你忽视的积极信息可以帮助解决这个问题?
  • 问题中是否有无法改变的部分,你需要接受?(挑战在于接受无法改变的部分,并为可以改变的部分找到应对策略。)

让我们看看罗尔的治疗师是如何帮助他进行头脑风暴的。最初,罗尔很难找到替代解决方案。然而,他的治疗师保持乐观的态度,并坚持解决问题。

治疗师: 你现在在回避你的老板,你说这似乎没有改善情况。让我们看看是否能想到其他你可以做的事情。我们要把所有想到的都写下来。在这个早期阶段,我们关注的是解决方案的数量和多样性。每个想法都是好想法。稍后我们会决定使用哪个。

注意治疗师如何解释数量、多样性和延迟判断的原则。

罗尔: 我想到的任何方法都似乎不可能。

治疗师: 你可能是对的,但让我们看看你能做些什么来改善与老板的关系。

注意罗尔的治疗师承认他可能是对的,但仍然保持乐观的态度。

罗尔: 我认为最好的解决方法可能是离开这个部门,申请调岗。

治疗师: 所以一个选项是申请调岗。还有其他选项吗?

罗尔: 我可以继续现在的做法,情况并不太糟。我也想过问一个在其他部门工作的朋友是否有建议。

治疗师: 我们有几个解决方案,让我们把它们写下来。第一,申请调岗;第二,继续现在的做法;第三,向朋友寻求建议。我要问你一些问题,看看它们是否能帮助你想到其他解决方案。如果一个同事遇到这个问题,你会给他什么建议?

注意罗尔的治疗师如何以总结性陈述开始,表明她听到了罗尔的话,然后提出“帮助找到新解决方案的问题”列表中的问题。

罗尔: 这很简单,但我不认为对我有用。

治疗师: 你可能是对的,但无论如何让我们看看你会建议什么。

罗尔: 嗯,我首先会建议我的同事停止回避他的老板,并表现出友好的态度。

轮到你了!

帮助罗尔找到新的解决方案

罗尔建议他停止回避老板并表现出友好态度,这是一个很好的总体策略,但还不够具体和具体化。

请看下面三种可能的回应,并选择最能帮助罗尔具体化的那个。

  1. 很好的建议。我想知道,如果你开始更广泛地参与会议,这是否会有所帮助。
  2. 当你想到要更友好时,你在想什么?
  3. 如果你的同事想停止回避老板并表现出友好,他可以做些什么?

回应 #3 最有可能帮助罗尔发展出具体和具体化的解决方案。在回应 #1 中,治疗师在为罗尔解决问题。回应 #2 是个好问题,如果我们已经有了具体、具体化的解决方案,但在解决问题的过程中还为时过早。

治疗师: 如果你的同事想一般性地停止回避老板并表现出友好,他可以做些什么?

罗尔: (笑着)嗯,我想我会建议他在会议前向老板打招呼,在会议上发言,也许还会告诉老板他的一些项目进展。

治疗师: 我们可以把这些作为你可能的解决方案记下来吗?(罗尔点头微笑。) 你列出了相当长的一串清单。

请看下面三种可能的回应,并选择最能帮助罗尔继续找到替代解决方案的那个。

  1. 我想知道我们是否还能找到更多的解决方案。一个熟悉你的人会建议什么解决方案?
  2. 开始在会议上发言的障碍是什么?
  3. 让我们制定一个计划,你什么时候可以开始在会议上更多地发言。

回应 #1 最有可能帮助罗尔继续找到解决方案。回应 #2 和 #3 是好的回应,如果罗尔已经选择了在会议上发言作为解决方案;但他还没有列出所有可能的解决方案。

治疗师: 我想知道我们是否还能找到更多的解决方案。一个熟悉你的人会建议什么解决方案?

罗尔: 老实说?我想我妻子会建议我等到下一次评估,六个月后再采取行动。我女儿会建议我预约老板谈谈我的差评。但这对我来说完全不可能。我只会太焦虑。

来访在想到一个坚定的回应时,往往会立即退缩。这感觉太难了。当罗尔想到与老板谈论他的差评时,就是这种情况。花些时间探索来访具体能说什么是有价值的。通常,当来访有一个具体的情景时,坚定的回应会显得更加可行。

这是罗尔的可能解决方案列表:

  • 继续现在的做法
  • 申请调到另一个部门
  • 向朋友寻求建议
  • 在会议前与老板交谈,参与会议,并告诉老板我的项目进展
  • 等待下次评估
  • 安排与老板会面讨论我的评估

议程项目 #5: 选择解决方案

对于许多来访来说,冷静地评估不同的解决方案是一种新的、赋权的体验。你希望来访评估不同解决方案解决或改善问题的可能性。我教来访从《解决问题工作表》中问自己以下问题,以便做出明智的选择:

  • 每个解决方案的短期和长期好处是什么?
  • 每个解决方案的短期和长期缺点是什么?

如果来访觉得“好处”和“缺点”这两个概念过于抽象,我会问:“如果你使用这个解决方案,可能会发生哪些好的事情和不好的事情?” 我们制作一个图表并写下答案,来访可以将图表带回家,花更多时间思考这个决定。以下是我会问的一些问题,以鼓励来访思考每个解决方案的短期和长期后果:

  • 这个解决方案将如何影响我、其他人和情况?
  • 实施这个解决方案后我会有什么感受?
  • 这个解决方案是否符合我的价值观?实施这个解决方案是否有助于我践行我的价值观?
  • 这个解决方案是否总体上可行?
  • 这个解决方案在所需的时间和努力方面是否可行?

罗尔有许多解决方案,很难评估所有方案。他的治疗师让他挑选三个解决方案进行评估。以下是罗尔完成的评估。你可以在 http://www.newharbinger.com/38501 下载《我的解决方案的好处和缺点》工作表。

我的解决方案的好处和缺点

解决方案 短期好处 短期缺点 长期好处 长期缺点
申请调岗 使我离开办公室 必须告诉老板,直到离开前情况会更糟 可能导致更好的情况 改变部门后失去部分资历
与老板多交流;讨论项目等 关系可能会改善 比较容易做到 关系可能会改善 仍不了解差评的原因
与老板会面讨论差评 可能解决这个问题 下一份工作可能更糟 不解决差评问题 关系可能会改善,仍不了解差评原因
理想情况下会帮助关系和工作表现 可能使留在职位变得不可能 高焦虑

评估解决方案

罗尔和他的治疗师评估了三个解决方案后,治疗师请他总结每个解决方案的好处和缺点。

  • 申请调岗:刚开始可能会让我感觉很好,但会有很多工作要做,且不一定会有更好的结果。此外,我会失去资历。
  • 与老板多交流:可能会改善关系。没有什么真正的风险。唯一的问题是没有解决工作表现差评的问题。
  • 与老板会面讨论工作表现差评:风险最高,也是最难的。可能是最好的解决方案,但也可能使我难以继续留在这里。

当罗尔评估不同的解决方案时,很明显申请调岗不是一个好主意。他决定先尝试去老板的办公室聊天,以及与老板讨论他正在处理的不同项目。他想看看当他开始与老板多交流时会发生什么,然后再决定是否与老板讨论他的工作表现差评。

视频 9.2: 头脑风暴并选择解决方案

制定计划

接下来,来访需要制定一个实施所选解决方案的计划。确保该计划具体且具体化。写下来访实际要做什么是有帮助的。接下来,指定计划的第一步以及来访尝试第一步的具体时间和日期。你还需要检查是否有任何障碍,并设法解决这些障碍。

罗尔决定第二天尝试去老板的办公室。他周一、周三和周五都有会议,他会提前到达,以便在会议前与老板聊天。

准备最坏的情况

有时来访希望尝试一个可能有负面结果的解决方案。例如,我的来访朱莉亚决定向她的伴侣披露她童年时期遭受性虐待的经历,尽管她知道伴侣可能会因此责怪她。其他来访在与他们的老板、伴侣或朋友讨论各种困难问题时,希望改善关系,但结果却增加了紧张气氛。你需要确保来访理解负面反应的真实风险,并做好准备以应对这种可能。

使用意象练习

通过意象练习来预演新的解决方案是一个机会,可以检查是否有任何障碍。我请来访想象自己在心中执行新的解决方案。我鼓励来访闭上眼睛,描述他执行新解决方案的情景。我请他看到并感受到自己处于那种情境中,如果解决方案涉及对话,还要听到自己和其他人的对话。在他想象了一次解决方案后,我请他睁开眼睛,并询问是否有任何障碍或是否需要更改任何内容。我们解决这些障碍。然后我请他再想象两次新的解决方案,并纳入他想要的任何更改。我请来访在心理练习前后评估解决方案的可行性。

当罗尔想象去老板的办公室聊天时,他意识到如果有具体文件问题要问会更容易。他的治疗师在接下来的两次意象预演中加入了这一点。

来访尝试新的解决方案

将来访的新的解决方案视为一个实验,它将提供额外的数据,而不是唯一的正确方法。来访常常因为结果不完美而过早地放弃某个解决方案。结果需要在连续体上进行评估,而不是用“完美或失败”的标准来衡量。提前决定来访如何评估新的解决方案是否成功是有帮助的。如果解决方案没有奏效,或者问题的某些方面仍然存在,你需要继续解决问题。重新评估问题中可以改变和不能改变的部分也可能有帮助。现实是,许多生活中的困难需要时间和努力来解决,而且往往没有完美的解决方案。

教会来访为尝试新的解决方案而自我表扬也很重要。即使新的解决方案没有奏效,尝试也表明了愿意解决问题而不是停滞不前。我展示了积极的问题导向。根据实际情况,我使用的某些陈述包括:“那进行得很好”,“尝试是重要的第一步”,“虽然不完美,但这是朝着正确方向迈出的一步。”

苏珊解决问题

如果你还记得,在上一章中,我们通过审视苏珊的热切想法并发展出更平衡的想法,帮助她管理参加烧烤聚会的焦虑。她的担忧减轻到足以决定去参加烧烤。然而,她仍然担心自己不知道该说什么,以及其他老师不会与她交谈。

她的治疗师认为,帮助苏珊解决如何使烧烤聚会对她来说更容易的问题是有帮助的。他们想出了几个策略,包括主动帮忙准备食物和烹饪;想一些可以引发对话的问题,比如其他老师在学校工作多久了,他们是否有孩子;接近其他老师,介绍自己并加入他们的圈子;专注于其他老师在说什么;花一些时间与校长的小孩玩耍。

当苏珊评估不同的解决方案时,她选择了主动帮忙烹饪,想一些可以引发对话的问题,然后在聚会上接近一位老师并开始交谈。一旦有了计划,她感觉好多了。

议程项目 #6: 发展应对思维

一旦来访决定了如何处理问题,并制定了计划,发展应对思维可以帮助他专注于任务并管理任何负面情绪。对自己或他人高度批判性的想法不仅让我们感到糟糕,还会分散我们的注意力,使我们更难应对压力情境。在应对思维模型中,你和来访积极发展那些帮助来访执行计划并管理负面情绪的思维。应对思维通常是简短的,并提供在特定情况下应如何行动的指导。

以下是我用于发展应对思维的一般过程:

  1. 确定来访想要完成的行为及其计划。
  2. 检查来访的当前思维是否干扰或破坏了他的计划。
  3. 发展应对思维。
  4. 使用意象练习来访的应对思维。

确定来访想要完成的行为

除了作为问题解决计划的一部分,应对思维还可以用于来访想要完成的任何特定行为。例如,我曾用应对思维帮助来访埃莉斯停止拖延,坐下来完成她的税务申报;我还用应对思维帮助来访每晚只喝一杯葡萄酒,开始锻炼计划,使用放松技巧控制疼痛,以及与朋友或家人讨论尴尬的话题。你也可以用应对思维帮助来访管理他们的焦虑感或被压垮的感觉。确保行为具体且可行。如果埃莉斯不知道如何完成税务申报,世界上所有的应对陈述都无法帮助她。

识别干扰计划的当前思维

有时,当来访想到解决问题的方案时,他们会感到乐观;然而,消极的、破坏性的思维常常会干扰他们实施计划的能力。我通常会问来访,有什么可能会干扰他的计划,特别是他是否有可能对自己说些什么会破坏计划。我希望确保来访理解他的思维对其完成计划能力的影响。让我们看看苏珊是否有任何会破坏她在烧烤聚会上计划的思维。

治疗师:苏珊,我想知道,当你想到在烧烤聚会上帮忙准备食物,或者与另一位老师开始交谈时,你的脑海中会有什么想法?

