6. 来访有这么多想法——我应该关注哪些?
第六章
我的来访有很多想法——我应该关注哪些?
在上一章中,我们讨论了如何识别触发情境以及如何使用四因素模型来理解来访的反应。你有机会尝试作业吗?你是否尝试过询问来访关于他们的感受、身体反应或行为?花点时间反思一下完成作业后你学到了什么。
如果你没有完成作业,能否找出是什么障碍阻碍了你?在阅读本章之前,请花点时间回想上周发生的一次令人不安的经历。然后识别你的感受、身体反应和行为。
不要忘了结构化你的会话。你是否设定了议程并在会话结束时进行了回顾?如果你还没有使用结构化的会话,试着在接下来的一周内与一位来访设定议程。
设定议程
接下来的两章将重点介绍如何帮助来访识别他们的想法。在这一章中,我们将讨论如何决定哪些想法值得深入研究。我们将这些想法称为“热点想法”。
- 议程项目 #1:识别热点想法。
- 议程项目 #2:这个想法是否对自我、他人或未来进行了不切实际的评估?
- 议程项目 #3:这个想法是否能解释来访的感受?
- 议程项目 #4:这个想法是否包含认知扭曲?
执行议程
在认知行为疗法(CBT)中,你会花费大量时间和精力帮助来访识别并检查他们的想法。你希望确保这段时间是值得的。我们每天脑海中都会有一连串的想法流动,但并非每个想法都值得深入研究。你应该关注那些对来访困扰核心的想法,并且当这些想法被针对性处理时,能够带来有意义的改变。
议程项目 #1:识别热点想法
值得研究的想法解释了情境的意义,并且与强烈的情感密切相关。我们称这些想法为热点想法(Safran, Vallis, Segal, & Shaw, 1986),因为它们带有情感,当我们在这类想法上进行治疗时,会有意义的改变。
这里有一个例子。杰伦的父亲住在六小时车程的地方。他每周给杰伦打一次电话,总是以叹息开始对话,说:“我从来没有见过你。你什么时候来看我?我想你。” 每周他的父亲的电话都会触发相同的负面自动想法:我父亲在过去两年里每周都给我打电话。他总是批评我。他不感激我为他所做的一切。让我们看看杰伦的想法,识别哪些是热点想法。想法“我父亲在过去两年里每周都给我打电话”是一个事实;它没有解释他父亲的电话对杰伦意味着什么,也没有解释杰伦情绪困扰的原因。因此,这不是一个热点想法。想法“他总是批评我”和“他不感激我为他所做的一切”是热点想法,因为它们捕捉到了他父亲的话对他的意义,并解释了杰伦的情感反应。
当你刚开始学习认知行为疗法(CBT)时,很难知道哪些想法是热点想法,值得重点关注。在本章中,我们将探讨三个指导原则,帮助你识别热点想法。记住,热点想法必须捕捉到情境的意义,并且与强烈的情感相关。以下是三个指导原则:
- 这个想法是对自我、他人或未来的不切实际评估吗?
- 这个想法能解释来访的感受吗?
- 这个想法包含认知扭曲吗?
议程项目 #2:这个想法是对自我、他人或未来的不切实际评估吗?
正是来访对自我、他人或未来的不切实际的想法,捕捉到了情境的意义,帮助你理解她的困扰。
有时候,通过一个例子更容易理解某个概念。我的一个来访雷吉娜最近被解雇了,感到非常沮丧和焦虑。当我问她在想什么时,她回答:“我不敢相信我被解雇了”和“我希望我没有被解雇。” 这些想法并没有解释被解雇对雷吉娜意味着什么,所以它们不是热点想法。我继续提问,我们识别了以下想法:
自我评价(对自己做出的判断)
- 我太老了,学不了新技能。
- 我有问题。
- 我很笨。
试着想想你或你的来访对自我的负面评价。
他人评价(对其他人做出的判断或对他们如何对待你的期望)
- 我的老板不公平。
- 我的父亲会失望。
- 我的同事都不在乎我。
试着想想你或你的来访对他人的负面评价。
未来评价(对未来的判断或对未来将会怎样的预期)
- 我的朋友和伴侣将不再尊重我(这既涉及他人也涉及未来)。
- 我会变得贫穷,失去房子。
- 我再也找不到这么好的工作了。
试着想想你或你的来访对未来的负面评价。
当你查看雷吉娜识别出的关于自我、他人和未来的看法时,你能否看出这些看法是如何解释被解雇对雷吉娜意味着什么,以及为什么这些看法会导致她感到抑郁和焦虑?
让我们更详细地探讨如何识别关于自我的想法,因为这些想法有时很难识别。有些想法显然是关于自我的,例如,“我犯了一个严重的错误”或“我很混乱”。然而,有时关于自我的负面想法隐藏在关于他人的想法中,尤其是关于他人如何对待你的想法。让我们以“我的同事从不征求我的意见”为例。你可能认为这是因为你的同事不友好且专横(关于他人的想法),但你认为自己有很好的想法(关于自我的想法)。在这种情况下,负面判断是关于同事的,没有关于你自己的负面判断。然而,你也可能认为你的同事从不征求你的意见是因为她认为你没有好主意,而你也这样认为。在这种情况下,你对同事有负面判断,同时对你自己也有负面判断。
以下是一些关于他人的想法中可能隐藏着关于自我的负面信念的例子:我的新同事都不会想成为我的朋友,没有人愿意帮助我,没有人会愿意和我维持婚姻。在所有这些情况下,你的来访可能认为是她身上的某些东西导致了他人的负面行为。例如,来访可能会想,“我的新同事都不会想成为我的朋友,因为我太害羞和无聊。”“我太害羞和无聊”是一个关于自我的负面想法。来访也可能认为她的新同事不想成为她的朋友,因为她们都接近退休,对工作中结交新朋友不感兴趣。在这种情况下,没有潜在的自我负面评价。你可以通过问来访,“有什么关于你的事情会导致别人这样对待你吗?”来检查是否存在潜在的自我负面评价。
轮到你了!
识别苏珊娜关于自我、他人和未来的看法
在第四次会谈中,苏珊娜想谈论她对丈夫的愤怒。她描述了一次最近的争吵。几天前的一个晚上,她的丈夫正在看电视,她问他是否已经给四岁的儿子安德鲁洗澡了。他回答说:“我太累了,你能帮他洗吗?”苏珊娜立刻爆发了,大喊他承诺过要给儿子洗澡,还说他自私,然后气冲冲地离开了房间。她感到沮丧和绝望。她的治疗师想了解导致她如此生气的想法。另一种思考方式是,她丈夫没有给安德鲁洗澡并说“你能帮他洗吗?”对苏珊娜意味着什么?
请仔细阅读对话,列出苏珊娜的想法。然后判断这些想法是事实还是对自我、他人或未来的评价。你可以在附录中找到我的答案。
治疗师:当你意识到你的丈夫没有给安德鲁洗澡并说“我太累了,你能帮他洗吗?”时,你在想什么?
苏珊娜:我只是一直在想他没有给安德鲁洗澡;无论我做什么,都没有用。
治疗师:还有其他想法吗?
苏珊娜:他不在乎孩子和我。另外,你不能依赖男人。
治疗师:你能告诉我更多关于这些想法的信息吗?
苏珊娜:我一直觉得自己是一个完全不合格的母亲;我一直在问自己,为什么我必须做家里的所有事情?
治疗师:很多想法,还有其他的吗?
苏珊娜:没有了,这些可能就够了;已经够多了!
练习 6.1
练习识别关于自我、他人或未来的看法
案例 1:吉姆忘了钱包
案例 2:理查德的男友想结束关系
议程项目 #3:这个想法能解释来访的感受吗?
判断来访是否识别出热点想法的第二个指导原则是检查她的想法是否能解释她的感受,尤其是强烈的负面感受。这是什么意思呢?根据来访的想法,她的感受必须是有道理的,而且感受的强度也必须是有道理的。让我们来看一个例子。
我的一个来访安吉拉对新的保姆安排感到担忧。当她的治疗师询问情况时,安吉拉解释说,当她把女儿交给新保姆时,女儿哭了并恳求安吉拉不要离开。这对她的女儿来说是不寻常的行为,因为她女儿喜欢之前的保姆,通常在安吉拉早上离开时会开心地玩耍。安吉拉感到非常内疚(8分)和焦虑(8-9分)。当被问及她的想法时,安吉拉回答说:“我女儿可能因为新保姆而不高兴。她只是需要适应。这需要时间。”
这些是非常好的应对想法,但它们并不能帮助我们理解安吉拉的感受。如果她真的相信这些想法,并且没有其他想法,她会感到8分的内疚和8-9分的焦虑吗?可能不会。鉴于她焦虑和内疚的程度,可能还有一些她自己没有意识到的其他想法。如果安吉拉的感觉是“稍微难过”,这些想法是有道理的。
当来访的想法与她的感受不匹配时,这是一个信号,表明你需要继续探索以识别潜在的想法。我们将在下一章中讨论如何帮助来访识别他们的潜在想法。
不同的感受伴随不同类型的想法。在认知行为疗法(CBT)中,我们称之为内容特异性(Beck et al., 1979)。让我们来看看焦虑、抑郁、愤怒、内疚和羞耻所伴随的想法类型。花点时间回想你上次感到焦虑的情况,然后专注于这种感受。伴随这种焦虑感受的想法是什么?记下你的想法。然后再对抑郁、愤怒、内疚和羞耻做同样的事情。看看你自己的想法是否符合下面的描述。
如何理解焦虑
伴随焦虑的想法是关于你认为会带来糟糕后果的未来威胁,你认为这种情况很可能会发生,而且你认为自己无法应对。图6.1展示了如何将焦虑视为一个方程式。
焦虑的构成要素
焦虑 = 高估情境的危险性或难度
高估情境发生的可能性
低估自己的应对能力
图6.1. 理解焦虑
如果你认为自己能够应对威胁,它就变成了一个挑战
Kendall等人(2002年)在其针对焦虑青少年的治疗计划中,将焦虑描述为“期待坏事发生”。我发现这是一种非常有助于理解焦虑的方式。如果你的来访感到焦虑、紧张或担心,确保你了解他们预期会发生什么“坏事”。例如,在安吉拉把孩子留给保姆的情况下,你可以问:“我听到你说虽然你很担心,但你告诉自己一切都会好起来,但我很好奇,你担心会发生什么?”
