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11. 暴露疗法——来访面对恐惧

第11章

暴露疗法——帮助客户面对恐惧

在上一章中,我们讨论了行为激活。你有机会让客户监测他们的日常活动吗?或者在客户的生活中增加一些提升情绪的活动,甚至是在你自己的生活中?你是否尝试过分级任务分配来帮助客户分解压倒性的任务?

如果你没有机会完成家庭作业,想想这周你可以为自己增加一个提升情绪的活动。选择一个小型、可行的活动,将其安排在你的一周内。然后尝试一下,注意它对你的影响。

设置议程

在本章中,我们将学习如何使用暴露疗法来帮助客户面对他们一直在回避的情境。

议程项目 #1:什么是暴露?

议程项目 #2:准备进行暴露

议程项目 #3:实施暴露

议程项目 #4:进行暴露后的回顾

议程项目 #5:讨论防止复发

执行议程

与其他所有干预措施一样,要有效地使用暴露疗法,首先需要对它的原理和机制有一个清晰的理解。

议程项目 #1:什么是暴露?

暴露疗法是一种基于渐进、计划性和重复暴露于恐惧对象或情境的焦虑治疗方法,从较容易的情境开始,逐渐过渡到更困难的情境。其基本前提是,我们面对恐惧的次数越多,我们的焦虑就越少,我们也越能学会如何应对。

我想先讲一个与暴露有关的故事,这个故事来自我自己的生活。我在迪士尼乐园,我的孩子们想坐大型过山车。我们在队伍中等待,我开始感到焦虑,过山车看起来相当可怕。我在想,会不会有很多事故?我突然想到,如果飞机可以坠毁,过山车也可以。我们排到了队伍的前面,我看着过山车,经历了我一生中最强烈的焦虑反应之一。我转向我的丈夫,声音中带着恐慌,说:“我绝对不上那个东西!”

如果我不坐过山车,我的恐惧会发生什么变化?下次我更有可能还是不太可能去坐过山车?我会如何看待自己应对过山车的能力?我会如何看待自己应对一般恐怖游乐设施的能力?

我不好意思地说,我转身穿过长长的队伍,多年来都没有再坐过山车。如果我想克服对过山车的恐惧,你会建议我怎么做?这是我的计划:从一个很小的过山车开始,坐几次直到我感到舒适。接下来,尝试一个稍微大一点的过山车。一旦我对这个更大的过山车感到舒适,再尝试一个更大的。基本上,我克服过山车焦虑的计划就是暴露疗法。

暴露疗法涉及识别客户正在回避的恐惧对象或情境,并制定一个计划来面对这些恐惧。客户从引起较少恐惧的对象或情境开始,留在这些情境中直到习惯化发生或他学会了如何应对这些情境。然后,客户逐渐面对引起更多恐惧的情境。

暴露疗法

克服焦虑 = 面对恐惧

第十一章

暴露疗法——帮助客户面对恐惧

在上一章中,我们介绍了行为激活。你是否有机会让客户记录他或她的日常活动?是否为客户或自己增加了提升情绪的活动?你是否尝试过分级任务分配,以帮助客户分解压倒性的任务?

如果你没有机会完成这些家庭作业,想想本周你可以为自己增加一项提升情绪的活动。选择一个简单可行的活动,将其安排到你的一周中。然后尝试它,并注意它对情绪的影响。

设置议程

在本章中,我们将学习如何使用暴露疗法来帮助客户面对他们一直回避的情境。

议程项目 #1:什么是暴露?

议程项目 #2:准备进行暴露

议程项目 #3:实施暴露

议程项目 #4:进行暴露后的回顾

议程项目 #5:讨论防止复发

执行议程

与其他所有干预措施一样,要有效地使用暴露疗法,首先需要对其原理和机制有一个清晰的理解。

议程项目 #1:什么是暴露?

暴露疗法的定义

暴露疗法是一种基于渐进、计划性和重复暴露于恐惧对象或情境的焦虑治疗方法,从较容易的情境开始,逐渐过渡到更困难的情境。其基本前提是,我们面对恐惧的次数越多,我们的焦虑就越少,我们也越能学会如何应对。

个人故事示例

我想先讲一个与暴露相关的故事,这是我亲身经历的。我在迪士尼乐园,我的孩子们想坐大型过山车。我们在队伍中等待,我开始感到焦虑,过山车看起来非常吓人。我在想,会不会有很多事故?我突然意识到,如果飞机可以坠毁,过山车也有可能出事。我们排到了队伍的前面,我看着过山车,产生了我一生中最强烈的焦虑反应。我转向丈夫,声音中带着恐慌,说:“我绝对不去坐那个东西!”

如果我不去坐过山车,我的恐惧会发生什么变化?下次我是否会更愿意或更不愿意去坐过山车?我会如何看待自己应对过山车的能力?我会如何看待自己应对其他恐怖游乐设施的能力?