苏珊:在烧烤聚会上帮忙准备食物很容易,是个非常好的主意。但当我想到要走到另一位老师面前开始交谈时,我会感到非常焦虑。

苏珊识别了一种感觉,但我们正在寻找的是破坏性的思维。根据我们的四因素模型,我们知道思维会导致情绪。

治疗师:与你的焦虑感相关的一些思维是什么?

苏珊:我想,没有人会觉得我的问题有趣,而且我来参加聚会可能是个错误。

苏珊的治疗师希望她看到这些思维如何可能破坏她的计划。

治疗师:当你有这些思维时,这对你与老师们开始交谈的计划有什么影响?

苏珊:这让我很难受,不想去聚会,或者只是静静地站在那里,而不是尝试交谈。

有时我会画一个图来帮助来访看到他的思维如何破坏他的计划。许多来访发现可视化这个过程很有帮助。这在来访希望实现计划但最终没有实施,并且不明白是什么阻碍了他时尤其有用。图9.1显示了罗尔的治疗师为罗尔画的图,帮助他理解他的思维对拖延写报告的影响。

图9.1. 罗尔避免项目

图9.1. 罗尔避免项目

练习 9.2: 苏珊参加学校嘉年华

练习使用图来解释来访思维的后果。

一旦你识别了来访的消极破坏性思维,你可以使用应对思维模型要求他暂时放下这些思维。不幸的是,如果你告诉来访停止某个思维,它只会变得更强烈。然而,来访可以学会忽略这些干扰思维,尤其是如果他已经发展了应对思维。你不能同时想着应对思维和干扰思维。

帮助来访发展应对思维

下一步是发展帮助来访应对情境并管理其破坏性情绪的思维。以下是一些问题,可以帮助来访发展应对思维。你可以在 http://www.newharbinger.com/38501 下载《发展应对思维的问题》手册。

  • 你能对自己说些什么来帮助你应对这种情况?
  • 如果你给朋友提供建议,你会提供哪些有用的应对思维?
  • 一个了解你的人会建议哪些有用的应对思维?
  • 如果你处于更乐观的心情中,你会怎么想?
  • 当你过去成功应对类似或其他类型的情境时,你对自己说了些什么?

一旦你列出了一系列应对思维,就把它们写下来。应对思维通常分为三类:将情境放在现实的角度、专注于手头的任务、管理焦虑或压倒性的情绪。不同类型的思想在不同情境下会有不同的帮助。让我们来看一些每种类别的思想示例。你可以在 http://www.newharbinger.com/38501 下载《应对思维示例》。

应对思维示例

将情境放在现实的角度 专注于任务 管理焦虑
尽量不要把这件事看得太严重。 你有一个计划。 焦虑不是危险的。
做你计划的第一步。 心跳加快没关系。 我可以深呼吸。
专注于任务。 我可以深呼吸。 这只是一个情境。
即使这个情境不顺利,也会有其他机会。 不要把这件事夸大。 它不必完美。
它会过去的。 一步一步来。 焦虑是正常的。
即使我感到不安,我也可以执行我的计划。 记住你的理性思维。 你不必听从担忧的思维。

苏珊和她的治疗师一起确定了一些她可以用作应对思维的想法,以帮助她开始与另一位老师交谈。这些想法包括:坚持你的计划、只问一个问题、只有三位其他老师、不要听从焦虑。

使用意象练习

一旦来访发展了应对思维,你就可以在他的想象中再次带他经历他的计划,这次加上应对思维。练习一次后,我会问他是否有什么需要更改的地方,以及哪些应对思维特别有帮助或不太有帮助。我会进行任何更改,然后我们再在他的想象中练习两次。

当苏珊在想象中预演她的计划和应对思维时,她特别喜欢“只问一个问题”和“不要听从焦虑”这两个应对思维。

轮到你了!

帮助罗尔发展应对思维

罗尔决定给一位他一直回避的同事打电话,建议他们一起吃午饭。他对打电话感到相当焦虑,焦虑程度评分为10分中的6分。他的想法是:“我已经很久没有和他一起吃午饭了;他会觉得我打电话给他很奇怪。” 你怎么能帮助罗尔发展应对思维,让他能够给同事打电话呢?

请看下面三种可能的回应,并选择一种能帮助罗尔发展应对思维的回应。

  1. 你打算如何联系你的同事,邀请他一起吃午饭?
  2. 我认为重要的是你要告诉自己停止这些想法;这些想法显然阻止了你给同事打电话。
  3. 我想知道你能否尝试把这些想法放在一边,看看我们能否找到一些能帮助你给同事打电话的想法。

回应 #3 是发展应对思维的下一步。回应 #1 可以帮助罗尔制定一个具体的行动计划,但不会帮助他发展应对思维。在回应 #2 中,治疗师让罗尔试图停止他的想法。这会适得其反——当我们试图停止一个想法时,我们会更多地想到它。

治疗师:我想知道你能否尝试把这些想法放在一边,看看我们能否找到一些能帮助你给同事打电话的想法。

罗尔:你是什么意思?

请看下面三种可能的回应,并选择一种能帮助罗尔发展应对思维的回应。

  1. 如果一个朋友在邀请同事吃午饭时感到焦虑,你会建议他对自己说什么?
  2. 你的问题是不够积极。
  3. 只要对自己说——保持积极!

回应 #1 是最佳答案。它使用了问题“如果你的朋友需要帮助应对思维,你会给他什么建议?”并将其应用于罗尔的情况。在回应 #2回应 #3 中,治疗师试图使用积极思维。问题是,积极思维过于笼统,无法解决来访想要执行的具体行为。

视频 9.3: 发展应对思维

视频 9.4: 使用意象练习

家庭作业:练习认知行为疗法

在继续下一章之前,请花一些时间尝试家庭作业。

将所学应用于临床案例

完成以下练习。

  • 练习 9.1: 纳西尔的繁忙诊所
  • 练习 9.2: 苏珊参加学校嘉年华

将所学应用于自己的生活

对于以下家庭作业,你可以使用引导音频文件来帮助你逐步完成;我认为这比阅读练习更有效。

家庭作业 #1

练习使用问题解决步骤

附带音频文件: 解决你自己的问题

思考一个目前困扰你的问题。不要选择一个巨大的问题,因为它可能对初次尝试问题解决来说太具挑战性。选择一个足够大以至于你关心的问题,但又足够小以至于有机会解决它。按照问题解决工作表的指引,依次完成四个问题解决步骤。

问题解决步骤

  1. 识别问题并设定现实目标。记得问问自己,你希望当前行为会产生什么后果。
  2. 生成新的解决方案。试着至少想出三个解决方案。在完成列表之前不要评估它们。
  3. 评估不同的解决方案并决定尝试哪一个。记得考虑短期和长期的利弊。
  4. 尝试其中一个解决方案:评估后果,决定问题是否已解决或是否需要继续解决问题。

将所学应用于你的治疗实践

本周我希望你尝试在一位来访身上应用问题解决过程。

家庭作业 #2

帮助来访解决问题

首先,让你的来访识别造成他或她痛苦的问题。看看你能否让来访参与到问题解决过程中。记住,你只需要做以下几点:识别问题和来访当前的应对方式,识别他的目标,集思广益提出替代解决方案,选择一个解决方案尝试,并制定一个具体且明确的计划。你还可以尝试让来访在想象中预演他的新计划。填写以下表格,以便监控你的进展。

来访 识别问题并设定目标 集思广益提出新解决方案 评估并选择解决方案 制定计划

让我们回顾

回答以下议程项目的题目。

议程项目 #1: 什么是问题解决?

  • 你如何用一两句话解释问题解决?

议程项目 #2: 发展积极的问题导向

  • 积极的问题导向和消极的问题导向有何区别?

议程项目 #3: 识别来访的问题

  • 来访如何利用他们的焦虑来识别问题?

议程项目 #4: 集思广益提出解决方案

  • 提出解决方案的三个原则是什么?

议程项目 #5: 选择解决方案

  • 评估解决方案的两个标准是什么?

议程项目 #6: 发展应对思维

  • 应对思维的两个类别是什么?

什么对你很重要?

  • 你希望记住哪些想法或概念?
  • 你希望将哪些想法或技能应用到自己的生活中?
  • 你本周希望在某位来访身上尝试什么?(选择一个具体的来访。)

本章知识点阐述

进一步阐述知识点

  • 解决问题的重要性

    • 定义:解决问题是一种系统的方法,旨在帮助人们识别和解决生活中的各种问题。
    • 目标:通过培养积极的问题导向和使用特定的技能,帮助来访有效应对问题,减少焦虑和抑郁,提高生活质量。
  • 设置议程

    • 目的:确保治疗过程有序进行,明确每一步的目标和方法。
    • 步骤
      1. 识别问题并设定现实的目标:帮助来访明确问题的具体内容,设定可实现的目标。
      2. 生成新的解决方案:通过头脑风暴,鼓励来访提出多种可能的解决方案。
      3. 评估不同的解决方案并决定尝试哪一个:帮助来访评估每个方案的可行性和潜在后果,选择最佳方案。
      4. 尝试一个解决方案:实施选定的方案,评估结果,决定是否需要继续解决问题。
  • 培养积极的问题导向

    • 定义:积极的问题导向是指相信问题可以解决或至少可以改善的态度。
    • 重要性:积极的态度有助于来访保持动力,提高解决问题的成功率。
    • 方法
      • 教育:向来访解释积极问题导向的意义和好处。
      • 示范:通过示例和成功案例,展示积极态度的效果。
      • 练习:鼓励来访在实际情境中练习保持积极态度。
  • 识别来访的问题

    • 目的:帮助来访明确他们面临的具体问题,为后续的解决问题过程奠定基础。
    • 方法
      • 开放式提问:通过开放式问题,引导来访详细描述问题。
      • 具体化:确保问题具体、明确,避免模糊不清。
      • 优先排序:帮助来访确定哪些问题是优先需要解决的。
  • 生成解决方案