如何理解抑郁
抑郁与损失和绝望有关。通常,当来访感到抑郁时,他们会对自我、他人和未来有负面的想法。以下是抑郁的人可能会有的几种想法。
关于自我的想法
- 我不够好。
- 我很丑。
- 我是个糟糕的朋友。
- 我是个糟糕的父母。
- 我在运动(或工作或学校)方面不行。
- 我做的事情都不好。
关于他人的想法
- 没有人喜欢我。
- 我的孩子不在乎我。
- 我的同事认为我的工作不好。
- 我的伴侣认为我是负担。
关于未来的想法
- 一切永远不会改变。
- 我永远不会有朋友。
- 我再也找不到工作了。
通常,抑郁是由某种损失引起的。这可能是关系的破裂、健康的丧失、工作的丢失或其他损失。感到抑郁的来访认为,没有了他们失去的东西,未来是暗淡和无望的。
如何理解愤怒
伴随愤怒的想法通常与来访或他们关心的人受到不公平对待的信念有关。愤怒的想法通常指向其他人。一般来说,感到愤怒的人觉得自己无力、不被尊重或被贬低,因此以愤怒作为反应。包含“应该”陈述的想法非常常见。在愤怒中,有一种信念认为世界的规则已经被打破,而这对来访不利。
愤怒是一种复杂的情绪。有时人们只有愤怒的情绪,尤其是在他们认为自己被不公正地伤害时。然而,愤怒与抑郁和绝望密切相关。如果你认为自己被不公正地伤害并且认为无能为力,很容易变得抑郁。有些来访将所有情绪都标记为愤怒,帮助他们识别其他情绪是非常有用的。
如何理解内疚和羞耻
内疚和羞耻常常相伴而生。当我们感到内疚时,我们认为自己做错了某事,违反了重要的道德准则。内疚通常与相信自己伤害了某人有关。当我们感到内疚时,我们感到有责任,并告诉自己应该有不同的行为。羞耻与此密切相关,因为它也与相信自己违反了重要的规则有关,但我们认为由于违反了这个规则,我们自己 somehow 有缺陷或糟糕透顶。当我们感到羞耻时,我们往往会隐藏自己感到羞耻的事情,并认为如果别人知道了“真正的我”,他们会拒绝我。
询问来访具体做了什么可怕的事情,使他感到内疚或羞耻,这是有帮助的。通常,这是来访第一次明确说出自己做了什么。一旦你清楚来访做了什么,你可以开始审视这件事到底有多严重。
感受的强度是多少?
我们已经讨论了特定感受所伴随的思维方式。我们还期望想法与感受的强度相匹配。例如,一位来访将她的愤怒评为10分中的2分,她的想法是:“我无法忍受我的老板;他每次有机会就羞辱我。” 根据她的想法,你会期望她的愤怒比2分更强吗?我认为会。如果一位来访将她的失望评为8分,她的想法是:“我希望我没有扭伤脚踝,即使不能上场,我还是可以享受观看篮球比赛。” 你觉得想法和评分相符吗?我认为不相符。要么评分过高,要么来访有其他需要识别的想法。
轮到你了!
这些感受对应的想法是什么? 以下是三种情况。每种情况都有三个来访可能有的想法。选择最有可能与感受相符的想法。你可以在附录中找到我的答案。
-
卡梅伦的大学曲棍球队进入了州半决赛。比分打平。卡梅伦拿着冰球,确信他会得分,这时另一名球员把他撞倒了。卡梅伦感到非常愤怒。他可能在想什么?
- 我们的球队再也没有机会参加半决赛了。
- 那家伙是个畜生;他应该受到惩罚;这太不公平了。
- 如果我们输了,都是我的错。
-
安妮特刚刚听说她是她申请的工作的第二候选人。安妮特感到失望。她可能在想什么?
- 我永远找不到体面的工作;我的生活完了。
- 他们应该雇佣我;他们真是白痴!
- 我本来希望得到这份工作,但至少我是第二选择。
-
奥利在他最好的朋友罗伊住院两周期间没有去看望他。奥利感到内疚。他可能在想什么?
- 我是个坏朋友;我应该去看他;我肯定伤害了罗伊的感情。
- 我的朋友肯定对我很生气。
- 我肯定罗伊不会再想做我的朋友了。
议程项目 #4:这个想法是否包含认知扭曲?
术语“认知扭曲”在CBT文献中常用,并为许多治疗师所熟悉。然而,我不太喜欢这个词。我认为“扭曲”一词暗示治疗师对来访的思维进行了负面的评判。McKay、Davis和Fanning(2011)使用了“有限思维模式”这一术语,这是我更喜欢的。在我的临床实践中,我经常使用“思维陷阱”这一术语,因为这隐含了你可以避免陷阱的假设。我也喜欢“思维风格”这一术语。然而,为了本次讨论的目的,我将使用常见的“认知扭曲”一词。
认知扭曲是你来访对触发情境的典型反应。你可以将认知扭曲视为来访负面思维模式的标签。最初,心理学家仅确定了几种特定的扭曲。随着时间的推移,认知扭曲的列表扩展到了许多治疗师和来访感到困惑和难以使用的程度。重要的是不要迷失在长长的列表中。识别来访认知扭曲的目的是找到一个来访觉得能够捕捉其体验的标签。为负面思维模式贴上标签是另一种暂停自动负面反应的方法。当来访将某个想法标记为认知扭曲时,他也在质疑自己想法的准确性。
以下是常见的认知扭曲列表。我还包括了一些斜体的简短描述方式,这些描述方式受到Kendall和他的同事们(2002)以及Stallard(2005)的启发。对于每一种认知扭曲,我都提供了一个来自我的来访的例子。(坦白地说,我偷偷加入了一两个我自己的例子!)可以在 http://www.newharbinger.com/38501 下载《思维陷阱》手册。
思维陷阱
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过滤:关注情境中的负面细节,而忽略其他积极方面。
- 负面眼镜或戴着盲目的行走:你只能看到负面的事物。
- 例子:一名学生在课程中一直获得A。在一次小测验中,她得到了C+,立即认为自己在这门课上表现不佳。
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过度概括:基于单一的通常是负面的证据,做出广泛的概括。
- 重复者:发生过一次,以后总是这样。
- 例子:自从我发现前男友出轨后,我再也不能信任任何男人了。
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非黑即白的思维:你或他人要么是对的,要么是错的,要么是好的,要么是坏的,要么是完美的,要么是失败的。在评估自己或他人时,没有灰色地带或中间地带。
-
例子:
- 世界由赢家和输家组成,我当然不想成为输家之一。
- 如果不是完美完成,就不值得去做。
- 我的员工错过了一个小的截止日期——他完全没用!
-
例子:
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读心/假设:假设你知道人们的感觉和想法,以及他们为什么会那样做。
- 读心者和预言家:知道事情会出错。
-
例子:
- 老板没有对我的上一份报告发表评论;我知道他认为它很糟糕。
- 伴侣给了我一个奇怪的眼神;我知道她不满意我说的话。
-
个人化:假设别人所说或所做的事是针对你的,即使没有任何迹象表明这一点。另一个方面是你经常与他人比较,试图确定自己在各种属性(如智力、能力或外貌)上的表现。
- 例子:在会议上,玛丽说有些人在这个项目上没有尽全力,我知道她在说我。
-
灾难化:假设灾难会发生。有时与初始困难有关。灾难性的想法通常以“如果……怎么办”开头。例如,你的孩子借车去参加聚会,回家晚了十五分钟。你可能会想:“如果他出了事故怎么办?如果车抛锚了怎么办?”
- 夸大其词:负面的事情变得比实际更大。
- 例子:孩子的考试成绩不理想,你可能会想:“如果他这次考试不及格,他的未来就完了。”
例子
-
灾难化:
- 自从我儿子前几天晚上喝得有点醉,我肯定他会像他叔叔一样变成酒鬼;这会毁了他的生活。
- 我失业了;我们不得不卖掉房子;我毁了我的整个家庭。
-
预测未来:在许多方面,预测未来类似于灾难化,如果预测是负面的。然而,从事功能障碍行为或避免完成必要责任的人常常错误地预测一个积极或良性未来。
- 例子:我能控制我的酒精摄入;每天晚上喝七杯啤酒对我来说并不多。
-
放大和最小化:问题的程度或强度被夸大,以至于任何困难都被视为压倒性的,而任何积极的事情都被忽视或最小化。
- 积极的事情不算数:丢弃发生的好事。
- 例子:一位母亲发现她患有精神分裂症的儿子偶尔吸食大麻。她说:“我的孩子是个失败者;他做的事情从来没有成功过。” 她忽略了他也在定期服药,不再偏执,并且有一份兼职工作。
-
应该陈述:个体有一系列关于自己和他人应该如何行事的规则,如果这些规则被打破,他们会感到非常糟糕。如果其他人违反规则,他们会感到愤怒;如果自己违反规则,他们会感到内疚。
-
例子:
- 我应该随时为我的孩子和丈夫服务。
- 我应该总是尽力而为。
- 我应该在所有事情上都做到完美。
-
例子:
如果一个想法包含表示极端的词语,如“总是”、“从不”、“每个人”或“没有人”,那么它很可能是认知扭曲,因为现实世界并不是如此绝对的。当人们使用这些词语时,他们通常只关注情境的负面方面,而忽略了其他信息。特别是当这种想法伴随着强烈的情感反应时,这一点尤为明显。让我们来看一些例子:
- 我做的一切总是失败。
- 永远没有人会愿意成为我的朋友。
- 每个人都讨厌我。
- 我从没有做对过任何事情。
- 我的伴侣从不帮我。
在未来的一周里,试着听你的来访的想法,识别他们何时使用诸如“总是”、“从不”、“每个人”或“没有人”这样的词语。
轮到你了!
识别认知扭曲 以下是一些想法。请尝试识别其中的认知扭曲。你可以在附录中找到我的答案。
- 如果我得不到这份工作,我的生活就完了。
- 认知扭曲:灾难化
- 要成为一名好治疗师,你必须全力以赴,100%的时间都在为来访提供支持。
- 认知扭曲:应该陈述
- 我肯定在上一次面试的失败之后,没有人会愿意雇用我。
- 认知扭曲:过度概括
- 如果我不能帮助所有的来访,我就是一个不合格的治疗师。
- 认知扭曲:应该陈述
- 我知道我的最后一个来访取消了预约,因为她认为我是一个糟糕的治疗师。
- 认知扭曲:读心
- 一位同事告诉我,他想知道下次团体检查是否可以短一些。那是我在第一次团体中的一个严重错误。
- 认知扭曲:过滤
练习 6.2:朱莉度过了糟糕的一周
练习在来访描述问题时倾听认知扭曲。
帮助来访识别他们的认知扭曲
在来访识别出他们的想法后,解释认知扭曲是有帮助的。有时我会给来访《思维陷阱》手册,其中包含了认知扭曲的定义。我会解释这些是常见的思维模式,会导致人们陷入困境。然后我会问来访,她认为哪些适用于她,并让她给我举一些她生活中的例子。我会确保告诉她,识别认知扭曲是重要的第一步。
如果来访能够识别出她常用的认知扭曲,并且这个练习对她有帮助,我会将注意认知扭曲纳入她的家庭作业。我通常会要求来访记录三个他们发现自己陷入认知扭曲的情境,并在《我的思维陷阱是什么?》工作表中记录他们的反应,该工作表可以在 http://www.newharbinger.com/38501 下载。
我的思维陷阱是什么?