坦白说,我转身走回长长的队伍,很多年都没有再去坐过山车。如果我想克服对过山车的恐惧,你会有什么建议?这是我的计划:从一个很小的过山车开始,坐几次直到我感到舒适。然后尝试一个稍微大一点的过山车。一旦我对这个较大的过山车感到舒适,再尝试一个更大的。基本上,我克服过山车恐惧的计划就是暴露疗法。

暴露疗法的步骤

暴露疗法涉及识别客户正在回避的恐惧对象或情境,并制定一个计划来面对这些恐惧。客户从引起较少恐惧的对象或情境开始,停留在这些情境中,直到习惯化发生或学会如何应对。然后,客户逐步面对引起更多恐惧的情境。

暴露疗法的原理

克服焦虑 = 面对恐惧

习惯化

通过反复暴露,客户逐渐习惯于恐惧对象或情境,减少焦虑反应。

应对能力

通过实际体验,客户学会如何应对恐惧,增强自信心和应对能力。

暴露疗法背后的理论

暴露疗法的理论基础

基本上有两种理论模型解释了暴露疗法:习惯化(Foa & Kozak, 1986)和暴露作为一种行为实验(Clark & Beck, 2010; Craske, Treanor, Conway, Zbozinek, & Vervliet, 2014)。我个人认为这两种模型都是准确的,并且相互补充。

习惯化

习惯化基于这样一个观察:当一个引发焦虑的刺激物与一个中性的结果一致地配对时,恐惧反应最终会消失。让我们看看我的过山车例子。过山车是引发焦虑的刺激物。当我想到要坐过山车时,我会感到焦虑。如果我经常坐过山车,并且每次都没有发生不好的事情,那么坐过山车就会与一个中性的结果(没有不好的事情发生)配对。如果我坐得足够频繁,我就会对过山车产生习惯化,不再感到害怕。在我们的日常生活中,暴露自然地、不断地发生。你能否回忆起一个最初让你感到焦虑的情况,但随着你适应这个情况,你的焦虑减轻或消失了?可能是你第一次在新房子过夜、在高速公路上开车或从跳板上跳下?通过在情况中停留直到你不再害怕,你实际上是在自然地进行暴露疗法。

暴露作为一种行为实验

暴露也可以理解为一种行为实验,测试客户的负面恐惧预测(Clark & Beck, 2010; Craske et al., 2014)。如果你还记得,焦虑是关于预期不好的事情会发生。焦虑是由客户对情境危险性的高估和对自己应对情境及其焦虑感能力的低估所驱动的。客户通常预测会发生可怕的事情,或者他们的焦虑会变得无法忍受。例如,我相信如果我坐过山车,有很大可能它会脱轨(这是对过山车危险性的夸大信念)。我还相信我会变得如此焦虑,以至于无法停止尖叫(这是对我应对能力的夸大信念)。

暴露任务是一个测试客户负面预测准确性的实验。通过面对恐惧,客户会学到情境并不危险,他们可以应对情境及其焦虑感。客户还会学到,当面对恐惧情境时,随着时间的推移,焦虑会减弱。顺便说一句,我最近确实坐了一次过山车;它没有出轨,我确实尖叫了,但到旅程结束时,我实际上享受了整个过程!

回避如何维持恐惧

暴露疗法的关键治疗成分是停止回避,反复面对恐惧,直到你不再害怕。当我们回避情境时,最初我们的焦虑会在离开恐惧情境后减少。然而,从长远来看,我们的焦虑会增加,因为我们从未学会情境并不危险,也从未学会我们能够应对。随着时间的推移,我们恐惧的情境数量会增加。我们陷入了一个自我实现的循环。请参见图11.1,回避的循环;你可以看到回避如何导致更多的回避和更多的焦虑,成为一个恶性循环。

回避的循环

引发焦虑的情境从未测试预测是否准确
预测:情境危险,我无法应对后果:与引发焦虑的情境接触减少
回避引发焦虑的情境焦虑增加

图11.1 回避的循环

暴露疗法能否帮助苏珊娜?