    • 目的:通过头脑风暴,鼓励来访提出多种可能的解决方案,增加解决问题的选择。
    • 方法
      • 鼓励创新:鼓励来访提出创新和非传统的解决方案。
      • 无评判:在头脑风暴过程中,不对任何想法进行评判,确保自由思考。
      • 记录:记录所有提出的解决方案,便于后续评估。
  • 评估和选择解决方案

    • 目的:帮助来访评估每个解决方案的可行性和潜在后果,选择最佳方案。
    • 方法
      • 评估标准:确定评估解决方案的标准,如可行性、成本、时间等。
      • 权衡利弊:帮助来访权衡每个解决方案的利弊,做出明智的决策。
      • 选择方案:根据评估结果,选择最佳方案。
  • 实施和评估解决方案

    • 目的:实施选定的解决方案,评估结果,决定是否需要继续解决问题。
    • 方法
      • 制定计划:制定详细的实施计划,包括步骤、时间表和资源。
      • 实施:按照计划实施解决方案,确保每一步都得到有效执行。
      • 评估:评估实施结果,决定问题是否已解决或是否需要继续解决问题。
      • 调整:根据评估结果,调整方案,继续解决问题。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 解决问题:引导来访使用解决问题的方法,应对实际生活中的问题。
  • 案例分析

    • 罗尔的案例:罗尔可以通过识别问题、生成解决方案、评估和选择方案,解决与同事沟通的问题。
    • 苏珊的案例:苏珊可以通过解决问题的方法,克服社交焦虑,积极参与社交活动。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过解决问题的方法,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

进一步阐述知识点

  • 解决问题的理论基础

    • 定义:解决问题的理论认为,来访的情感困扰源于较差的问题解决技能,导致功能失调的应对方式。
    • 恶性循环:较差的问题解决能力导致更多问题,这些问题又会被糟糕地解决,形成恶性循环。
    • 中断恶性循环:解决问题可以中断这一恶性循环,帮助来访找到更好的应对方式。
  • 解决问题理论

    • 公式:良好的问题解决 = 更好的应对 = 改善的生活和更好的心情。
    • 传递信息:帮助来访找到解决问题的方法,传达出关心和支持的信息,增强来访的自信心和积极性。
  • 解决问题的有效性

    • 研究结果:良好的问题解决技能与整体情绪调节更好一致,较差的问题解决技能与更多困扰和更差的调节相关。
    • 具体例子:较差的问题解决技能与药物和酒精成瘾、犯罪行为和心理困扰有关。具有良好问题解决技能的人在经历压力事件后不太可能变得抑郁。
    • 广泛应用:解决问题不仅在心理健康问题中有效,还在应对严重身体疾病(如糖尿病和癌症)中有效。
    • 有效干预:专注于培养积极的问题解决态度并教授问题解决技能的干预措施最有效。
  • 培养积极的问题导向

    • 定义:积极的问题导向是良好问题解决的核心要素。
    • 对比
      • 积极问题导向:认为问题是一种挑战,大多数情况是可以改善的;有能力成功解决问题或使情况变好;成功的问题解决需要时间、努力和坚持不懈,初期失败是找到解决方案的一部分。
      • 消极问题导向:认为问题是无法解决且令人害怕的,尝试改善大多数情况是徒劳的;没有能力成功解决问题或使情况变好;初期失败意味着问题无法解决。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 解决问题:引导来访使用解决问题的方法,应对实际生活中的问题。
  • 案例分析

    • 罗尔的案例:罗尔可以通过识别问题、生成解决方案、评估和选择方案,解决与同事沟通的问题。
    • 苏珊的案例:苏珊可以通过解决问题的方法,克服社交焦虑,积极参与社交活动。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过解决问题的方法,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

进一步阐述知识点

  • 积极问题导向的重要性

    • 定义:具有积极问题导向的个体会将困难视为正常的生活挑战,并试图找到解决问题的方法。
    • 与消极导向的对比:具有消极问题导向的个体往往会逃避问题,或者以冲动或草率的方式解决问题。积极的导向更有利于问题的解决。
  • 树立乐观态度和信任

    • 方法:树立乐观态度并相信来访有能力解决问题是帮助来访培养积极问题导向的最有效方法之一。
    • 具体表达:通过使用鼓励性的语言,传达出你相信来访有能力找到更好的解决方案,并且你们一起能够改善他的生活。
    • 效果:随着来访成功地使用解决问题的过程,他的问题导向会自然而然地变得更加积极。
  • 案例分析

    • 罗尔的案例:通过对话,治疗师帮助罗尔认识到逃避问题只会使情况变得更糟,并鼓励他尝试解决问题的方法。治疗师展示了冷静、理智的解决问题的方法,帮助罗尔建立积极的问题导向。
  • 识别来访的问题

    • 定义:在来访能够解决问题之前,他需要先识别这些问题。
    • 方法
      • 定义问题:明确问题的具体内容。
      • 设定现实的目标:设定可实现的目标。
    • 常见问题
      • 一次性事件:如离婚或严重的健康问题。
      • 经常发生的情况:如管教孩子、与伴侣争吵、日常困难等。
    • 识别需求
      • 明显需求:来访可能会明确表示需要帮助解决问题。
      • 隐藏需求:具有消极问题导向的来访往往逃避问题,但感到焦虑。教给这些来访,如果他们感到焦虑,应该问自己是否有未解决的问题。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 解决问题:引导来访使用解决问题的方法,应对实际生活中的问题。
  • 案例分析

    • 罗尔的案例:罗尔可以通过识别问题、生成解决方案、评估和选择方案,解决与同事沟通的问题。
    • 苏珊的案例:苏珊可以通过解决问题的方法,克服社交焦虑,积极参与社交活动。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过解决问题的方法,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

进一步阐述知识点

  • 问题定义的重要性

    • 具体化:问题越具体和具体化,就越容易找到有效的解决方案。
    • 示例对比
      • 模糊问题:我与伴侣沟通不好。
      • 具体问题:我和伴侣在如何管教孩子的问题上意见不合。
    • 目的:通过具体化问题,帮助来访明确问题的具体内容,从而更容易找到解决方法。
  • 帮助来访定义问题的方法

    • 使用问题:利用一系列问题帮助来访具体化问题。
    • 关键问题
      • 发生了什么或没有发生什么让你的来访感到困扰?
      • 谁牵涉其中?问题发生在何处?何时发生?
      • 为什么这个问题对你来访来说很难?
      • 你的来访目前如何处理这个问题?你的来访是在回避还是采取冲动的行为?
      • 你的来访希望他的行为会产生什么后果?
    • 具体化:通过这些问题,帮助来访详细描述问题的具体情况,包括涉及的人物、地点、时间和原因。
  • 案例分析:罗尔的问题

    • 初始问题:罗尔感到与老板的关系糟糕,工作时感到沮丧和焦虑。
    • 具体化过程
      • 发生了什么:老板给了他差评,但从未与他谈过这件事;两人之间几乎没有随意的接触。
      • 牵涉人物:罗尔和他的老板。
      • 地点和时间:工作场所,白天。
      • 困难原因:罗尔感到羞愧、被评判,难以集中注意力,认为每个人都知道他与老板的问题。
      • 当前行为:罗尔尽量避免与老板互动。
      • 期望结果:希望一切回到正常。
    • 效果:通过具体化问题,治疗师能够更好地理解罗尔的困境,从而提供更有针对性的帮助。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 解决问题:引导来访使用解决问题的方法,应对实际生活中的问题。
  • 案例分析

    • 纳西尔的案例:纳西尔可以通过定义问题,具体化他的诊所面临的各种问题,从而找到有效的解决方案。
    • 罗尔的案例:罗尔可以通过识别问题、生成解决方案、评估和选择方案,解决与老板沟通的问题。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过解决问题的方法,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

进一步阐述知识点

  • 设定目标的重要性

    • 具体化:目标需要具体和具体化,以便来访明确知道要达成什么。
    • 现实性:目标应该是现实的,可以实现的。
    • 短期和长期目标:明确短期和长期目标,确保目标的全面性和可行性。
    • 示例
      • 短期目标:对老板更加坚定,并要求在圣诞节期间额外两周的假期。
      • 长期目标:被视为团队成员并获得晋升。
  • 帮助来访设定目标的方法

    • 提问
      • 来访希望情况如何改变或不同?
      • 来访希望情境中其他人如何改变或不同?
      • 来访希望自己如何改变或不同?
    • 具体化:通过这些问题,帮助来访明确具体的目标,确保目标的可操作性。
    • 示例
      • 罗尔的目标:希望再次与老板建立良好的关系,希望老板能与他开玩笑,轻松地交谈,希望能够在项目上向老板征求意见。
  • 识别目标的其他方法

    • 关注来访希望其当前行为带来的后果:尽管来访的当前行为可能无效,但他们通常希望这些行为能改善他们的处境。
    • 示例:罗尔希望通过回避老板使“一切都回到正常”。
  • 检查行为的实际后果

    • 重要性:来访必须理解其行为的实际后果,才能被激励去解决问题。
    • 示例:罗尔希望通过回避老板使“一切都回到正常”,但实际后果是这并没有帮助,反而使情况变得更糟。

案例分析:罗尔的治疗过程

  • 初始问题:罗尔感到与老板的关系糟糕,工作时感到沮丧和焦虑。
  • 具体化过程
    • 治疗师提问:希望情况如何改变?
    • 罗尔的回答:希望“一切都回到正常”。
    • 进一步提问:希望老板如何改变?希望如何改变自己?
    • 具体目标:希望再次与老板建立良好的关系,希望老板能与他开玩笑,轻松地交谈,希望能够在项目上向老板征求意见。
  • 检查实际后果
    • 希望的结果:通过回避老板使“一切都回到正常”。
    • 实际后果:回避并没有帮助,反而使情况变得更糟。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 设定目标:引导来访设定具体、现实的短期和长期目标。
  • 案例分析

    • 纳西尔的案例:纳西尔可以通过设定具体、现实的短期和长期目标,解决诊所面临的各种问题。
    • 罗尔的案例:罗尔可以通过识别问题、设定具体目标、评估和选择方案,解决与老板沟通的问题。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过设定目标和解决问题的方法,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

进一步阐述知识点

  • 向来访解释解决问题的重要性

    • 背景:来访可能已经陷入了消极的循环,看不到其他可能性。
    • 目标:通过解释解决问题的过程,让来访对解决问题抱有希望。
    • 方法
      • 明确问题:首先明确一个具体的问题。
      • 头脑风暴:尝试想出不同的可能解决方案,不进行判断。
      • 评估解决方案:评估这些解决方案,看看是否有更合理的方案。
  • 在想象中练习

    • 目的:通过想象练习,提高对解释解决问题的舒适度。
    • 步骤
      • 选择来访:选择一个你认为可以从解决问题方法中受益的具体来访。
      • 想象场景:想象自己在办公室里和来访在一起,看到办公室,注意房间里的声音和气味。
      • 阅读脚本:阅读建议的解释解决问题的文本,同时想象自己在说出这些话。
      • 多次练习:想象自己再向同一个来访解释两次解决问题,每次想象来访都给予积极的回应。
  • 头脑风暴解决方案