情境 | 想法 | 思维陷阱(过滤;过度概括;非黑即白的思维;读心;个人化;灾难化;预测未来;放大和最小化;应该陈述) |
---|---|---|
在功能障碍行为之前、期间和之后识别来访的认知扭曲
我经常在来访的功能障碍行为之前、期间和之后检查他们的认知扭曲,以便理解是什么维持了这种行为。例如,舒拉患有糖尿病。尽管她很难控制血糖水平,但她经常吃甜点。她告诉治疗师:“我不知道自己怎么了;我一点自制力都没有。我总是忍不住吃甜点。” 让我们看看在她吃甜点之前、期间和之后的思考,会发现什么。
舒拉吃甜点
时间段 | 舒拉的想法 | 认知扭曲 |
---|---|---|
吃甜点前 | 我只吃一小口。 | 放大和预测未来 |
我今天过得很难;我应该奖励自己。 | 放大 | |
如果我拒绝,我会冒犯做甜点的主人。 | 读心和灾难化 | |
反正我已经吃了一点糖,不如吃完整个甜点。 | 非黑即白的思维 | |
遵守饮食计划太难了。 | 放大 | |
吃点甜点没关系。 | 最小化 | |
我是个失败者。 | 非黑即白的思维 | |
我永远不可能控制住糖尿病。 | 预测未来 | |
吃甜点期间 | - | - |
吃甜点后 | - | - |
一旦我们检查了舒拉在吃甜点之前、期间和之后的想法,就可以理解她为什么这么难坚持健康的饮食计划。舒拉在吃完甜点后意识到了她的自我批判想法,但没有意识到她在此之前和期间的想法及其在维持她吃甜点行为中的作用。
我有一些来访告诉我他们“最终”喝到断片、进行无保护性行为或不复习考试。现实是人们不会“最终”做这些事情。即使是很短暂的,几乎总是在行为之前有一个想法,使或合理化了功能障碍行为。帮助来访识别在功能障碍行为之前、期间和之后的认知扭曲,是帮助他们感到更有掌控感并启动改变过程的重要步骤。
练习 6.3:雷蒙德喝得太多
练习识别来访在问题行为之前、期间和之后的认知扭曲。
家庭作业:练习CBT
在继续下一章之前,请花一些时间尝试以下家庭作业。
将所学应用于临床案例
完成以下练习。
- 练习 6.1:(a) 吉姆忘记带钱包,(b) 理查德的男朋友想要结束关系
- 练习 6.2:朱莉度过了糟糕的一周
- 练习 6.3:雷蒙德喝得太多
将所学应用于自己的生活
查看本家庭作业的《思维陷阱》手册。
家庭作业 #1
识别你自己的认知扭曲 选择一到两种你有共鸣的思维陷阱,并思考每个陷阱最近在你生活中的一个例子。在接下来的一周里,看看你是否能发现你目前存在的思维陷阱,并尝试完成《我的思维陷阱是什么?》工作表。
我的思维陷阱是什么?
情境 | 想法 | 思维陷阱(过滤;过度概括;非黑即白的思维;读心;个人化;灾难化;预测未来;放大和最小化;应该陈述) |
---|---|---|
家庭作业 #2
在你回避或冲动行动之前识别你自己的认知扭曲 此练习的引导音频文件也提供了我生活中一个例子,即我永远失败的尝试少喝咖啡的努力。 想想一个你希望改变行为的情境,你可能在回避或冲动行动。例如,我们大多数人都希望多锻炼、少吃垃圾食品或更有条理。选择其中一个或类似的问题。接下来,回想一个具体的情境,比如你计划锻炼但没有进行,或者你决定不再吃垃圾食品却吃光了一整包薯片,或者你没有整齐地归档账单或报告,而是把它们随意堆在桌子上。一旦选择了具体的情境,回想并尝试识别那些让你没有锻炼、吃了垃圾食品或把文件随意堆放的想法。识别出这些想法后,尝试识别其中的认知扭曲。
将所学应用于你的治疗实践
现在你有机会练习了自己的想法,让我们转向来访的思维。
家庭作业 #3
尝试识别来访关于自我、他人或未来的思绪 在接下来的几次治疗过程中,当来访自发提到一个想法时,问问自己这个想法是关于自我、他人还是未来。尝试完成以下工作表,记录来访自发提到的三个想法。
来访的想法是关于自我、他人还是未来?
来访 | 想法 | 自我、他人或未来? |
---|---|---|
家庭作业 #4
帮助来访识别他们的思维陷阱 选择一个经常披露自己想法并且你认为会发现思维陷阱概念有帮助的来访。给他或她《思维陷阱》手册,该手册可在 http://www.newharbinger.com/38501 下载,并询问是否有任何思维陷阱适用。如果这部分练习进展顺利,要求来访在接下来的一周内识别并写下三个思维陷阱。你可以使用《我的思维陷阱是什么?》工作表。
回顾
回答议程项目下的问题。
议程项目 #1:识别热想法
- 热想法的两个特征是什么?
议程项目 #2:这个想法是对自我、他人或未来的不切实际的评价吗?
- 为什么识别关于自我、他人或未来的思绪很重要?
议程项目 #3:这个想法能解释来访的感受吗?
- 你期望与抑郁、焦虑、愤怒和内疚相关的想法是什么类型的?
议程项目 #4:这个想法包含认知扭曲吗?
- 解释三种认知扭曲。
对你来说什么是重要的?
- 有哪些想法或概念是你希望记住的?
- 有哪些想法或技能是你希望应用到自己生活中的?
- 你希望在接下来的一周内尝试哪位来访?(选择一个具体的来访。)
本章知识点阐述
进一步阐述的知识点
-
认知行为疗法(CBT)的应用
- 定义:认知行为疗法(Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, CBT)是一种心理治疗方法,强调思维、情感和行为之间的相互作用。它认为个体的情绪和行为问题往往源于不合理的思维模式。
- 目标:通过识别和改变这些消极的思维模式,帮助个体改善情绪状态和行为表现,从而达到治疗目的。
- 应用场景:CBT广泛应用于各种心理问题的治疗,如焦虑症、抑郁症、强迫症等。
-
四因素模型
- 定义:四因素模型是一种分析个人面对特定情境时的心理过程的方法,包括情境(Situation)、认知(Cognition)、情感(Emotion)和行为(Behavior)四个要素。
- 应用:通过这个模型,治疗师可以更好地理解来访的行为模式及其背后的原因。例如,一个特定的情境可能引发某种认知,这种认知又导致特定的情感和行为反应。
- 重要性:四因素模型帮助治疗师系统地分析和处理来访的心理问题,提供了一个全面的视角。
-
设定议程的重要性
- 定义:在心理咨询过程中,明确会谈的目标非常重要。设定议程就是在每次会谈开始时,与来访共同确定本次会谈的重点和目标。
-
好处:
- 保持焦点:确保会谈内容紧扣主题,避免偏离。
- 提高效率:使会谈更加有序和高效,充分利用时间。
- 增强合作:让来访感到自己是会谈的一部分,增加参与感和信任感。
- 方法:可以通过提问的方式,了解来访最关心的问题,然后共同制定本次会谈的具体目标。
-
识别“热点想法”
- 定义:在CBT中,“热点想法”是指那些对个体情感或行为产生显著影响的想法。这些想法通常是负面的、极端的或者不真实的。
- 重要性:识别这些想法对于理解和解决个体的问题至关重要。通过聚焦这些“热点想法”,治疗师可以帮助来访认识到其不合理之处,并逐步改变这些思维模式。
-
方法:
- 自我观察:鼓励来访记录自己的想法,特别是那些引起强烈情感反应的想法。
- 提问技巧:通过开放式问题,引导来访深入探讨这些想法的来源和合理性。
-
认知扭曲
- 定义:认知扭曲是指个体在处理信息时出现的一种非理性或偏差的认知模式。这些扭曲的思维模式会导致个体对现实的误解,进而影响情绪和行为。
-
常见类型:
- 全或无思维:认为事情只有两种极端的状态,没有中间地带。
- 过度概括:从一个孤立的事件推断出普遍的结论。
- 灾难化:将小事看成是灾难性的,过分夸大后果。
-
应对策略:
- 识别:首先帮助来访识别自己的认知扭曲。
- 挑战:通过逻辑推理和证据收集,挑战这些扭曲的思维模式。
- 替代:引导来访形成更合理、更积极的思维方式。
通过上述内容的学习和应用,咨询师可以更加有效地帮助来访认识和管理自己的思维模式,从而促进心理健康和个人成长。
进一步阐述的知识点
-
热点想法的定义和重要性
- 定义:热点想法是指那些对个体情感或行为产生显著影响的想法。这些想法通常带有强烈的情感,能够解释情境的意义。
- 重要性:识别热点想法对于理解和解决个体的问题至关重要。通过聚焦这些热点想法,治疗师可以帮助来访认识到其不合理之处,并逐步改变这些思维模式。
-
识别热点想法的三个指导原则
- 不切实际的评估:这个想法是否对自我、他人或未来的评估不切实际?例如,雷吉娜的想法“我不敢相信我被解雇了”并没有解释被解雇对她意味着什么,因此不是一个热点想法。
- 解释情感:这个想法是否能解释来访的感受?例如,杰伦的想法“他总是批评我”和“他不感激我为他所做的一切”解释了他的情感反应,因此是热点想法。
- 认知扭曲:这个想法是否包含认知扭曲?认知扭曲是指个体在处理信息时出现的一种非理性或偏差的认知模式,如全或无思维、过度概括、灾难化等。
-
案例分析:杰伦的例子
- 背景:杰伦的父亲每周给他打电话,总是以叹息开始对话,表达对他的思念和不满。
- 负面自动想法:杰伦的负面自动想法包括“我父亲在过去两年里每周都给我打电话”、“他总是批评我”、“他不感激我为他所做的一切”。
- 分析:第一个想法是一个事实,没有解释情感反应,因此不是热点想法。后两个想法解释了杰伦的情感反应,因此是热点想法。
-
案例分析:雷吉娜的例子
- 背景:雷吉娜最近被解雇,感到非常沮丧和焦虑。
- 初步想法:雷吉娜的初步想法包括“我不敢相信我被解雇了”和“我希望我没有被解雇”。
- 进一步探讨:通过进一步提问,识别了更多具体的想法,这些想法更能解释雷吉娜的情感反应,例如“我是一个失败者”、“我再也找不到好工作了”。
通过上述内容的学习和应用,咨询师可以更加有效地帮助来访认识和管理自己的思维模式,从而促进心理健康和个人成长。
进一步阐述的知识点
-
自我评价
- 定义:自我评价是指对自己做出的判断,通常涉及对自己的能力、价值和特质的看法。
-
例子:
- “我太老了,学不了新技能。”
- “我有问题。”
- “我很笨。”
- 重要性:负面的自我评价可能导致低自尊、焦虑和抑郁。识别这些负面评价有助于来访意识到并改变这些不合理的思维模式。
-
他人评价
- 定义:他人评价是指对其他人做出的判断或对他们如何对待你的期望。
-
例子:
- “我的老板不公平。”
- “我的父亲会失望。”
- “我的同事都不在乎我。”
- 重要性:负面的他人评价可能导致人际冲突、孤独感和社交退缩。识别这些负面评价有助于来访理解他人的行为,并调整自己的期望和反应。
-
未来评价
- 定义:未来评价是指对未来的判断或对未来将会怎样的预期。
-
例子:
- “我的朋友和伴侣将不再尊重我。”(这既涉及他人也涉及未来)
- “我会变得贫穷,失去房子。”
- “我再也找不到这么好的工作了。”
- 重要性:负面的未来评价可能导致焦虑、绝望和缺乏动力。识别这些负面评价有助于来访调整对未来的预期,并采取积极的行动。
-
案例分析:雷吉娜的例子
- 背景:雷吉娜被解雇,感到非常沮丧和焦虑。
-
识别的想法:
- 自我评价:“我是一个失败者。”
- 他人评价:“我的前同事会嘲笑我。”
- 未来评价:“我再也找不到好工作了。”
- 分析:这些想法解释了被解雇对雷吉娜的意义,并导致了她的情绪反应。通过识别这些热点想法,治疗师可以帮助雷吉娜认识到这些想法的不合理之处,并逐步改变这些思维模式。
-
识别关于自我的想法
- 难点:有时关于自我的负面想法隐藏在关于他人的想法中,尤其是关于他人如何对待你的想法。
-
例子:
- “我的同事从不征求我的意见。”
- 如果来访认为这是因为同事不友好且专横,那么这是关于他人的想法。
- 如果来访认为这是因为自己没有好主意,那么这是关于自我的负面想法。
- “我的同事从不征求我的意见。”
- 方法:通过提问来识别潜在的自我负面评价,例如:“有什么关于你的事情会导致别人这样对待你吗?”
通过上述内容的学习和应用,咨询师可以更加有效地帮助来访认识和管理自己的思维模式,从而促进心理健康和个人成长。
进一步阐述的知识点
-
识别苏珊娜的想法
- 背景:苏珊娜在与丈夫的争吵后感到沮丧和绝望。她的治疗师希望通过识别她的想法来理解她的情绪反应。
-
对话分析:
-
事实:
- 丈夫没有给安德鲁洗澡。
- 丈夫说他太累了,让苏珊娜帮忙。
-
自我评价:
- “我是一个完全不合格的母亲。”
- “为什么我必须做家里的所有事情?”
-
他人评价:
- “他不在乎孩子和我。”
- “你不能依赖男人。”
-
未来评价:
- “无论我做什么,都没有用。”
-
事实:
-
自我评价
- 定义:自我评价是指对自己做出的判断,通常涉及对自己的能力、价值和特质的看法。
-
例子:
- “我是一个完全不合格的母亲。”
- 重要性:负面的自我评价可能导致低自尊、焦虑和抑郁。识别这些负面评价有助于来访意识到并改变这些不合理的思维模式。
-
他人评价
- 定义:他人评价是指对其他人做出的判断或对他们如何对待你的期望。
-
例子:
- “他不在乎孩子和我。”
- “你不能依赖男人。”
- 重要性:负面的他人评价可能导致人际冲突、孤独感和社交退缩。识别这些负面评价有助于来访理解他人的行为,并调整自己的期望和反应。
-
未来评价
- 定义:未来评价是指对未来的判断或对未来将会怎样的预期。
-
例子:
- “无论我做什么,都没有用。”
- 重要性:负面的未来评价可能导致焦虑、绝望和缺乏动力。识别这些负面评价有助于来访调整对未来的预期,并采取积极的行动。
-
练习识别想法
-
案例 1:吉姆忘了钱包
- 背景:吉姆在外出时忘了带钱包,导致一些不便。
- 任务:识别吉姆关于自我、他人或未来的负面想法。
-
案例 2:理查德的男友想结束关系
- 背景:理查德的男友表示想结束他们的关系。
- 任务:识别理查德关于自我、他人或未来的负面想法。
-
案例 1:吉姆忘了钱包
通过上述内容的学习和应用,咨询师可以更加有效地帮助来访认识和管理自己的思维模式,从而促进心理健康和个人成长。
进一步阐述的知识点
-
解释来访感受的重要性
- 定义:判断来访是否识别出热点想法的第二个指导原则是检查她的想法是否能解释她的感受,尤其是强烈的负面感受。
- 例子:安吉拉对新的保姆安排感到担忧,当她把女儿交给新保姆时,女儿哭了并恳求她不要离开。安吉拉感到非常内疚和焦虑。虽然她有一些应对想法,但这些想法并不能完全解释她的强烈感受,说明可能还有其他潜在的想法未被识别。
-
感受与想法的匹配
- 重要性:当来访的想法与她的感受不匹配时,这是一个信号,表明需要继续探索以识别潜在的想法。
- 方法:通过提问和深入探讨,帮助来访识别并表达那些潜在的想法。例如,治疗师可以问:“你还有什么其他的想法吗?”或“你有没有觉得有什么事情让你特别担心或不安?”
-
不同感受的伴随想法
- 内容特异性:在认知行为疗法(CBT)中,不同感受伴随不同类型的想法,这被称为内容特异性。
-
例子:
- 焦虑:关于未来威胁的想法,认为这些威胁会带来糟糕的后果,很可能发生,且自己无法应对。
- 抑郁:关于自己的负面评价,认为自己毫无价值,未来没有希望。
- 愤怒:关于他人不公正对待的想法,认为自己受到了不公平的待遇。
- 内疚:关于自己做了错事或未能履行责任的想法,认为自己应受到责备。
- 羞耻:关于自己在他人眼中的负面形象,认为自己被他人看不起。
-
理解焦虑的方程式
-
定义:焦虑可以被视为一个方程式,由以下几个部分组成:
- 高估危险或困难:认为情境非常危险或困难。
- 高估发生的可能性:认为这种情况很可能发生。
- 低估应对能力:认为自己无法应对这种情况。
- 例子:图6.1展示了如何将焦虑视为一个方程式。通过这个方程式,治疗师可以帮助来访识别和挑战那些不合理的认知,从而减轻焦虑。
-
定义:焦虑可以被视为一个方程式,由以下几个部分组成:
通过上述内容的学习和应用,咨询师可以更加有效地帮助来访认识和管理自己的思维模式,从而促进心理健康和个人成长。
进一步阐述的知识点
-
理解焦虑
- 定义:焦虑通常与预期的未来威胁有关,认为这些威胁会带来糟糕的后果,很可能发生,且自己无法应对。
- 例子:安吉拉把孩子留给新保姆时感到焦虑,担心会发生不好的事情,如孩子会哭闹或受到伤害。
- 重要性:理解来访的焦虑需要了解他们预期会发生什么“坏事”。治疗师可以通过提问来帮助来访识别这些具体的担忧,例如:“你担心会发生什么?”
-
理解抑郁
- 定义:抑郁与损失和绝望有关。通常,当来访感到抑郁时,他们会对自我、他人和未来有负面的想法。
-
例子:
-
关于自我的想法:
- 我不够好。
- 我很丑。
- 我是个糟糕的朋友。
-
关于他人的想法:
- 没有人喜欢我。
- 我的孩子不在乎我。
-
关于未来的想法:
- 一切永远不会改变。
- 我永远不会有朋友。
-
关于自我的想法:
- 原因:抑郁通常是由某种损失引起的,如关系的破裂、健康的丧失、工作的丢失等。感到抑郁的来访认为,没有了他们失去的东西,未来是暗淡和无望的。
-
理解愤怒
- 定义:伴随愤怒的想法通常与来访或他们关心的人受到不公平对待的信念有关。愤怒的想法通常指向其他人。
-
例子:
- 来访认为自己被不公正地对待,例如在工作中被不公平地批评。
- 包含“应该”陈述的想法非常常见,例如:“他们应该尊重我。”
- 复杂性:愤怒是一种复杂的情绪。有时人们只有愤怒的情绪,尤其是在他们认为自己被不公正地伤害时。然而,愤怒与抑郁和绝望密切相关。如果来访认为自己被不公正地伤害且无能为力,很容易变得抑郁。
- 方法:帮助来访识别其他情绪,尤其是当他们将所有情绪都标记为愤怒时。治疗师可以通过提问和引导,帮助来访识别和表达其他情绪,例如:“除了愤怒,你还感觉到了什么?”
通过上述内容的学习和应用,咨询师可以更加有效地帮助来访认识和管理自己的思维模式,从而促进心理健康和个人成长。
进一步阐述的知识点
-
理解内疚和羞耻
- 内疚:内疚通常与认为自己做错了某事,违反了重要的道德准则有关。内疚与相信自己伤害了某人有关。当感到内疚时,人们会感到有责任,并告诉自己应该有不同的行为。
- 羞耻:羞耻与内疚密切相关,但它不仅与违反重要规则有关,还与认为自己有缺陷或糟糕透顶有关。感到羞耻的人往往会隐藏自己感到羞耻的事情,并认为如果别人知道了“真正的我”,他们会拒绝自己。
- 方法:询问来访具体做了什么可怕的事情,使他感到内疚或羞耻。这有助于明确来访的感受来源。一旦清楚来访做了什么,可以开始审视这件事到底有多严重。
-
感受的强度与想法的匹配
- 定义:特定感受所伴随的思维方式应该与感受的强度相匹配。如果想法与感受的强度不匹配,可能需要进一步探索来访的其他潜在想法。
-
例子:
- 愤怒:一位来访将她的愤怒评为10分中的2分,她的想法是:“我无法忍受我的老板;他每次有机会就羞辱我。” 根据她的想法,她的愤怒应该比2分更强。
- 失望:一位来访将她的失望评为8分,她的想法是:“我希望我没有扭伤脚踝,即使不能上场,我还是可以享受观看篮球比赛。” 该想法与评分不相符,可能需要进一步探索其他潜在想法。
-
练习识别感受对应的想法
-
案例 1:卡梅伦的愤怒
- 背景:卡梅伦的大学曲棍球队进入州半决赛,比分打平。他在即将得分时被另一名球员撞倒,感到非常愤怒。
-
可能的想法:
- “我们的球队再也没有机会参加半决赛了。”
- “那家伙是个畜生;他应该受到惩罚;这太不公平了。”
- “如果我们输了,都是我的错。”
- 分析:最有可能与愤怒相符的想法是:“那家伙是个畜生;他应该受到惩罚;这太不公平了。”
-
案例 2:安妮特的失望
- 背景:安妮特是她申请的工作的第二候选人,感到失望。
-
可能的想法:
- “我永远找不到体面的工作;我的生活完了。”
- “他们应该雇佣我;他们真是白痴!”