    • 重要性:找到新的解决方案是困难的,需要来访跳出常规思维。
    • 原则
      • 数量:尽量想出尽可能多的解决方案。
      • 多样性:解决方案的多样性越大,找到好主意的机会就越多。
      • 延迟判断:写下所有想到的解决方案,无论多么荒谬、无关或离谱。
    • 示例:包括一些看似不可能的解决方案,它们可以帮助来访跳出框框思考。有时将一个看似不可能的解决方案与其他解决方案结合起来,可能会得出一个好的解决方案。

案例分析:罗尔的治疗过程

  • 初始问题:罗尔感到与老板的关系糟糕,工作时感到沮丧和焦虑。
  • 解释解决问题
    • 治疗师:我们一直在讨论你的问题和你感到的绝望。有时候人们会陷入消极的循环,看不到其他可能性。你是否愿意尝试找一些其他应对问题的方法?
    • 罗尔:我愿意试试。
    • 治疗师:好的,我们将首先明确一个具体的问题,然后进行头脑风暴,尝试想出不同的可能解决方案。我们会评估这些解决方案,看看是否有更合理的方案。
  • 头脑风暴
    • 治疗师:让我们列出所有可能的解决方案,无论多么荒谬。
    • 罗尔:好的,我会尽量多想一些。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 解释解决问题:向来访解释解决问题的过程,让他们对解决问题抱有希望。
    • 头脑风暴:引导来访进行头脑风暴,尽可能多地想出解决方案。
  • 案例分析

    • 纳西尔的案例:纳西尔可以通过解释解决问题的过程,帮助患者对解决问题抱有希望,并进行头脑风暴,找到新的解决方案。
    • 罗尔的案例:罗尔可以通过解释解决问题的过程,明确具体问题,进行头脑风暴,找到新的解决方案。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过解释解决问题和进行头脑风暴,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

进一步阐述知识点

  • 寻找新解决方案的重要性

    • 合作:寻找新解决方案是治疗师和来访之间的合作。
    • 赋权:来访能够自己发现解决方案,这一过程会更加赋权。
    • 方法
      • 询问来访建议:从询问来访的建议开始。
      • 提出具体策略:如果想到来访没有提到的具体策略,可以提出并鼓励来访尝试。
  • 帮助来访找到新解决方案的方法

    • 问题列表:使用“帮助找到新解决方案的问题”列表,引导来访思考。
    • 关键问题
      • 有哪些不同的方法可以处理你的问题?
      • 如果有人遇到这个问题,你会给他什么建议?
      • 如果朋友或关心你的人知道你有这个问题,他们会给你什么建议?
      • 你过去是如何处理类似情况的?
      • 你是如何克服生活中其他领域的障碍的?
      • 是否有你忽视的积极信息可以帮助解决这个问题?
      • 问题中是否有无法改变的部分,你需要接受?
  • 案例分析:罗尔的治疗过程

    • 初始困难:罗尔最初很难找到替代解决方案。
    • 治疗师的引导
      • 解释原则:治疗师解释了数量、多样性和延迟判断的原则。
      • 保持乐观:治疗师保持乐观的态度,鼓励罗尔继续思考。
      • 具体建议:罗尔提出了申请调岗、继续当前做法和向朋友寻求建议的方案。
      • 进一步引导:治疗师通过提问引导罗尔思考更多解决方案,如建议同事停止回避老板并表现友好。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 头脑风暴:引导来访进行头脑风暴,尽可能多地想出解决方案。
    • 具体建议:鼓励来访提出具体的解决方案,并评估其可行性。
  • 案例分析

    • 纳西尔的案例:纳西尔可以通过头脑风暴,找到解决诊所面临问题的新方法。
    • 罗尔的案例:罗尔可以通过头脑风暴,找到改善与老板关系的新方法。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过寻找新解决方案,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

进一步阐述知识点

  • 寻找新解决方案的重要性

    • 具体化:解决方案需要具体和具体化,以便来访明确知道要做什么。
    • 合作:寻找新解决方案是治疗师和来访之间的合作。
    • 赋权:来访能够自己发现解决方案,这一过程会更加赋权。
    • 方法
      • 询问来访建议:从询问来访的建议开始。
      • 提出具体策略:如果想到来访没有提到的具体策略,可以提出并鼓励来访尝试。
  • 帮助来访找到新解决方案的方法

    • 问题列表:使用“帮助找到新解决方案的问题”列表,引导来访思考。
    • 关键问题
      • 有哪些不同的方法可以处理你的问题?
      • 如果有人遇到这个问题,你会给他什么建议?
      • 如果朋友或关心你的人知道你有这个问题,他们会给你什么建议?
      • 你过去是如何处理类似情况的?
      • 你是如何克服生活中其他领域的障碍的?
      • 是否有你忽视的积极信息可以帮助解决这个问题?
      • 问题中是否有无法改变的部分,你需要接受?
  • 案例分析:罗尔的治疗过程

    • 初始困难:罗尔最初很难找到替代解决方案。
    • 治疗师的引导
      • 解释原则:治疗师解释了数量、多样性和延迟判断的原则。
      • 保持乐观:治疗师保持乐观的态度,鼓励罗尔继续思考。
      • 具体建议:罗尔提出了停止回避老板并表现出友好态度的建议,但还需要进一步具体化。
      • 进一步引导:治疗师通过提问引导罗尔思考更多具体和具体化的解决方案,如在会议前向老板打招呼、在会议上发言等。
    • 继续寻找解决方案:治疗师通过提问引导罗尔继续思考其他可能的解决方案,如等待下次评估、安排与老板会面等。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 头脑风暴:引导来访进行头脑风暴,尽可能多地想出解决方案。
    • 具体建议:鼓励来访提出具体的解决方案,并评估其可行性。
  • 案例分析

    • 纳西尔的案例:纳西尔可以通过头脑风暴,找到解决诊所面临问题的新方法。
    • 罗尔的案例:罗尔可以通过头脑风暴,找到改善与老板关系的新方法,并通过具体化这些解决方案,使其更加可行。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过寻找新解决方案,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

进一步阐述知识点

  • 选择解决方案的重要性

    • 赋权:冷静地评估不同的解决方案是一种新的、赋权的体验。
    • 评估标准
      • 短期和长期好处:每个解决方案的短期和长期好处是什么?
      • 短期和长期缺点:每个解决方案的短期和长期缺点是什么?
  • 帮助来访评估解决方案的方法

    • 具体问题
      • 这个解决方案将如何影响我、其他人和情况?
      • 实施这个解决方案后我会有什么感受?
      • 这个解决方案是否符合我的价值观?
      • 实施这个解决方案是否有助于我践行我的价值观?
      • 这个解决方案是否总体上可行?
      • 这个解决方案在所需的时间和努力方面是否可行?
    • 图表法:制作一个图表并写下答案,来访可以将图表带回家,花更多时间思考这个决定。
  • 案例分析:罗尔的治疗过程

    • 多个解决方案:罗尔有许多解决方案,难以评估所有方案。
    • 治疗师的引导
      • 挑选三个解决方案:治疗师让罗尔挑选三个解决方案进行评估。
      • 具体评估:罗尔评估了每个解决方案的短期和长期好处及缺点。
    • 具体例子
      • 申请调岗:短期好处是离开办公室,短期缺点是必须告诉老板,直到离开前情况会更糟;长期好处是可能导致更好的情况,长期缺点是改变部门后失去部分资历。
      • 与老板多交流:短期好处是关系可能会改善,短期缺点是比较容易做到;长期好处是关系可能会改善,长期缺点是仍不了解差评的原因。
      • 与老板会面讨论差评:短期好处是可能解决这个问题,短期缺点是下一份工作可能更糟;长期好处是理想情况下会帮助关系和工作表现,长期缺点是可能使留在职位变得不可能,高焦虑。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 评估解决方案:引导来访评估不同解决方案的短期和长期好处及缺点。
    • 具体建议:鼓励来访选择最合适的解决方案,并评估其可行性。
  • 案例分析

    • 纳西尔的案例:纳西尔可以通过评估不同解决方案,选择最合适的解决方案来解决诊所面临的问题。
    • 罗尔的案例:罗尔可以通过评估不同解决方案,选择最合适的解决方案来改善与老板的关系。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过评估和选择解决方案,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

进一步阐述知识点

  • 评估解决方案的重要性

    • 赋权:评估解决方案是一个新的、赋权的体验。
    • 评估标准
      • 短期和长期好处:每个解决方案的短期和长期好处是什么?
      • 短期和长期缺点:每个解决方案的短期和长期缺点是什么?
  • 帮助来访评估解决方案的方法

    • 具体问题
      • 这个解决方案将如何影响我、其他人和情况?
      • 实施这个解决方案后我会有什么感受?
      • 这个解决方案是否符合我的价值观?
      • 实施这个解决方案是否有助于我践行我的价值观?
      • 这个解决方案是否总体上可行?
      • 这个解决方案在所需的时间和努力方面是否可行?
    • 图表法:制作一个图表并写下答案,来访可以将图表带回家,花更多时间思考这个决定。
  • 制定计划

    • 具体化:确保计划具体且具体化。
    • 步骤
      • 写下实际要做的内容
      • 指定计划的第一步及其具体时间和日期
      • 检查并解决潜在障碍
  • 准备最坏的情况

    • 风险评估:确保来访理解负面反应的真实风险,并做好准备以应对这种可能。
    • 例子
      • 朱莉亚:向伴侣披露童年性虐待的经历。
      • 其他来访:与老板、伴侣或朋友讨论困难问题。
  • 使用意象练习

    • 预演:通过意象练习来预演新的解决方案。
    • 步骤
      • 想象执行新解决方案的情景
      • 闭上眼睛,感受自己处于那种情境中
      • 检查是否有任何障碍或需要更改的内容
      • 再想象两次新的解决方案,并纳入任何更改
      • 评估解决方案的可行性
  • 来访尝试新的解决方案

    • 实验心态:将新的解决方案视为一个实验,提供额外的数据。
    • 评估标准
      • 连续体评估:结果需要在连续体上进行评估。
      • 具体步骤:提前决定如何评估新的解决方案是否成功。
    • 持续解决问题:如果解决方案没有奏效或问题的某些方面仍然存在,需要继续解决问题。
    • 积极反馈:教会来访为尝试新的解决方案而自我表扬,即使新的解决方案没有奏效。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 评估解决方案:引导来访评估不同解决方案的短期和长期好处及缺点。
    • 制定计划:帮助来访制定具体且具体的实施计划。
    • 准备最坏的情况:确保来访理解负面反应的真实风险,并做好准备以应对这种可能。
    • 使用意象练习:通过意象练习来预演新的解决方案。
    • 积极反馈:教会来访为尝试新的解决方案而自我表扬。
  • 案例分析

    • 纳西尔的案例:纳西尔可以通过评估不同解决方案,制定具体计划,并通过意象练习来预演新的解决方案。
    • 罗尔的案例:罗尔可以通过评估不同解决方案,制定具体计划,并通过意象练习来预演新的解决方案,以改善与老板的关系。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过评估和选择解决方案,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

进一步阐述知识点

  • 解决问题的重要性

    • 评估解决方案:通过评估不同的解决方案,来访可以选择最合适的方案。
    • 具体化:确保解决方案具体且具体化,以便来访明确知道要做什么。
  • 帮助来访解决问题的方法