- “我本来希望得到这份工作,但至少我是第二选择。”
- 分析:最有可能与失望相符的想法是:“我本来希望得到这份工作,但至少我是第二选择。”
-
案例 3:奥利的内疚
- 背景:奥利在他最好的朋友罗伊住院两周期间没有去看望他,感到内疚。
-
可能的想法:
- “我是个坏朋友;我应该去看他;我肯定伤害了罗伊的感情。”
- “我的朋友肯定对我很生气。”
- “我肯定罗伊不会再想做我的朋友了。”
- 分析:最有可能与内疚相符的想法是:“我是个坏朋友;我应该去看他;我肯定伤害了罗伊的感情。”
-
通过上述内容的学习和应用,咨询师可以更加有效地帮助来访认识和管理自己的思维模式,从而促进心理健康和个人成长。### 如何理解内疚和羞耻 内疚和羞耻常常相伴而生。当我们感到内疚时,我们认为自己做错了某事,违反了重要的道德准则。内疚通常与相信自己伤害了某人有关。当我们感到内疚时,我们感到有责任,并告诉自己应该有不同的行为。羞耻与此密切相关,因为它也与相信自己违反了重要的规则有关,但我们认为由于违反了这个规则,我们自己 somehow 有缺陷或糟糕透顶。当我们感到羞耻时,我们往往会隐藏自己感到羞耻的事情,并认为如果别人知道了“真正的我”,他们会拒绝我。
询问来访具体做了什么可怕的事情,使他感到内疚或羞耻,这是有帮助的。通常,这是来访第一次明确说出自己做了什么。一旦你清楚来访做了什么,你可以开始审视这件事到底有多严重。
感受的强度是多少?
我们已经讨论了特定感受所伴随的思维方式。我们还期望想法与感受的强度相匹配。例如,一位来访将她的愤怒评为10分中的2分,她的想法是:“我无法忍受我的老板;他每次有机会就羞辱我。” 根据她的想法,你会期望她的愤怒比2分更强吗?我认为会。如果一位来访将她的失望评为8分,她的想法是:“我希望我没有扭伤脚踝,即使不能上场,我还是可以享受观看篮球比赛。” 你觉得想法和评分相符吗?我认为不相符。要么评分过高,要么来访有其他需要识别的想法。
轮到你了!
这些感受对应的想法是什么? 以下是三种情况。每种情况都有三个来访可能有的想法。选择最有可能与感受相符的想法。你可以在附录中找到我的答案。
-
卡梅伦的大学曲棍球队进入了州半决赛。比分打平。卡梅伦拿着冰球,确信他会得分,这时另一名球员把他撞倒了。卡梅伦感到非常愤怒。他可能在想什么?
- 我们的球队再也没有机会参加半决赛了。
- 那家伙是个畜生;他应该受到惩罚;这太不公平了。
- 如果我们输了,都是我的错。
-
安妮特刚刚听说她是她申请的工作的第二候选人。安妮特感到失望。她可能在想什么?
- 我永远找不到体面的工作;我的生活完了。
- 他们应该雇佣我;他们真是白痴!
- 我本来希望得到这份工作,但至少我是第二选择。
-
奥利在他最好的朋友罗伊住院两周期间没有去看望他。奥利感到内疚。他可能在想什么?
- 我是个坏朋友;我应该去看他;我肯定伤害了罗伊的感情。
- 我的朋友肯定对我很生气。
- 我肯定罗伊不会再想做我的朋友了。
进一步阐述的知识点
-
认知扭曲的概念
- 定义:认知扭曲是指来访对触发情境的典型负面反应。这些扭曲可以被视为来访负面思维模式的标签。
- 重要性:识别认知扭曲的目的是帮助来访理解并质疑自己不合理的思维模式,从而减少负面情绪和行为。
-
常见的认知扭曲
- 过滤:关注负面细节,忽略积极方面。
- 过度概括:基于单一的负面证据做出广泛的概括。
- 非黑即白的思维:没有灰色地带,只有极端的评价。
- 读心/假设:假设知道他人的感受和想法。
- 个人化:假设别人的行为是针对自己的。
- 灾难化:假设灾难会发生,通常以“如果……怎么办”开头。
-
识别认知扭曲的方法
- 贴标签:为负面思维模式贴上标签,帮助来访暂停自动负面反应。
- 质疑准确性:当来访将某个想法标记为认知扭曲时,他们也在质疑自己想法的准确性。
- 举例说明:通过具体的例子帮助来访识别和理解自己的认知扭曲。
通过上述内容的学习和应用,咨询师可以更加有效地帮助来访认识和管理自己的思维模式,从而促进心理健康和个人成长。
进一步阐述的知识点
-
认知扭曲的例子
-
灾难化:
-
例子:
- 自从我儿子前几天晚上喝得有点醉,我肯定他会像他叔叔一样变成酒鬼;这会毁了他的生活。
- 我失业了;我们不得不卖掉房子;我毁了我的整个家庭。
-
例子:
-
预测未来:
- 定义:在许多方面,预测未来类似于灾难化,如果预测是负面的。然而,从事功能障碍行为或避免完成必要责任的人常常错误地预测一个积极或良性未来。
- 例子:我能控制我的酒精摄入;每天晚上喝七杯啤酒对我来说并不多。
-
放大和最小化:
- 定义:问题的程度或强度被夸大,以至于任何困难都被视为压倒性的,而任何积极的事情都被忽视或最小化。
- 例子:一位母亲发现她患有精神分裂症的儿子偶尔吸食大麻。她说:“我的孩子是个失败者;他做的事情从来没有成功过。” 她忽略了他也在定期服药,不再偏执,并且有一份兼职工作。
-
应该陈述:
- 定义:个体有一系列关于自己和他人应该如何行事的规则,如果这些规则被打破,他们会感到非常糟糕。如果其他人违反规则,他们会感到愤怒;如果自己违反规则,他们会感到内疚。
-
例子:
- 我应该随时为我的孩子和丈夫服务。
- 我应该总是尽力而为。
- 我应该在所有事情上都做到完美。
-
灾难化:
-
识别认知扭曲的方法
- 极端词语:如果一个想法包含表示极端的词语,如“总是”、“从不”、“每个人”或“没有人”,那么它很可能是认知扭曲,因为现实世界并不是如此绝对的。
- 情感反应:当人们使用这些词语时,他们通常只关注情境的负面方面,而忽略了其他信息。特别是当这种想法伴随着强烈的情感反应时,这一点尤为明显。
-
例子:
- 我做的一切总是失败。
- 永远没有人会愿意成为我的朋友。
- 每个人都讨厌我。
- 我从没有做对过任何事情。
- 我的伴侣从不帮我。
-
实践建议
- 观察来访:在未来的一周里,试着听你的来访的想法,识别他们何时使用诸如“总是”、“从不”、“每个人”或“没有人”这样的词语。这有助于你更好地理解来访的思维模式,并帮助他们识别和纠正认知扭曲。
通过上述内容的学习和应用,咨询师可以更加有效地帮助来访认识和管理自己的思维模式,从而促进心理健康和个人成长。
进一步阐述的知识点
-
识别认知扭曲的重要性
- 定义:认知扭曲是指来访对触发情境的典型负面反应。这些扭曲可以被视为来访负面思维模式的标签。
-
例子:
- 灾难化:如果我得不到这份工作,我的生活就完了。
- 应该陈述:要成为一名好治疗师,你必须全力以赴,100%的时间都在为来访提供支持。
- 过度概括:我肯定在上一次面试的失败之后,没有人会愿意雇用我。
- 读心:我知道我的最后一个来访取消了预约,因为她认为我是一个糟糕的治疗师。
- 过滤:一位同事告诉我,他想知道下次团体检查是否可以短一些。那是我在第一次团体中的一个严重错误。
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帮助来访识别认知扭曲的方法
- 解释认知扭曲:向来访解释认知扭曲的定义和常见类型,帮助他们理解这些思维模式是如何导致问题的。
- 使用工具:提供《思维陷阱》手册,让来访参考并识别自己是否存在这些认知扭曲。
- 实际应用:鼓励来访在日常生活中注意并记录自己的认知扭曲,帮助他们逐步识别和纠正这些不合理的思维模式。
-
家庭作业的重要性
- 记录情境:要求来访记录三个他们发现自己陷入认知扭曲的情境。
- 记录想法:让来访记录他们在这些情境中的具体想法。
- 识别思维陷阱:帮助来访识别这些想法中的认知扭曲类型,并记录在《我的思维陷阱是什么?》工作表中。
通过上述内容的学习和应用,咨询师可以更加有效地帮助来访认识和管理自己的思维模式,从而促进心理健康和个人成长。
在功能障碍行为之前、期间和之后识别来访的认知扭曲
我经常在来访的功能障碍行为之前、期间和之后检查他们的认知扭曲,以便理解是什么维持了这种行为。例如,舒拉患有糖尿病。尽管她很难控制血糖水平,但她经常吃甜点。她告诉治疗师:“我不知道自己怎么了;我一点自制力都没有。我总是忍不住吃甜点。” 让我们看看在她吃甜点之前、期间和之后的思考,会发现什么。
舒拉吃甜点
时间段 | 舒拉的想法 | 认知扭曲 |
---|---|---|
吃甜点前 | 我只吃一小口。 | 放大和预测未来 |
我今天过得很难;我应该奖励自己。 | 放大 | |
如果我拒绝,我会冒犯做甜点的主人。 | 读心和灾难化 | |
反正我已经吃了一点糖,不如吃完整个甜点。 | 非黑即白的思维 | |
遵守饮食计划太难了。 | 放大 | |
吃点甜点没关系。 | 最小化 | |
我是个失败者。 | 非黑即白的思维 | |
我永远不可能控制住糖尿病。 | 预测未来 | |
吃甜点期间 | - | - |
吃甜点后 | - | - |
一旦我们检查了舒拉在吃甜点之前、期间和之后的想法,就可以理解她为什么这么难坚持健康的饮食计划。舒拉在吃完甜点后意识到了她的自我批判想法,但没有意识到她在此之前和期间的想法及其在维持她吃甜点行为中的作用。
我有一些来访告诉我他们“最终”喝到断片、进行无保护性行为或不复习考试。现实是人们不会“最终”做这些事情。即使是很短暂的,几乎总是在行为之前有一个想法,使或合理化了功能障碍行为。帮助来访识别在功能障碍行为之前、期间和之后的认知扭曲,是帮助他们感到更有掌控感并启动改变过程的重要步骤。
进一步阐述的知识点
-
识别认知扭曲的重要性
- 定义:认知扭曲是指来访对触发情境的典型负面反应。这些扭曲可以被视为来访负面思维模式的标签。
-
例子:
- 舒拉的案例:舒拉在吃甜点之前、期间和之后的想法揭示了她为何难以坚持健康饮食计划。这些认知扭曲包括最小化、放大、读心、灾难化、非黑即白的思维和预测未来。
-
在不同时间段识别认知扭曲
- 吃甜点前:舒拉在吃甜点前的想法包括最小化和预测未来、放大、读心和灾难化等。
- 吃甜点期间:这个阶段可能没有具体的想法,但行为本身可能是由之前的认知扭曲驱动的。
- 吃甜点后:舒拉在吃完甜点后可能会有自我批判的想法,如“我是个失败者”、“我永远不可能控制住糖尿病”。
-
帮助来访识别认知扭曲的方法
- 详细询问:在来访描述功能障碍行为时,详细询问他们在行为之前、期间和之后的具体想法。
- 记录和分析:帮助来访记录这些想法,并分析其中的认知扭曲类型。
- 提供反馈:向来访解释这些认知扭曲如何影响他们的行为,并提供改进建议。
-
实践建议
- 家庭作业:要求来访在日常生活中注意并记录他们在功能障碍行为之前、期间和之后的具体想法。
- 持续支持:在后续的治疗中,继续帮助来访识别和纠正这些认知扭曲,逐步建立更健康的思维模式。
通过上述内容的学习和应用,咨询师可以更加有效地帮助来访认识和管理自己的思维模式,从而促进心理健康和个人成长。
进一步阐述的知识点
-
识别认知扭曲的重要性
- 定义:认知扭曲是指来访对触发情境的典型负面反应。这些扭曲可以被视为来访负面思维模式的标签。
-
例子:
- 舒拉的案例:舒拉在吃甜点之前、期间和之后的想法揭示了她为何难以坚持健康饮食计划。这些认知扭曲包括最小化、放大、读心、灾难化、非黑即白的思维和预测未来。
-
在不同时间段识别认知扭曲
- 吃甜点前:舒拉在吃甜点前的想法包括最小化和预测未来、放大、读心和灾难化等。
- 吃甜点期间:这个阶段可能没有具体的想法,但行为本身可能是由之前的认知扭曲驱动的。
- 吃甜点后:舒拉在吃完甜点后可能会有自我批判的想法,如“我是个失败者”、“我永远不可能控制住糖尿病”。
-
帮助来访识别认知扭曲的方法
- 详细询问:在来访描述功能障碍行为时,详细询问他们在行为之前、期间和之后的具体想法。
- 记录和分析:帮助来访记录这些想法,并分析其中的认知扭曲类型。
- 提供反馈:向来访解释这些认知扭曲如何影响他们的行为,并提供改进建议。
-
实践建议
- 家庭作业:要求来访在日常生活中注意并记录他们在功能障碍行为之前、期间和之后的具体想法。
- 持续支持:在后续的治疗中,继续帮助来访识别和纠正这些认知扭曲,逐步建立更健康的思维模式。
通过上述内容的学习和应用,咨询师可以更加有效地帮助来访认识和管理自己的思维模式,从而促进心理健康和个人成长。
进一步阐述的知识点
-
识别认知扭曲的重要性
- 定义:认知扭曲是指来访对触发情境的典型负面反应。这些扭曲可以被视为来访负面思维模式的标签。
-
例子:
- 雷蒙德的案例:雷蒙德在问题行为(喝得太多)之前、期间和之后的想法揭示了他为何难以控制饮酒。这些认知扭曲包括最小化、放大、读心、灾难化、非黑即白的思维和预测未来。
-
在不同时间段识别认知扭曲
- 问题行为前:识别来访在问题行为前的想法,这些想法可能包括最小化、放大、读心和灾难化等。
- 问题行为期间:这个阶段可能没有具体的想法,但行为本身可能是由之前的认知扭曲驱动的。
- 问题行为后:识别来访在问题行为后的想法,这些想法可能包括自我批判和灾难化等。
-
帮助来访识别认知扭曲的方法
- 详细询问:在来访描述问题行为时,详细询问他们在行为之前、期间和之后的具体想法。
- 记录和分析:帮助来访记录这些想法,并分析其中的认知扭曲类型。
- 提供反馈:向来访解释这些认知扭曲如何影响他们的行为,并提供改进建议。
-
实践建议
-
家庭作业:
- 识别自己的认知扭曲:选择一到两种你有共鸣的思维陷阱,并思考每个陷阱最近在你生活中的一个例子。在接下来的一周里,看看你是否能发现你目前存在的思维陷阱,并尝试完成《我的思维陷阱是什么?》工作表。
- 在回避或冲动行动前识别认知扭曲:选择一个你希望改变行为的情境,回想并尝试识别那些让你没有采取预期行为的想法,并识别其中的认知扭曲。
- 持续支持:在后续的治疗中,继续帮助来访识别和纠正这些认知扭曲,逐步建立更健康的思维模式。
-
家庭作业:
通过上述内容的学习和应用,咨询师可以更加有效地帮助来访认识和管理自己的思维模式,从而促进心理健康和个人成长。
CHAPTER 6 My Clients Have So Many Thoughts—Which Do I Focus On? In the previous chapter we covered identifying a trigger situation and how to understand your client’s reactions using the four-factor model. Did you have a chance to try the homework? Did you try asking your client about his or her feelings, physical reactions, or behaviors? Take a moment to reflect on what you learned from completing the homework. If you did not do the homework, can you identify the obstacles that got in the way? Before you read this chapter, take a moment to think about an upsetting experience that happened last week. Then identify your feelings, physical reactions, and behaviors. Don’t forget about structuring your sessions. Are you setting agendas and reviewing at the end? If you have not been using a structured session, try setting an agenda with just one client this coming week. Set the Agenda The next two chapters focus on how to help your clients identify their thoughts. In this chapter we will cover how to decide which thoughts are worth working on. We will call these thoughts hot thoughts. In the next chapter we will cover how to identify hot thoughts. Agenda Item #1: Identify hot thoughts. Agenda Item #2: Is this thought an unrealistic evaluation of self, others, or the future? Agenda Item #3: Does this thought explain your client’s feelings? Agenda Item #4: Does this thought contain a cognitive distortion?
Work the Agenda In CBT you are going to spend a lot of time and effort helping your clients identify and examine their thoughts. You want to be sure that time is well spent. We all have a continual stream of thoughts that go through our head every day, and not every thought is worth working on. You want to target thoughts that are central to your client’s distress and which, when targeted, will lead to meaningful change. Agenda Item #1: Identify Hot Thoughts Thoughts that are worth working on explain the meaning of the situation and are strongly con- nected to intense feelings. We call these hot thoughts (Safran, Vallis, Segal, & Shaw, 1986) because they carry emotion, and when we work with them in therapy there is meaningful change. Here is an example. Jaylen’s father lives six hours away. He calls Jaylen once a week and always starts the conversation by sighing and saying, “I never see you. When will you come visit? I miss you.” Every week his father’s phone call triggers the same negative automatic thoughts: My father has called every week for the past two years. He is always critical. He does not appreciate what I do for him. Let’s look at Jaylen’s thoughts and identify which ones are hot thoughts. The thought My father has called every week for the past two years is a fact; it does not explain what his father’s phone call means to Jaylen or the reason for Jaylen’s emotional distress. It is not a hot thought. The thoughts He is always critical and He does not appreciate what I do for him are hot thoughts because they capture what his father’s words mean to him and explain Jaylen’s emotional reaction. When you are first learning CBT, it can be hard to know which thoughts are hot thoughts and worth focusing on. In this chapter we are going to look at three guidelines to help you identify a hot thought. Remember, a hot thought has to capture the meaning of the situation and is related to intense feelings. Below are the three guidelines.
- Is this thought an unrealistic evaluation of self, others, or the future?
- Does this thought explain your client’s feelings?
- Does this thought contain a cognitive distortion? Agenda Item #2: Is This Thought an Unrealistic Evaluation of Self, Others, or the Future? It is your client’s unrealistic thoughts about self, others, or the future that capture the meaning of a situation and help you understand her distress. Sometimes it is easier to understand a concept if we start with an example. A client of mine, Regina, was recently fired from a job and was feeling very depressed and anxious. When I asked what she was thinking, she responded, “I can’t believe I was fired” and “I wish I hadn’t been fired.” These thoughts do not explain what being fired means to Regina, so they are not hot thoughts. I asked addi- tional questions and we identified the following thoughts:
Evaluation of self (thoughts that are a judgment about yourself) •I am too old to learn another skill. •Something is wrong with me. •I am stupid. Try to think of a negative evaluation that you have of yourself, or that one of your clients has of herself. Evaluation of others (thoughts that are a judgment about other people or an expectation about how other people will treat you) •My boss is unfair. •My father will be disappointed. •None of my colleagues cares about me. Try to think of a negative evaluation that you have of other people, or that one of your clients has of others. Evaluation of the future (thoughts that are a judgment of the future or an expectation of what the future will be like) •My friends and partner will no longer respect me (this is both about others and the future). •I will be poor and lose my house. •I will never get another job that is as good. Try to think of a negative evaluation that you have of the future, or that one of your clients has of the future. When you look at the thoughts that Regina identified about self, others, and the future, can you see how they explain what getting fired meant to Regina and why these thoughts would lead to her feeling depressed and anxious? Let’s look more closely at how to identify thoughts about self, as they can sometimes be hard to identify. Some thoughts are clearly about the self, for example, I made a serious mistake, or I am disorga- nized. However, sometimes negative thoughts about self are hidden in thoughts about others and in particular thoughts about how others treat you. Let’s take the thought My colleague never asks my opinion. You could believe this is the case because your colleague is unpleasant and bossy (thought about others), but you believe that you have good ideas (thought about self). In this case, the negative judgment is about your colleague and there are no negative judgments about yourself. However, you could believe that your colleague never asks your opinion because she thinks you do not have good ideas, and you think this as well. In this case, you have a negative judgment about your colleague, but you also have a negative judgment about yourself.