    • 头脑风暴:与来访一起头脑风暴,想出多种可能的解决方案。
    • 评估标准
      • 短期和长期好处:每个解决方案的短期和长期好处是什么?
      • 短期和长期缺点:每个解决方案的短期和长期缺点是什么?
    • 选择解决方案:帮助来访选择最合适的解决方案。
  • 发展应对思维的重要性

    • 专注任务:应对思维帮助来访专注于任务。
    • 管理负面情绪:应对思维帮助来访管理负面情绪。
    • 具体化:确保行为具体且可行。
  • 发展应对思维的步骤

    1. 确定行为和计划:确定来访想要完成的行为及其计划。
    2. 检查当前思维:检查来访的当前思维是否干扰或破坏了他的计划。
    3. 发展应对思维:发展简短且具体的应对思维。
    4. 意象练习:使用意象练习来访的应对思维。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 评估解决方案:引导来访评估不同解决方案的短期和长期好处及缺点。
    • 制定计划:帮助来访制定具体且具体的实施计划。
    • 发展应对思维:帮助来访发展简短且具体的应对思维。
    • 意象练习:通过意象练习来预演应对思维。
  • 案例分析

    • 苏珊的案例:苏珊通过评估不同的解决方案,选择主动帮忙烹饪、想一些可以引发对话的问题,并在聚会上接近一位老师并开始交谈。这些策略帮助她减轻了焦虑,使她能够更轻松地参加烧烤聚会。
    • 埃莉斯的案例:埃莉斯通过发展应对思维,成功完成了税务申报,停止了拖延。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过评估和选择解决方案,以及发展应对思维,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

进一步阐述知识点

  • 识别干扰计划的当前思维的重要性

    • 消极思维的影响:消极的、破坏性的思维会干扰来访实施计划的能力。
    • 识别思维:帮助来访识别与特定情境相关的消极思维。
  • 帮助来访识别破坏性思维的方法

    • 提问:询问来访有什么可能会干扰他的计划,特别是他是否有可能对自己说些什么会破坏计划。
    • 四因素模型:使用四因素模型(情境、思维、情绪、行为)来帮助来访理解思维与情绪之间的关系。
  • 发展应对思维的重要性

    • 专注任务:应对思维帮助来访专注于任务。
    • 管理负面情绪:应对思维帮助来访管理负面情绪。
    • 具体化:确保应对思维具体且可行。
  • 发展应对思维的步骤

    1. 识别行为和计划:确定来访想要完成的行为及其计划。
    2. 检查当前思维:检查来访的当前思维是否干扰或破坏了他的计划。
    3. 发展应对思维:发展简短且具体的应对思维。
    4. 意象练习:使用意象练习来访的应对思维。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 评估解决方案:引导来访评估不同解决方案的短期和长期好处及缺点。
    • 制定计划:帮助来访制定具体且具体的实施计划。
    • 发展应对思维:帮助来访发展简短且具体的应对思维。
    • 意象练习:通过意象练习来预演应对思维。
  • 案例分析

    • 苏珊的案例:苏珊通过识别与焦虑感相关的消极思维,了解到这些思维如何破坏她的计划。她的治疗师帮助她发展了应对思维,使她能够更轻松地参加烧烤聚会。
    • 罗尔的案例:罗尔通过识别与拖延写报告相关的消极思维,了解到这些思维如何导致他避免项目。他的治疗师帮助他发展了应对思维,使他能够更有效地完成报告。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过识别和管理破坏性思维,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

进一步阐述知识点

  • 发展应对思维的重要性

    • 应对情境:应对思维帮助来访应对情境。
    • 管理情绪:应对思维帮助来访管理破坏性情绪。
    • 具体化:确保应对思维具体且可行。
  • 帮助来访发展应对思维的方法

    • 提问:通过一系列问题帮助来访识别和记录应对思维。
    • 分类:将应对思维分为三类:将情境放在现实的角度、专注于手头的任务、管理焦虑或压倒性的情绪。
    • 示例:提供每种类别的应对思维示例,帮助来访理解和应用。
  • 使用意象练习

    • 预演:通过意象练习,帮助来访在想象中预演计划和应对思维。
    • 反馈:在练习过程中,收集来访的反馈,调整应对思维。
    • 多次练习:多次练习,确保来访能够熟练应用应对思维。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 评估解决方案:引导来访评估不同解决方案的短期和长期好处及缺点。
    • 制定计划:帮助来访制定具体且具体的实施计划。
    • 发展应对思维:帮助来访发展简短且具体的应对思维。
    • 意象练习:通过意象练习来预演应对思维。
  • 案例分析

    • 苏珊的案例:苏珊通过识别和记录应对思维,特别是在与老师交谈的情境中,成功地减轻了焦虑,提高了自信心。
    • 罗尔的案例:罗尔通过识别和记录应对思维,特别是在完成报告的情境中,成功地减少了拖延,提高了工作效率。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过发展和应用应对思维,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

进一步阐述知识点

  • 发展应对思维的重要性

    • 应对情境:应对思维帮助来访应对情境。
    • 管理情绪:应对思维帮助来访管理破坏性情绪。
    • 具体化:确保应对思维具体且可行。
  • 帮助来访发展应对思维的方法

    • 提问:通过一系列问题帮助来访识别和记录应对思维。
    • 分类:将应对思维分为三类:将情境放在现实的角度、专注于手头的任务、管理焦虑或压倒性的情绪。
    • 示例:提供每种类别的应对思维示例,帮助来访理解和应用。
  • 使用意象练习

    • 预演:通过意象练习,帮助来访在想象中预演计划和应对思维。
    • 反馈:在练习过程中,收集来访的反馈,调整应对思维。
    • 多次练习:多次练习,确保来访能够熟练应用应对思维。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 评估解决方案:引导来访评估不同解决方案的短期和长期好处及缺点。
    • 制定计划:帮助来访制定具体且具体的实施计划。
    • 发展应对思维:帮助来访发展简短且具体的应对思维。
    • 意象练习:通过意象练习来预演应对思维。
  • 案例分析

    • 罗尔的案例:罗尔通过识别和记录应对思维,特别是在给同事打电话的情境中,成功地减轻了焦虑,提高了自信心。
    • 苏珊的案例:苏珊通过识别和记录应对思维,特别是在与老师交谈的情境中,成功地减轻了焦虑,提高了自信心。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过发展和应用应对思维,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

进一步阐述知识点

  • 问题解决的重要性

    • 识别问题:帮助来访明确问题的本质。
    • 设定目标:设定现实且可实现的目标。
    • 生成解决方案:鼓励来访集思广益,提出多个解决方案。
    • 评估解决方案:综合考虑短期和长期的利弊,选择最佳方案。
    • 实施计划:制定具体且明确的计划,并评估结果。
  • 发展积极的问题导向

    • 积极导向:看待问题时持积极态度,相信问题可以解决。
    • 消极导向:看待问题时持消极态度,认为问题难以解决。
  • 识别来访的问题

    • 利用焦虑:来访的焦虑可以作为一种信号,帮助他们识别问题。
  • 集思广益提出解决方案

    • 原则
      • 开放性:鼓励来访自由思考,不批评任何想法。
      • 数量优先:追求想法的数量,而非质量。
      • 延迟评价:在提出所有想法后再进行评价。
  • 选择解决方案

    • 标准
      • 可行性:解决方案是否切实可行。
      • 效果:解决方案是否能达到预期的效果。
  • 发展应对思维

    • 类别
      • 现实视角:将情境放在现实的角度。
      • 任务聚焦:专注于手头的任务。
      • 情绪管理:管理焦虑或压倒性的情绪。

实践应用

  • 家庭作业

    • 识别和记录思维:帮助来访识别和记录特定情境下的思维。
    • 寻找证据:引导来访寻找支持和反对的证据。
    • 发展平衡的想法:帮助来访形成并巩固平衡的想法。
    • 评估解决方案:引导来访评估不同解决方案的短期和长期好处及缺点。
    • 制定计划:帮助来访制定具体且具体的实施计划。
    • 发展应对思维:帮助来访发展简短且具体的应对思维。
    • 意象练习:通过意象练习来预演应对思维。
  • 案例分析

    • 罗尔的案例:罗尔通过识别和记录应对思维,特别是在给同事打电话的情境中,成功地减轻了焦虑,提高了自信心。
    • 苏珊的案例:苏珊通过识别和记录应对思维,特别是在与老师交谈的情境中,成功地减轻了焦虑,提高了自信心。

长期影响

  • 情感变化:通过发展和应用应对思维,来访可以减少负面情绪,提高积极情绪。
  • 行为改变:积极的思维和行为可以激发来访采取更积极的行动,改善生活质量。
  • 专业成长:通过实际应用,治疗师可以提高专业技能和自信心,更好地服务来访。

CHAPTER 9 Problem Solving—Finding a Better Way My hope is that you’re becoming more aware of your own thoughts. Did you try looking for evidence for one of your hot thoughts? Did you try writing out the evidence for and against a client’s hot thought? What did you learn from the homework? If you did not try any of the homework from the last chapter, take a moment to think of a difficult situation from last week. Identify your hot thought, and now look for the evidence. Set the Agenda In this chapter I am going to cover problem solving. We’ll also see how a problem-solving approach can help Raoul and Suzanne address the various issues they bring up in therapy. Agenda Item #1: What is problem solving? Agenda Item #2: Develop a positive problem orientation. Agenda Item #3: Identify your client’s problems. Agenda Item #4: Brainstorm solutions. Agenda Item #5: Choose a solution. Agenda Item #6: Develop coping thoughts. Work the Agenda One of the strengths of CBT is the universality of the approaches. All people encounter problems, and everyone can benefit from a step-by-step approach to solving them. Agenda Item #1: What Is Problem Solving? Problem-solving therapy was originally developed by D’Zurilla and Goldfried (1971), and although it has been revised over the years (D’Zurilla & Nezu, 2006), the core process and principles have remained essentially the same. OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS Problem solving involves both an attitude that problems can be solved or at least improved, and a process based on a specific set of skills. The process of problem solving has four distinct steps. For many clients, you will want to go through the whole problem-solving process step by step; however, for some clients, you may use only parts of the process. Below are the four steps.

  1. Identify the problem and set realistic goals.
  2. Generate new solutions. This is often called brainstorming.
  3. Evaluate the different solutions and decide which one to try.
  4. Try one of the solutions: evaluate the consequences and decide whether the problem is solved or whether you need to continue to problem solve. You can find the Problem-Solving Worksheet at http://www.newharbinger.com/38501. The work- sheet summarizes the steps and includes helpful questions for each section. You can use the worksheet as a guide for therapy as well as a handout to give your clients. THE THEORY BEHIND PROBLEM SOLVING The theory underlying problem solving is that clients’ emotional distress is due to poor problem- solving skills which lead to dysfunctional ways of coping. Poor problem solving leads to more problems, which in turn are poorly solved. Clients quickly find themselves dealing with multiple problems and it becomes a vicious negative cycle. Problem solving stops the vicious cycle and helps clients find better ways to cope (D’Zurilla & Nezu, 2010). Problem-Solving Theory Good Problem Solving = Better Coping = Improved Life and Better Mood When you help your client find solutions to his problems, you are also saying, “You matter, I care about your welfare, and together we can figure out how to address your problems.” These are very pow- erful messages. For many clients the whole problem-solving process feels new and empowering. IS PROBLEM SOLVING EFFECTIVE? Let’s look at the research. Good problem-solving skills are consistently associated with better overall emotional adjustment, and poor problem-solving skills are associated with more distress and poorer adjustment (D’Zurilla & Nezu, 2010). For example, poor problem-solving skills are related to drug and alcohol addiction, criminal behavior, and psychological distress. The good news is that indi- viduals with good problem-solving skills are less likely to become depressed after a stressful event (Nezu, Nezu, Saraydarian, Kalmar, & Ronan, 1986). Over the past three decades, a large number of studies have demonstrated that problem solving is an effective treatment for depression (Bell & D’Zurilla, 2009), anxiety, and a variety of other mental health problems (D’Zurilla & Nezu, 2010; Malouff, Thorsteinsson, & Schutte, 2007). Problem solving has also helped people learn to cope with serious physical illnesses such as diabetes (Glasgow, Toobert, Barrera, & Stryker, 2004) and cancer (Nezu, Nezu, Felgoise, McClure, & Houts, 2003). Interventions that focus on developing a positive problem-solving attitude as well as teaching problem-solving skills seem to be the most effective (Bell & D’Zurilla, 2009). Research Summary Positive Problem-Solving Orientation + Problem-Solving Skills = Effective Treatment Agenda Item #2: Develop a Positive Problem Orientation A positive problem orientation is a core element of good problem solving. The table below com- pares the beliefs of individuals with positive and negative problem orientations (Nezu, Nezu, & D’Zurilla, 2013). Char acteristics of a Positive and Negative Problem Orientation Positive Problem OrientationNegative Problem Orientation • Problems are a challenge. It is possible to improve most situations.• Problems are unsolvable and frightening. It is useless to try to improve most situations. • One has the ability to successfully solve problems or make the situation better.• One does not have the ability to successfully solve problems or make the situation better. • Successful problem solving takes time, effort, and persistence. Initial failure is part of finding a solution.• Initial failure means the problem cannot be solved.

Individuals with a positive problem orientation see difficulties as normal life challenges and try to find solutions to their problems. Individuals with a negative problem orientation tend to either avoid their problems or approach them with an impulsive or careless problem-solving style. Clearly, a positive orientation is better, but how do you help your clients develop one? Modeling optimism and having faith in your client’s ability to problem solve is one of the most effective ways to help your client develop a positive problem orientation. Here are some phrases I use to encourage a positive problem-solving orientation: •Let’s see if we can find a way to solve your problems. •I wonder if there is something you can do that will help this situation. •I know it feels hopeless, but I wonder if we could find a way to make things even a little better for you. •I’m not sure we’ve looked at all of the possible solutions. Would you be willing to try to problem solve? Such relatively simple interventions communicate that you believe in your client’s ability to find a better solution, and that together you will be able to improve his life. You will also find that as your client uses the problem-solving process successfully, his problem orientation will start to automatically become more positive. Let’s see how Raoul’s therapist helps him develop a more positive problem orientation. Raoul was telling his therapist about his poor relationship with his boss, who gave him a poor work evaluation. Raoul:I feel so depressed when I think of going to work. I used to like going to work, but I feel so awkward and anxious with my boss since I received the poor work evaluation. I think we have a terrible relationship. It just seems hopeless to do anything about it. Therapist:I hear you’re thinking that it is hopeless to try and change your relationship with your boss, is that right? His therapist has identified a negative problem orientation: It is hopeless to try and change the relationship with his boss. Raoul:Definitely, what can I do? Therapist:I am wondering if you would be willing to put aside the thought that it is hopeless to do anything and see if we could find some better ways to cope with the situation, to help you feel better. Raoul:What do you mean? Therapist:Well, when you tell yourself that it’s hopeless, how does that affect your behavior? Raoul:I just avoid him, and keep doing the same old thing. Therapist:And does avoiding help? Raoul:No, in fact, it is getting worse. I just feel more and more awkward. Therapist:I am wondering if you would be willing to work with me to see if we could problem solve some different ways of coping with your boss that might improve the situation. Raoul:I would be willing, but I don’t think we will find any. Therapist:You may be right, but I want to see if we put our heads together if we could find a better way for you to cope. Notice how the therapist acknowledges that Raoul might be right but asks him to try problem solving. The therapist is modeling a calm, thoughtful approach to the problem. Agenda Item #3: Identify Your Client’s Problems Before your client can solve his problems, he needs to identify them. Defining the problem and setting realistic goals are the first components of a problem-solving skill set. Problems can be a one-time event, such as a divorce or a serious health problem. They can be situations that happen fairly regularly, such as disciplining a child who refuses to do chores, fighting over finances with a partner, or dealing with constant daily difficulties such as a long commute to work, chronic pain, or loneliness. Sometimes it is very clear that a client needs help problem solving. A client may start therapy saying, “I don’t know what to do about X,” or one of your client’s thoughts may be, What else can I do? or I don’t know how to handle this. In other cases, it can be more difficult to identify your client’s need to problem solve. Clients with a negative problem orientation often avoid their problems but feel anxious. It is helpful to teach a client who tends to avoid that if he is anxious, he should ask himself whether there is a problem he is not looking at. PROBLEM DEFINITION The more specific and concrete the problem, the easier it will be to think of helpful solutions. For example, “I don’t communicate well with my partner” is a very vague problem and hard to start solving, whereas, “My partner and I don’t agree on how to discipline our children” is much clearer and an easier problem to address. Raoul had started his therapy session by saying in a low voice, “I feel so depressed when I think of going to work. I used to like work, but I feel so awkward and anxious with my boss since I received the poor work evaluation. I think we have a terrible relationship. It just seems hopeless to do anything about it.” At this point, Raoul’s problem is not very specific. His therapist uses the questions under “Questions to Help Define the Problem” in the Problem-Solving Worksheet to help Raoul become more specific and concrete. Sometimes you may want to use all of the questions, and sometimes only a few may be relevant. You can find Raoul’s answers in the table below.

R aoul Defines His Problem Questions to Help Define the ProblemRaoul’s Answers What happened or did not happen that bothers your client?1. Raoul’s boss handed him his poor work evaluation, but his boss has never talked to him about it. 2. Tension between Raoul and his boss 3. Presently, almost no casual contact with his boss 4. Boss never asks for his opinion, never chat together, boss often ignores him Who is involved? Where does the problem happen? When does the problem happen?The problem involves Raoul and his boss; it happens at work during the day. Why is this problem difficult for your client?1. Raoul feels ashamed about the poor work evaluation. 2. Raoul feels judged, hates work, has trouble concentrating, and thinks everyone knows about his problems with his boss. 3. Raoul does not know what to do about the poor evaluation. What does your client currently do to handle the problem? Is your client avoiding or acting in an impulsive manner?Raoul tries to avoid interacting with his boss. In the past, Raoul used to drop by his boss’s office in the morning for a five-minute chat; he used to ask his boss for his opinion on a project. Now Raoul goes straight to his desk. What does your client hope will happen as a consequence of his/her behavior?Raoul hopes “things will go back to normal.”  Exercise 9.1: Nasir Has a Busy Clinic Practice defining your clients’ problems.

SETTING GOALS Both Raoul and his therapist now have a much better sense of his problems. The next step is setting goals. Goals need to be specific and concrete, realistic, and possible to accomplish. You also want to articulate both short-term and long-term goals. For example, a short-term goal might be becom- ing more assertive with your boss and asking for an extra two weeks of holiday time during the Christmas season, but that might conflict with the long-term goal of being seen as a team player and getting a promotion. Often after your client answers the questions to help define the problem on the Problem-Solving Worksheet, his goals are clear. If your client’s goals are not clear, the following questions may be helpful. •How would your client like the situation to change or be different? •How would your client like other people in the situation to change or be different? •How would your client like to change or be different? When Raoul’s therapist asked how he would like the situation to change, Raoul responded that he wanted “everything to go back to normal.” This is not a very specific goal. His therapist then asked how he would like his boss to change and if there were ways that he would like to change. Raoul explained that generally he wanted to have a good relationship with his boss again. He wanted his boss to joke with him and talk to him easily. He also wanted to be comfortable asking his boss for his opinion about projects. As Raoul articulated his goals, he realized that he also wanted to understand his negative work evaluation better. When a client slows down and examines his problems and goals, he often real- izes aspects of the problem that are important to him that he had not focused on before. You can also identify goals by paying attention to what your client hopes will happen as a conse- quence of his current behavior. As ineffective as their behavior may be, most people act in a way that they hope will make their situation better. In Raoul’s case his therapist could have asked, “What are you hoping will happen when you avoid your boss?” Once you have identified your client’s goals and explored what he hopes will happen as a conse- quence of his behavior, it is important to examine the actual consequences of his behavior. Unless your client understands that his behavior is ineffective, he will not be motivated to problem solve. In Raoul’s case, he hoped that by avoiding his boss everything would “go back to normal.” When his therapist asked Raoul what were the consequences of avoiding, Raoul quietly acknowledged that it was not helping, and was in fact making things worse. EXPLAIN PROBLEM SOLVING TO YOUR CLIENT Once you have established that what your client is currently doing is not working, it is a good time to explain problem solving. You want to give your client an overview of the process and instill hope that problem solving can help. Here is how I explain problem solving (you can find a copy of this script at http://www.newharbinger.com/38501): We have been talking about your problem and how hopeless you feel. Sometimes people get into negative cycles and don’t see alternative possibilities. I am wondering if you would be willing to see if we could find some other ways of coping with your problem. I want to explain a process called problem solving. We start with identifying a specific problem and then we brainstorm to try to think of different possible solutions. We are looking for as many solutions as we can find, without judging them. Once we have thought of some alternative ways of han- dling your problem, I want to spend some time evaluating the different solutions to see if there is one that makes more sense. Would you be willing to try? Your Turn!  Practice in Your Imagination: Explain Problem Solving I would like you to imagine explaining problem solving to a client. Before you start, rate from 1 to 10 how comfortable you feel explaining problem solving. At the end of the exercise, rate your level of comfort again to see if it changed. Now, let’s try this exercise. Choose a specific client who you think would benefit from a problem-solving approach. Imagine that your client has identified a problem and you want to explain problem solving. Try to get a picture of him or her in your mind. Imagine yourself in your office with your client. See your office; notice the sounds and smells in the room. Read over how I suggest explaining problem solving while imagining yourself saying the words. You can also use your own phrases. Really hear and feel yourself explaining problem solving. Imagine explaining problem solving two more times with the same client. Each time, imagine that your client responds positively. Video 9.1: Define the Problem and Set Goals Agenda Item #4: Brainstorm Solutions The next phase involves helping your client find new solutions for his problem. Finding new solu- tions to problems is difficult—if clients knew of better ways to manage their lives, they would already be doing things differently. Problem solving involves asking your client to step outside of his usual mind-set. You want to engage in a process called brainstorming, which means coming up with as many varied solutions as you can. When brainstorming, it is helpful to follow these three principles: •Quantity: Try to generate as many solutions as possible. •Variety: The greater the variety of solutions, the more chances that you will have a good idea. •Deferred Judgment: Write down all solutions that come to mind, no matter how silly, irrele- vant, or outrageous. Include a few far-fetched and seemingly impossible solutions; they can help your client think outside the box. Sometimes combining a far-fetched solution with another solution can lead to a good solution.