Here are some more examples of thoughts about others where there may be hidden negative beliefs about self: None of my new colleagues would want to be my friend, No one would want to help me, and No one will ever want to stay married to me. In all these situations, your client may believe that there is something about her that causes the other person’s negative behavior. For example, a client might think, None of my new colleagues would want to be my friend because I am too shy and boring. “I am too shy and boring” is a negative thought about self. A client could also think none of her new colleagues wants to be her friend because they are all close to retirement and are not interested in making new friends at work. In this case, there is no underlying negative evaluation of self. You can check whether there is an underlying negative evaluation of self by asking your client, “Is there something about you that would cause the other person to treat you this way?” Your Turn! Identify Suzanne’s Thoughts about Self, Others, and the Future In their fourth session, Suzanne wanted to talk about how upset she was with her husband. She describes a recent fight. A few nights ago her husband was watching TV when she asked him if he had bathed Andrew, their four-year-old son. He responded by saying, “I’m exhausted, can you do it?” Suzanne blew up at him, yelled that he had promised to give their son a bath and that he was selfish, and then stomped out of the room. She is feeling depressed and hopeless. Her therapist wants to understand the thoughts that caused her to become so upset. Another way of thinking about it is, what did it mean to Suzanne that her husband did not give Andrew a bath and said, “Can you do it?” Look over the dialogue and list Suzanne’s thoughts. Then decide if the thought is a fact or an evaluation of self, others, or the future. You can find my answers in the appendix. Therapist: What were you thinking when you realized your husband did not give Andrew his bath and said, “I’m exhausted, can you do it?” Suzanne: I just keep thinking that he didn’t give Andrew his bath; no matter what I do, it won’t make a difference. Therapist: Any other thoughts? Suzanne: He doesn’t care about the kids or me. Besides, you can’t count on men. Therapist: Can you tell me more about those thoughts? Suzanne: I keep thinking that I’m a completely inadequate mother; I keep asking myself, Why do I have to do everything in the house? Therapist:A lot of thoughts, any others? Suzanne:No, that’s probably all; it’s enough!
Jim Forgets His Wallet, and (b) Richard’s Boyfriend Wants to End :the(a)Relationship Exercise 6.1 Practice identifying thoughts about self, others, or the future. Agenda Item #3: Does This Thought Explain Your Client’s Feelings? The second guideline for evaluating whether your client has identified her hot thoughts is examin- ing whether her thoughts explain her feelings, and in particular her strong negative feelings. What do I mean by this? Given your client’s thoughts, the feelings have to make sense, and the intensity of the feeling has to make sense. Let’s look at an example. A client of mine, Angela, was concerned about her new babysitting arrangements. When her therapist asks about the situation, Angela explains that when she left her daughter with the new baby- sitter, her daughter cried and begged Angela not to leave. This is unusual behavior for her daughter, who loved her previous sitter and usually played happily when Angela left her with the sitter in the morning. Angela is feeling very guilty (8) and anxious (8–9). When asked about her thoughts, Angela responded, “My daughter is probably upset because it is a new sitter. She will just have to get used to her. It will take time.” These are very good coping thoughts; however, they don’t help us understand Angela’s feelings. If she really believed these thoughts, and she had no others, would she feel guilty at 8 and anxious at 8 to 9? Probably not. Given the strength of her anxiety and guilt, there are probably some other thoughts that Angela is not aware of. Had Angela’s feelings been “slightly sad,” these thoughts would have made sense. When your client’s thoughts don’t match her feelings, this is a sign that you need to keep exploring to identify the underlying thoughts. We will get to how you can help your clients identify their underly- ing thoughts in the next chapter. Different feelings have different types of accompanying thoughts. In CBT we call this content speci- ficity (Beck et al., 1979). Let’s look at the kind of thoughts that go with anxiety, depression, anger, guilt, and shame. Take a moment and think of the last time that you were anxious, and then focus on the feeling. What thoughts accompany this feeling of anxiety? Jot down your thoughts. Now do the same for depression, anger, guilt, and shame. See whether your own thoughts fit with the descriptions below. HOW TO UNDERSTAND ANXIETY Thoughts that accompany anxiety are about a future threat that you think will have awful conse- quences, is likely to occur, and you don’t think you can handle. Figure 6.1 shows how you can think of anxiety as an equation. Anxiety = Overestimate Danger or difficulty of situation + Overestimate Likelihood of situation occurring + Underestimate Your ability to cope Figure 6.1. Understand anxiety. If you think you can handle the threat, it becomes a challenge. Kendall et al. (2002), in their treat- ment program for anxious adolescents, describe anxiety as “expecting bad things to happen.” I find this a very helpful way to think about anxiety. If your client is feeling anxious, nervous, or worried, make sure you understand what “bad thing” your client is expecting to happen. For example, in the case of Angela leaving her child with the sitter, you could say, “I hear even though you are worried, you tell yourself it will be all right, but I wonder, what are you worried will happen?” HOW TO UNDERSTAND DEPRESSION Depression is about loss and hopelessness. Usually when your clients are depressed, they have nega- tive thoughts about themselves, others, and the future. Below are the kinds of thoughts you would expect someone who is depressed to have. Thoughts about Self •I am inadequate. •I am ugly. •I am a bad friend. •I am a bad parent. •I am bad at sports (or work or school). •Nothing I do is any good. Thoughts about Others •No one likes me. •My kids don’t care about me. •My colleagues think my work is no good. •My partner thinks I am a burden.
Thoughts about the Future •Nothing will ever change. •I will never have any friends. •I will never get another job. Often depression is precipitated by a loss. It could be the loss of a relationship, the loss of health, the loss of a job, or another loss. Clients who are depressed believe that the future without what they have lost is bleak and hopeless. HOW TO UNDERSTAND ANGER Thoughts that accompany anger usually have to do with the belief that the client or someone he cares about has been treated unfairly. Angry thoughts are usually directed at other people. Generally, the person who is angry feels disempowered, disrespected, or put down and reacts with anger. Thoughts that include “should statements” are very common. With anger there is a belief that the rules of how the world should be have been broken to the client’s disadvantage. Anger is a complex feeling. Sometimes people have only angry feelings, especially if they believe that they have been unjustly wronged. However, anger is closely related to depression and hopelessness. If you believe you have been unjustly wronged and you believe that there is nothing you can do, you can easily become depressed. Some clients label all feelings as anger, and it can be very useful to help them recognize their other feelings. HOW TO UNDERSTAND GUILT AND SHAME Guilt and shame often go together. When we feel guilty, we believe that we have done something wrong and broken an important moral rule. Guilt is often related to believing that we have hurt someone. When we feel guilty, we feel responsible, and we tell ourselves that we should have behaved differently. Shame is closely related, as it is also connected to believing that we have broken an impor- tant rule, but we believe that because we have broken that rule, we are somehow flawed or awful. When we are ashamed, we often hide what we are ashamed about and believe we would be rejected if people knew the “real me.” It is helpful to ask your client to specify what he did that is so terrible that he feels guilty or ashamed. Often, this is the first time that a client has articulated what it is he did. Once you have a clear idea what your client did, you can start to examine how terrible it really was. HOW INTENSE IS THE FEELING? We have talked about the types of thoughts that you would expect to accompany specific feelings. We also expect thoughts to match the intensity of the feeling. For example, a client rates her anger at a 2 out of 10, and her thought was, I can’t stand my boss; he humiliates me every chance he gets. Given her thoughts, would you expect her anger to be stronger than a 2? I would. What if a client rates her disap- pointment at an 8 and her thought is, I wish I had not sprained my ankle, but even if I can’t play I can still enjoy watching the basketball game. Do you think the thought and rating go together? I don’t. Either the rating is too strong, or the client has additional thoughts that you need to identify. Your Turn! What Thoughts Go with These Feelings? Below are three situations. For each situation there are three possible thoughts the client might have. Choose the thought that is most likely to go with the feeling. You can find my answers in the appendix.
- Cameron’s college hockey team was in the state semi-final. The score was tied. Cameron had the puck and was sure he would score, when another player knocked him over. Cameron is feeling furious. What might he be thinking? •Our team will never have another chance to play in the semi-finals. •That guy is an animal; he should be punished; it’s unfair. •If we lose, it is all my fault.
- Annette just heard that she was the second-choice candidate for a job she had applied for. Annette is feeling disappointed. What might she be thinking? •I will never get a decent job; my life is over. •They should have hired me; what idiots! •I had hoped to get the job, but at least I was second choice.