FINDING NEW SOLUTIONS It can be very hard not to jump in and solve your client’s problems. Ideally, brainstorming new solu- tions is a collaboration between therapist and client. The more your client can discover his own solu- tions, the more empowering the process will be. I start with asking my client for his suggestions. Often, all I need to say is, “I wonder if there are some other ways of handling this situation.” If I think of a specific strategy that my client did not mention, I usually say, “I have an idea that might help. Let’s see if you like it.” If my client likes the suggestion, I encourage him to apply the strategy to his specific problem. For many of your clients, the process of stopping and consciously looking at their problems will naturally lead to thinking of new, effective solutions. However, some clients find it hard to think of alternative ways of handling their problems. Try the “Questions to Help Find New Solutions” list on the Problem-Solving Worksheet. Below are the questions. •What are some different ways you could handle your problem? •What would you suggest to someone who had this problem? •What do you think a friend or someone who cared for you would suggest if he or she knew that you had this problem? •How have you handled similar situations in the past? •How do you overcome obstacles in other areas of your life? •Is there any positive information that you are ignoring that could be helpful in solving this problem? •Is there an aspect of the problem that cannot be changed and that you have to accept? (The challenge is to accept what cannot be changed and find coping strategies for what can be changed.) Let’s see how Raoul’s therapist helps him brainstorm. Initially Raoul has some difficulty finding alternative solutions. However, his therapist maintains an optimistic attitude and sticks to problem solving. Therapist: Right now you are avoiding your boss, and you were saying that it doesn’t seem to be improving the situation. Let’s see if we can think of some other things you could do. I want us to write down everything we think of. In this early stage, we’re looking for quan- tity and variety of solutions. Every idea is a good idea. Later we’ll figure out which one we want to use. Notice how his therapist explains the principles of quantity, variety, and deferred judgment. Raoul:Anything I can think of just seems impossible. Therapist:You may be right, but let’s see if we can think of what you could do to improve your rela- tionship with your boss. Notice that Raoul’s therapist acknowledges that he might be right but maintains an optimistic attitude. Raoul:I think that the best solution may be to get out of the department and ask for a transfer. Therapist:So one option is to ask for a transfer. Any other options you can think of? Raoul:I could just keep doing what I am doing; it is not going so badly. I’ve also thought of asking a friend who works in another department if he had any ideas. Therapist:We have a couple of solutions; let’s write them down. First, ask for a transfer; second, keep doing what you are doing; and third, ask a friend for advice. I’m going to ask you some questions to see if they help you come up with any other solutions. I’m wondering…if a colleague had this problem, what would you suggest to him? Notice how Raoul’s therapist starts with a summary statement to indicate she heard Raoul, and then follows up with a question from the “Questions to Help Find New Solutions” list. Raoul:That’s easy, but I don’t think it would work for me. Therapist:You might be right, but let’s look at what you would suggest in any case. Raoul:Well, the first thing I would suggest is that my colleague stop avoiding his boss and behave in a friendly manner. Your Turn! Help Raoul Find New Solutions Raoul’s suggestion that he stop avoiding his boss and behave in a friendly manner is a good overall strategy, but it is not very concrete. Look at the three possible responses below and pick the one that will help Raoul be more specific and concrete.

  1. Great suggestion. I wonder if you started generally participating more in meetings whether that would be helpful.
  2. When you think of being friendlier, what are your thoughts?
  3. If your colleague wanted to stop avoiding his boss and be friendlier, what are some things he could do? Response #3 is the most likely to help Raoul develop specific and concrete solutions. In response #1, the therapist is solving the problem for Raoul. Response #2 would be a good question if we had a specific, concrete solution, but it is too soon in the problem-solving process. Therapist: If your colleague wanted to generally stop avoiding his boss and be friendlier, what are some things he could do? Raoul: (laughing slightly) Well, I guess I would suggest saying hello to his boss before meetings, speaking up at meetings, and probably letting his boss know how some of his projects are going. Therapist: Could we put these down as possible solutions for you? (Raoul nods and smiles.) You’ve come up with quite a long list. Look at the three possible responses below and pick the one that will help Raoul continue to find alternative solutions.
  4. I’m wondering whether we could find more solutions. What would someone who knew you well suggest as a solution?
  5. What are the obstacles to starting to speak up at meetings?
  6. Let’s make a plan for when you could start speaking up more at meetings. Response #1 is the most likely to help Raoul continue to find solutions. Responses #2 and #3 would be good responses if Raoul had already picked speaking up at meetings as a solution; however, he has not yet finished listing all of his possible solutions. Therapist: I’m wondering whether we could find more solutions. What would someone who knew you well suggest as a solution? Raoul: Honestly? I think my wife would suggest that I wait until the next evaluation, which is in six months, before I do anything. My daughter would suggest that I make an appointment with my boss to talk about the poor work evaluation. But that’s totally impossible for me to do. I would just be too anxious. Often when clients think of an assertive response, they immediately back away. It just feels too hard. That’s what happened when Raoul thought of talking to his boss about his poor work evaluation. It is worthwhile spending some time exploring what exactly your client could say. Often when clients have a concrete scenario, the assertive response feels more doable. Here is Raoul’s list of possible solutions: •Keep doing what I am doing •Ask for a transfer to another department •Ask a friend for advice • Talk to my boss before meetings, participate in meetings, and tell my boss how my projects are going •Wait for next evaluation •Arrange a meeting with my boss to discuss my evaluation

Agenda Item #5: Choose a Solution For many clients, calmly evaluating different solutions is a new and empowering experience. You want your client to evaluate the likelihood that the different solutions will either resolve or improve the problem. I teach my clients to ask themselves the following questions from the Problem-Solving Worksheet so that they can make an informed choice. •What are the short-term and long-term benefits of each solution? •What are the short-term and long-term drawbacks of each solution? If my client finds the concept of benefits and drawbacks too abstract, I ask, “If you use this solution, what are some of the good things that might happen and what are some of the bad things that might happen?” We make a chart and write down the answers; clients can then take the chart home and spend more time thinking about the decision. Below are some of the questions that I ask to encourage clients to think about the short-term and long-term consequences of each solution. •How will this solution affect me, other people, and the situation? •How will I feel after implementing this solution? •Is this solution consistent with my values? Will implementing this solution be important to me in terms of acting on my values? •Does the solution generally feel doable? •Does the solution feel doable in terms of time and effort required? Raoul has a large number of solutions; it’s hard to evaluate all of them. His therapist asked him to pick three solutions to evaluate. Below is how Raoul completed his evaluation. You can download the worksheet Benefits and Drawbacks of My Solutions at http://www.newharbinger.com/38501.

Benefits and Dr awbacks of My Solutions SolutionShort-Term BenefitShort-Term DrawbackLong-Term BenefitLong-Term Drawback Ask for a transferWill get me out of the officeI have to tell my boss, and until I leave it will be worseIt might lead to a better situationI lose some of my seniority if I change departments A change might be good Applying for a transfer is difficult, hard to get a good reference, can take a long time Talk more with boss; discuss projects, etc. Relationship might improve Fairly easy to do Meet with boss to Might resolve discuss poor work the issue evaluation Next job might be worse Does not address the poor work evaluationRelationship might improveStill do not understand poor work evaluation Might make it worse; could find out boss very critical of my workIdeally will help with relationship and work performanceMight make it impossible to stay in job High anxiety Once Raoul and his therapist had evaluated the three solutions, his therapist asked him to sum- marize the benefits and drawbacks of each solution. Asking for a transfer: It might make me feel good initially, but it will be a lot of work and may not lead to a better solution. Plus, I lose my seniority. Talk more with the boss: It might help with the relationship. There is no real risk. Only problem is that it does not address the poor work evaluation. Meet with boss to discuss poor work evaluation: The most high risk and the hardest. Might be the best solution, but might make it hard to stay. When Raoul evaluated the different solutions, it was clear that asking for a transfer was not a good idea. He decided he wanted to start with dropping by his boss’s office to chat and also try talking to his boss about different projects he was working on. He wanted to see what happened when he started talking more to his boss before deciding whether he wanted to discuss his poor work evalua- tion with him.

Video 9.2: Brainstorm and Choose a Solution MAKE A PLAN Next, your client needs to develop a plan for implementing the solution he chose. Make sure that the plan is specific and concrete. It is helpful to write out what your client will actually do. Next, specify a first step to the plan and a time and date when your client will try the first step to the solution. You also want to check if there are any obstacles to the plan, and try to address them. Raoul decided he wanted to try dropping by his boss’s office the next day. He had meetings on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, and he would make a point of getting there early to chat with his boss before the meeting. PREPARE FOR THE WORST Sometimes your client wants to try a solution where there is a realistic possibility of a negative outcome. For example, my client Julia decided to disclose to her partner that she had been sexually abused as a child, even though she knew there was a realistic possibility her partner would blame her for the abuse. Other clients have raised various difficult issues with their bosses, partners, and friends, hoping to improve the relationship, but instead the discussion resulted in increased tension. You want to be sure your client understands the realistic risk of a negative reaction and is prepared for that should it occur. USE IMAGERY TO PRACTICE Rehearsing using imagery is an opportunity to practice the new solution and to check if there are any obstacles. I ask my client to imagine doing the new solution in his mind. I encourage my client to close his eyes, and I describe him carrying out the new solution. I ask him to see and feel himself in the situation, and if the solution involves talking, to hear himself and the other people. After he has imag- ined doing the solution once, I ask him to open his eyes and I ask if there were any obstacles, or if he would like to change anything. We address the obstacles. I then ask him to imagine doing the new solution two more times and incorporate any changes he wanted. I ask my client to rate how doable the solution is before and after practicing in his mind. When Raoul imagined dropping by his boss’s office to chat, he realized it would be easier if he had a specific question about a file that he wanted to ask. His therapist incorporated that into the next two imaginal rehearsals. YOUR CLIENT TRIES HIS NEW SOLUTION Think of your client’s new solution as an experiment that will provide additional data, rather than the one right way to proceed. Often clients prematurely dismiss a solution because the outcome wasn’t perfect. Results need to be evaluated on a continuum rather than a “perfect or else failure” yardstick. It is helpful to decide ahead of time how your client will evaluate whether his new solution is success- ful. If the solution did not work out, or if aspects of the problem remain, you need to continue to problem solve. It may also be helpful to reevaluate what aspects of the problem can and cannot be changed. The reality is that many of life’s difficulties take time and effort to address, and often there is no perfect solution. It is also important to teach your client to give himself a pat on the back for trying his new solution. Even if the new solution did not work out, trying indicates a willingness to attempt to solve the problem rather than staying stuck. I model a positive problem orientation. Depending on what happened, some of the statements I use are, “That went well,” “Trying is an important first step,” and “Even though it wasn’t perfect, it is a step in the right direction.” SUZANNE PROBLEM SOLVES If you remember, in the last chapter we helped Suzanne manage her anxiety about going to the barbecue by looking at her hot thought and developing a more balanced thought. Her worry had decreased sufficiently that she decided to go to the barbecue. However, she still worried that she would not know what to say and that the other teachers would not talk to her. Her therapist thought it would be helpful to problem solve what Suzanne could do to make the barbecue easier for her. They came up with a number of strategies, including offering to help with any food preparation and the cooking; thinking of some questions she could ask that might start a conver- sation, such as how long the other teachers had been at the school and whether they had children; approaching the other teachers, introducing herself, and standing there as part of the group; focusing her attention on what the other teachers were saying; and spending some time playing with the princi- pal’s young children. When Suzanne evaluated the different solutions, she picked offering to help with the cooking, thinking of some questions she could ask to start a conversation, and then approaching one of the teachers at the party and starting to talk. She felt a lot better once she had a plan. Agenda Item #6: Develop Coping Thoughts Once your client has decided how he wants to handle the problem, and has a plan, it can be useful to develop coping thoughts that help him focus on the task and manage any negative feelings. Highly critical thoughts about ourselves or others not only make us feel bad, but also distract us from the present moment, making it harder to handle a stressful situation. In a coping thought model, you and your client actively develop thoughts that help your client execute his plan and manage his negative emotions. Coping thoughts tend to be short and provide directions as to what to do in a specific situation. Here is the general process that I use to develop coping thoughts:

  1. Identify the behavior your client wants to accomplish and his plan.
  2. Check if your client’s current thoughts are interfering with or sabotaging his plan.
  3. Develop coping thoughts.
  4. Use imagery to practice your client’s coping thoughts.

IDENTIFY THE BEHAVIOR YOUR CLIENT WANTS TO ACCOMPLISH In addition to being part of a problem-solving plan, coping thoughts can be used for any specific behavior your client wants to accomplish. For example, I have used coping thoughts to help my client Elyse stop procrastinating, sit down, and complete her tax return; I have also used coping thoughts to help clients drink only one glass of wine a night, start an exercise program, use relaxation for pain control, and raise an awkward topic with a friend or family member. You can also use coping thoughts to help clients manage their feelings of anxiety or of being overwhelmed. You want to be sure the behavior is specific and doable. If Elyse does not know how to complete her tax return, all the coping statements in the world will not help her. IDENTIFY CURRENT THOUGHTS THAT ARE INTERFERING WITH THE PLAN Sometimes when clients think of a solution to their problem, they are optimistic; however, often negative, sabotaging thoughts interfere with their ability to implement their plan. I usually ask my client what might interfere with his plan, and specifically whether there is anything he is likely to say to himself that would sabotage the plan. I want to make sure my client understands the impact of his thoughts on his ability to complete his plan. Let’s see if Suzanne has any thoughts that will sabotage her plans for how to handle the barbecue. Therapist:Suzanne, I am wondering, when you think of helping with the food at the barbecue, or starting to talk to one of the other teachers, what thoughts go through your mind? Suzanne:Helping with the food at the barbecue is easy, a really great idea. When I think of going up to the other teacher and starting a conversation, I get pretty anxious. Suzanne has identified a feeling, but we are looking for sabotaging thoughts. We know from our four-factor model that thoughts lead to feelings. Therapist:What are some of your thoughts that go with your anxious feeling? Suzanne:I guess I think that no one will find my questions interesting, and that it was probably a mistake to go to the party. Suzanne’s therapist wants her to see how these thoughts might sabotage her plan. Therapist:When you have these thoughts, how does it affect your plan to start talking to the other teachers? Suzanne:It makes it really hard and makes me not want to go or just stand there quietly, instead of trying to talk. I sometimes draw a diagram to help my client see how his thoughts are sabotaging his plan. Many clients find it helpful to visualize the process. This can be especially helpful if a client wants to accom- plish his plan but then doesn’t carry out the plan and doesn’t understand what got in the way. Figure 9.1 shows what Raoul’s therapist drew for Raoul to help him understand the impact of his thoughts on his procrastinating around writing a report.

Thoughts Situation Sits at desk to work on project This is so hard, I will not do a good job, no one respects me anymore. Thoughts FeelingsBehavior AnxiousDo other work, leave desk I will never finish the project, I am a failure. Figure 9.1. Raoul avoids a project.  Exercise 9.2: Suzanne Goes to the School Fair Practice using a diagram to explain the consequences of your client’s thoughts. Once you have identified your client’s negative sabotaging thoughts, you use a coping thought model to ask him to put aside these thoughts. Unfortunately, if you tell your client to stop a thought, it just bounces back stronger. However, your client can learn to ignore his interfering thoughts, especially if he has developed coping thoughts. You can’t think of coping thoughts and interfering thoughts at the same time. HELP YOUR CLIENT DEVELOP COPING THOUGHTS The next step is to develop thoughts that help your client cope with the situation and manage his disruptive feelings. Below are questions to help your client develop coping thoughts. You can download a Questions to Develop Coping Thoughts handout at http://www.newharbinger.com/38501. •What could you say to yourself that would help you cope with this situation? •What advice could you give a friend in terms of helpful coping thoughts? •What would someone who knows you well suggest as helpful coping thoughts? •If you were in a more optimistic mood, what might you think? •When you have coped successfully in the past, either with a similar or a different type of situ- ation, what have you told yourself? Once you have a list of coping thoughts, write them down. Coping thoughts generally fall into three categories: placing the situation in a realistic perspective, focusing on the task at hand, and man- aging anxious or overwhelming feelings. Different types of thoughts will be helpful in different situa- tions. Let’s look at some examples of thoughts in each category. You can download a copy of Examples of Coping Thoughts at http://www.newharbinger.com/38501.

Examples of Coping Thoughts Place the Situation in a Realistic PerspectiveFocus on the TaskManage Anxiety • Try not to take this too seriously.• You have a plan.• Anxiety is not dangerous. • Do the first step of your plan.• It doesn’t matter if my heart is pounding. • Focus on the task.• I can take some deep breaths. • This is just one situation. • If this situation doesn’t work out, there will be others. • Don’t blow this up out of proportion. • It does not have to be perfect. • It will pass. • One step at a time• Anxiety is normal. • Even if I’m upset, I can do my plan.• Remember your rational thoughts. • You don’t have to listen to worry thoughts. Suzanne, together with her therapist, identified a number of thoughts she could use as coping thoughts to help her start talking to one of the other teachers. They included Stick to your plan, Just ask a question, There are only three other teachers, and Don’t listen to anxiety. Use imagery to practice. Once your client has developed coping thoughts, you take him through his plan again in his imagination, this time adding coping thoughts. After we have practiced once, I ask if there is anything he would like to change and if any of the coping thoughts were particularly helpful or not that helpful. I make any changes and then we practice two more times in his imagination. When Suzanne rehearsed her plan and coping thoughts in her imagination, she particularly liked the thoughts Just ask a question and Don’t listen to anxiety. YOUR TURN! Help Raoul Develop Coping Thoughts Raoul decided that he wanted to call one of his colleagues whom he had been avoiding and suggest that they have lunch together. He was fairly anxious about calling, and rated his anxiety at a 6 out of 10. His thoughts were I haven’t had lunch with him in a long time; he will think it weird that I phone him. How could you help Raoul develop coping thoughts that would help him call his colleague? Look at the three possible responses below and pick the one that will help Raoul develop coping thoughts.

  1. How could you contact your colleague to ask him out for lunch?
  2. I think it is important that you tell yourself to stop thinking these thoughts; they are clearly stopping you from calling your colleague.
  3. I am wondering if you could try to put these thoughts aside and see if we could come up with some thoughts that will help you call your colleague. Response #3 is the next step in developing coping thoughts. Response #1 will help Raoul develop a specific plan of what he will do, but it will not help develop coping thoughts. In response #2, the thera- pist is telling Raoul to try to stop his thoughts. This will backfire—when we try to stop thinking a thought, we just think about it more. Therapist: I am wondering if you could try to put these thoughts aside and see if we could come up with some thoughts that will help you call your colleague. Raoul: What do you mean? Look at the three possible responses below and pick the one that will help Raoul develop coping thoughts.
  4. If a friend were anxious about inviting a colleague for lunch, what would you suggest that he tell himself?
  5. Your problem is that you are not positive enough.
  6. Just say to yourself—be positive! Response #1 is the best answer. It uses the question “What advice could you give a friend in terms of helpful coping thoughts?” and applies it to Raoul’s situation. In responses #2 and #3, the therapist is trying to use positive thinking. The problem is that positive thinking doesn’t work because it is too general and doesn’t address the specific behavior the client wants to do. Video 9.3: Develop Coping Thoughts Video 9.4: Use Imagery to Practice Homework: Practice CBT Before continuing with the next chapter, take some time to try the homework. Apply What You Learned to a Clinical Example Complete the following exercises.  Exercise 9.1: Nasir Has a Busy Clinic Exercise 9.2: Suzanne Goes to the School Fair Apply What You Learned to Your Own Life For the following homework assignment, you can use the guided audio file to help you go through each step; I think it is more effective than reading the exercise.  Homework Assignment #1 Practice Using the Problem-Solving Steps Accompanying audio file: Solve Your Own Problems Think of a problem that is currently troubling you. Don’t choose something huge, as it may be too chal- lenging for an initial attempt at problem solving. Choose a problem that is sufficiently large that you care about it, but sufficiently small that there is a chance you could solve it. Go through the four problem-solving steps in order using the Problem-Solving Worksheet as a guide. Problem-Solving Steps:
  7. Identify the problem and set realistic goals. Remember to ask yourself what you hope will be the consequences of your current behavior.
  8. Generate new solutions. Try to think of at least three. Don’t evaluate them until you have completed your list.
  9. Evaluate the different solutions and decide which one to try. Remember to look at both the short-term and long-term benefits and drawbacks.
  10. Try one of the solutions: evaluate the consequences and decide whether the problem is solved or if you need to continue to problem solve. Apply What You Learned to Your Therapy Practice This coming week I would like you to try to apply the problem-solving process with a client. Homework Assignment #2 Help a Client Problem Solve Start by asking your client to identify the problem that is causing his or her distress. See if you can engage your client in a problem-solving process. Remember, all you have to do is the following: identify the problem and how your client is currently coping, identify his goal, brainstorm alternative solutions, choose a solution to try, and make a specific and concrete plan. You may also want to try asking your client to rehearse his new plan in his imagination. Fill in the form below so you can monitor how you are doing.Client Identify the Problem and Set Goals Brainstorm New Solutions Evaluate and Choose a Solution Make a Plan

Let’s Review Answer the questions under the agenda items. Agenda Item #1: What is problem solving? • How can you explain problem solving in one or two sentences? Agenda Item #2: Develop a positive problem orientation. • What is the difference between a positive problem orientation and a negative problem orien­- ta­tion? Agenda Item #3: Identify your client’s problems. • How can your clients use their anxiety to identify a problem? Agenda Item #4: Brainstorm solutions. • What are the three principles of brainstorming solutions? Agenda Item #5: Choose a solution. • What are two criteria for evaluating a solution? Agenda Item #6: Develop coping thoughts. • What are two categories of coping thoughts? What Was Important to You? What idea(s) or concept(s) would you like to remember? What idea(s) or skill(s) would you like to apply to your own life? What would you like to try this coming week with a client? (Chose a specific client.)