- Orly did not visit his best friend, Roy, when Roy was in the hospital for two weeks. Orly is feeling guilty. What might he be thinking? •I am a bad friend; I should have gone; I bet I hurt Roy’s feelings. •My friend is probably furious at me. •I bet Roy will not want to be my friend anymore. Agenda Item #4: Does This Thought Contain a Cognitive Distortion? The term cognitive distortion is commonly used in the CBT literature and is familiar to many thera- pists. However, I don’t really like it. I think the term distorted suggests that the therapist is negatively judging the client’s thoughts. McKay, Davis, and Fanning (2011) have used the term patterns of limited thinking, which I prefer. In my own clinical practice, I often use the term thinking traps because there is an inherent assumption that you can avoid a trap. I also like the term thinking style. However, for the purpose of this discussion, I’ll stick to the common term cognitive distortions. Cognitive distortions are how your clients typically respond to situations that trigger them. You can think of cognitive distortions as a label for your clients’ negative thinking patterns. Initially, psy- chologists identified only a few specific distortions. Over time, the list of cognitive distortions has expanded to the point that many therapists and clients find them confusing and hard to use. It is important not to get lost in a long list. The purpose of identifying a client’s cognitive distortions is to have a label that a client feels captures his experience. Labeling a negative thinking pattern is another way of hitting the pause button on automatic negative reactions. When a client labels a thought as a cognitive distortion, he is also questioning the accuracy of his thoughts. Below is a list of the most common cognitive distortions. I also have included in italics a number of shorthand ways of describing the cognitive distortions, which were inspired by Kendall and his col- leagues (2002) and Stallard (2005). For each cognitive distortion, I have included an example from one of my clients. (Full disclosure—I snuck in one or two examples from my own life!) A Thinking Traps handout can be downloaded at http://www.newharbinger.com/38501. Thinking Traps Filtering: Focusing on the negative details of the situation while other positive aspects are ignored. Negative glasses or walking with blinders: You only see negative things. Example: A student has consistently received A’s in a course. On a small quiz, the student receives a C+ and immediately assumes she’s doing poorly in the course. Overgeneralizing: You make a broad generalization, which is based on only one piece of usually nega- tive evidence. The repetitor: It happened once; it will always be that way. Example: Since I found out that my last boyfriend cheated on me, I can never trust another man again. All-or-Nothing Thinking or Black-and-White Thinking: You or others are either right or wrong, good or bad, perfect or a failure. There is no room for grays or middle ground in evaluating yourself or others. Examples: •The world is made up of winners and losers, and I sure don’t want to be one of those losers. •If it is not done perfectly, it is not worth doing at all. •My employee missed a small deadline—he’s completely useless! Mind Reading/Making Assumptions: You assume that you know what people are feeling and think- ing and why they are acting that way. Mind readers and fortune tellers: Knowing that things will go wrong. Examples: •My boss didn’t say anything about my last report; I know he thought it was terrible. •My partner gave me a funny look; I know she disapproved of what I said. Personalizing: You assume that what people are saying or doing is about you, even though there is no indication of that. Another aspect is that you often compare yourself to others, trying to determine how you measure up in a variety of attributes, such as intelligence, competence, or appearance. Example: In the meeting when Mary said that some people have not been pulling their weight on this project, I know that she was talking about me. Catastrophizing: You assume disaster will occur. Sometimes it is related to an initial difficulty. Catastrophic thoughts often start with “what if.” For example, your child borrowed the car to go to a party and comes home fifteen minutes late. You think, What if he had an accident? What if the car broke down? Blowing things up: Negative things become bigger than they really are. Examples: •Since my son came home slightly drunk the other night, I’m sure he’s on his way to becom- ing an alcoholic like his uncle; it will ruin his life. •I lost my job; we will have to sell the house; I destroyed my whole family. Predicting the Future: In many ways, predicting the future is similar to catastrophizing, if the predic- tion is negative. However, individuals who engage in dysfunctional behavior, or who avoid completing necessary responsibilities, often falsely predict a positive or benign future. Example: I can handle my alcohol; seven beers a night is not too much for me. Magnifying and Minimizing: The degree or intensity of the problem is exaggerated so that anything difficult is deemed overwhelming, and anything positive is ignored or minimized. Positive doesn’t count: Throwing out the good things that happen. Example: A mother discovers that her son, who has schizophrenia, occasionally smokes marijuana. She says, “My child is a failure; nothing he does works out.” She ignores that he is also regularly taking his medication, is no longer paranoid, and has a part-time job. Shoulds: Individuals have a list of rules about how they and other people are expected to act, and they experience it as terrible if these rules are broken. They feel angry if other people break the rules, and guilty if they themselves break the rules. Examples: •I should always be available to my children and husband. •I should always try my hardest. •I should be perfect at everything I do. If a thought contains words that indicate extremes, such as “always,” “never,” “everyone,” or “no one,” it is most likely a cognitive distortion, as the real world is not so absolute. When people use these terms, they are usually focusing only on the negative aspects of a situation and ignoring other informa- tion. This is especially true if the thought is accompanied by a strong emotional reaction. Let’s look at some examples: I always fail at everything I do. No one will ever want to be my friend. Everyone hates me. I never do anything right. My partner never helps me. In the coming week, see if you can listen to your clients’ thoughts and identify when they use terms such as “always,” “never,” “everyone,” or “no one.” Your Turn! Identify the Cognitive Distortion Below is a list of thoughts. See if you can identify the cognitive distortions. You will find my answers in the appendix.
- If I don’t get this job, my life will be over. Cognitive distortion:
- To be a good therapist, you have to give it your all and be there for your clients 100 percent of the time. Cognitive distortion:
- I’m sure that no one will ever want to hire me after this last fiasco of a job interview. Cognitive distortion:
- If I don’t help all of my clients, I am an inadequate therapist. Cognitive distortion:
- I know that my last client canceled because she thinks I’m a bad therapist. Cognitive distortion:
- A colleague told me he wondered if the group check-in should be a bit shorter next time. That was a terrible mistake I made in the first group. Cognitive distortion: Exercise 6.2: Julie Has a Terrible Week Practice listening for cognitive distortions as your client describes a problem. HELP YOUR CLIENTS IDENTIFY THEIR COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS After your client has identified her thoughts, it is helpful to explain cognitive distortions. I some- times give my client the Thinking Traps handout with the definitions of the cognitive distortions. I explain that these are common thinking styles that get people into trouble. I then ask my client to indicate whether she thinks any apply to her, and if so, to give me some examples from her own life. I make sure to tell her that identifying her cognitive distortions is an important first step. If my client is able to identify a cognitive distortion that she commonly uses, and if the exercise seems helpful to her, I then incorporate noticing cognitive distortions into her homework. I usually ask my clients to record three situations where they caught themselves in a cognitive distortion and to record their response on the What Are My Thinking Traps? worksheet that follows, which you can download at http://www.newharbinger.com/38501. What Are My Thinking Tr aps? Situation Thoughts Thinking Trap (filtering; overgeneralizing; all-or- nothing thinking; mind reading; personalizing; catastrophizing; predicting the future; magnifying and minimizing; shoulds) IDENTIFY YOUR CLIENTS’ COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER A DYSFUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOR I often examine my client’s cognitive distortions before, during, and after a dysfunctional behavior in order to understand what is maintaining the behavior. For example, Shula is diabetic. Despite having difficulty controlling her blood sugar levels, she frequently eats sugary desserts. She tells her therapist, “I don’t know what is wrong with me; I have no willpower. I just end up having dessert.” Let’s see what we discover when we examine her thoughts before, during, and after eating a dessert. Shula Eats Dessert Before/During/ AfterShula’s ThoughtsCognitive Distortion Before Shula Eats Dessert• I will just have one small bite.Minimizing and predicting the future • I had a hard day; I deserve it.Magnifying • If I say no I will insult my host, who made the dessert.Mind reading and catastrophizing • As long as I have eaten a little sugar, I might as well have the whole dessert.All-or-nothing thinking • It is too hard to keep to my eating plan.Magnifying • It doesn’t matter if I eat some dessert.Minimizing • I am a loser.Black-and-white thinking • I will never get my diabetes under control.Predicting the future While Shula Eats Dessert After Shula Eats Dessert
Once we examined Shula’s thoughts before, during, and after she ate dessert, it made sense that she was having so much trouble keeping to a healthy eating plan. Shula had been aware of her self-critical thoughts after she ate the dessert, but she had not been aware of her thoughts before and during, and the role they played in maintaining her dessert eating. I have had clients who tell me they “end up” drinking until they black out, having unprotected sex, or not studying for exams. The reality is people don’t “end up” doing these things. Even if it is fleeting, there is almost always a thought before the behavior that enables or justifies the dysfunctional behavior. Helping your client identify her cognitive distortions before, during, and after dysfunctional behavior is an important step in helping her feel more in control and starting a change process. Exercise 6.3: Raymond Drinks Too Much Practice identifying cognitive distortions that occur before, during, and after your client’s prob- lematic behavior. Homework: Practice CBT Before continuing with the next chapter, take some time to try the homework. Apply What You Learned to a Clinical Example Complete the following exercises. Exercise 6.1: (a) Jim Forgets His Wallet, and (b) Richard’s Boyfriend Wants to End the Relationship Exercise 6.2: Julie Has a Terrible Week Exercise 6.3: Raymond Drinks Too Much Apply What You Learned to Your Own Life Look over the Thinking Traps handout for this homework assignment.
Homework Assignment #1 Identify Your Own Cognitive Distortions Choose one or two thinking traps that resonate with you and think of a recent example from your own life for each one. This coming week, see whether you can catch any thinking traps you are currently doing and try to complete the What Are My Thinking Traps? worksheet. What Are My Thinking Tr aps? Situation Thoughts Thinking Trap (filtering; overgeneralizing; all-or- nothing thinking; mind reading; personalizing; catastrophizing; predicting the future; magnifying and minimizing; shoulds)
Homework Assignment #2 Identify Your Own Cognitive Distortions Before You Either Avoid or Act Impulsively The guided audio file available for this exercise also gives an example from my own life of my forever failing attempts to drink less coffee. Think of a situation where you would like to change your behavior and where you are either avoid- ing or acting impulsively. For example, most of us would like to exercise more, eat less junk food, or be more organized. Choose one of these issues or a similar one. Next, think of a specific situation where you had planned to exercise but didn’t, or you ate the whole pack of potato chips when you had decided no more junk food, or instead of neatly filing your bills or reports you just left them in a pile on your desk. Once you have chosen a specific situation, think back and try to identify what your thoughts were that enabled you to not exercise, to eat the junk food, or to stick the paper onto the already messy pile of papers. Once you have identified your thought, try to identify the cognitive distortion. Apply What You Learned to Your Therapy Practice Now that you’ve had a chance to practice with your own thoughts, let’s turn to your clients’ thoughts.
Homework Assignment #3 Try Identifying Your Client’s Thoughts about Self, Others, or the Future During your next few therapy sessions, when a client spontaneously mentions a thought, ask yourself if the thought is about self, others, or the future. Try to complete the worksheet below for three thoughts that a client spontaneously mentions. Are My Client’s Thoughts about Self, Others, or the Future? Client Thought Self, Others, or Future?
Homework Assignment #4 Help Your Clients Identify Their Thinking Traps Choose a client who often discloses his or her thoughts and who you think would find the idea of thinking traps helpful. Give him or her the Thinking Traps handout, which is available at http://www. newharbinger.com/38501, and ask if any of the thinking traps apply. If this part of the exercise goes well, ask your client to identify and write down three thoughts that are thinking traps this coming week. You can use the What Are My Thinking Traps? worksheet. Let’s Review Answer the questions under the agenda items. Agenda Item #1: Identify hot thoughts. • What are two characteristics of hot thoughts? Agenda Item #2: Is this thought an unrealistic evaluation of self, others, or the future? • Why is it important to identify thoughts about self, others, or the future? Agenda Item #3: Does this thought explain your client’s feelings? • What type of thoughts would you expect to go with depression, anxiety, anger, and guilt? Agenda Item #4: Does this thought contain a cognitive distortion? • Explain three cognitive distortions. What Was Important to You? What idea(s) or concept(s) would you like to remember? What idea(s) or skill(s) would you like to apply to your own life? What would you like to try this coming week with a client? (Choose a specific client.)