在治疗的这个阶段,苏珊娜的情况有所好转。她在上班的路上听音乐,到达工作地点时心情更好。她也开始重新与老朋友们社交。随着她的心情好转,她与丈夫的关系也得到了改善,与孩子们的早晨相处也变得更加顺利。总的来说,家里的事情进行得更好了。然而,她仍然不喜欢她的新学校,几乎不与教师互动。让我们看看暴露疗法是否能帮助她。

首先,让我们检查回避的循环是否适用于苏珊娜。涉及与教师互动的情境对苏珊娜来说变得越来越令人焦虑。她认为其他教师不想成为她的朋友,即使她尝试,他们也不会喜欢她(负面预测)。她通过避免几乎所有社交接触来应对。由于她避免了社交接触,她从未有机会验证她的负面预测是否准确。此外,如果苏珊娜避免与教师互动,你觉得他们会如何反应?很可能他们会让她独自一人,这强化了她认为他们不友好的想法。苏珊娜陷入了恶性循环。

练习 11.1:苏珊娜回避其他教师

练习应用回避的循环。

安全行为的作用

焦虑不仅由回避维持,还受到所谓的“假”安全行为的影响。假安全行为增加了你感到的安全感,但实际上并没有减少情境的危险。真正的安全行为,比如系安全带或过马路前左右看,确实增加了你的安全性。例如,如果我只愿意和女儿一起坐过山车,那么有女儿在我身边就是一个假安全行为——如果过山车出轨,女儿在身边会有帮助吗?安全行为的问题在于,只要你使用它们,你就永远不会学会在没有它们的情况下也能应对。

解释安全行为的最佳方式

我最喜欢的笑话之一可以很好地解释安全行为。哈里走在街上,看到他的老朋友乔治。乔治摇头晃脑地说:“嘘,嘘。”哈里走到乔治跟前说:“乔治,很高兴见到你,但你为什么说‘嘘,嘘’?”乔治停顿了一下说:“我在赶走斑马。”哈里有点惊讶:“但乔治,美国根本没有斑马!”乔治微笑着说:“你看,有效果吧!”所以,我为什么要告诉你这个滑稽的笑话呢?说“嘘,嘘”是乔治的安全行为。因为他总是说“嘘,嘘”,所以他永远学不会即使他停下来,美国仍然没有斑马。

安全行为的识别

学会识别安全行为可能需要一段时间。它们通常分为四类(Abramowitz, Deacon, & Whiteside, 2011):

  1. 回避

    • 从不在课堂上举手以免显得愚蠢;因为害怕电梯会坠落而避免乘坐电梯。
  2. 检查、寻求安慰和预演

    • 反复检查门是否锁好;花几个小时在网上查找每一点小痛小病的信息;在闲聊时在心中预演要说的话,以确保不显得傻气。
  3. 强迫仪式

    • 上完厕所后洗手半小时;睡前检查十二次窗户是否关好。
  4. 安全信号(随身携带或放在附近的物品,以确保安全,尽管需要它们的可能性很小或它们实际上不能提供帮助)

    • 有另一个人或动物陪伴;确保手机在口袋里,手指放在紧急按钮上,以防需要求助。

安全行为的问题

安全行为会干扰日常生活功能,有些安全行为实际上会使情况变得更糟。例如,一位客户担心细菌,每次上厕所后都要洗手半小时。这干扰了他的工作和其他任务的完成,如果过度,还可能导致皮肤问题。另一位患有社交焦虑的客户担心自己显得凌乱和笨拙。在与朋友交谈时,她不断检查头发。这种不断的检查使她的头发显得凌乱,打扰和分散了朋友的注意力,也使她显得更加尴尬。

暴露疗法期间,客户有计划地系统放弃安全行为,以便看到没有这些行为也能应对。

在暴露疗法期间,客户有计划地系统放弃安全行为,以便看到没有这些行为也能应对。

识别客户的安全行为

有时当客户描述他们的焦虑时,会包括他们的安全行为。例如,当我的一位客户描述她对飞行的恐惧时,她提到她总是在登机前喝两到三杯酒,以麻木焦虑。酒是她的安全行为;她认为需要它来忍受飞行的焦虑。

你也可以直接询问客户的安全行为。下次当你的客户描述她的焦虑时,可以使用《评估客户安全行为的问题》(可在 http://www.newharbinger.com/38501 下载)。

  • 有哪些事物或情境因为你感到焦虑而避免?
  • 你是否有做一些事情来让自己感觉安全,或为了防备危险,例如携带某些物品或与特定的人在一起?
  • 在你感到焦虑的情境中,你是否有做些什么来让自己感觉舒服?

你的轮次!

识别苏珊娜的安全行为 试着帮助苏珊娜识别她的安全行为。

治疗师:我们一直在谈论你在工作中与同事教师相处时的焦虑感,以及你很难交朋友的情况。我想知道,在与他们相处时,你是否有做些什么来让自己感觉更舒服?

苏珊娜:嗯,我想我只是尽量避免与每个人接触。

请看下面三个可能的回应,选择一个能帮助苏珊娜识别她的安全行为的回应。

  1. 当你感到焦虑时,你有哪些想法?
  2. 在必须与同事教师互动的情境中,你是否有做些什么来让自己感觉更舒服?
  3. 对你来说最糟糕的情境是什么,当你感到最焦虑的时候?

最佳回应:第2个回应是帮助苏珊娜识别她的安全行为的最佳选择。第1个回应适合探索她的想法,但这不是当前的任务。第3个问题是开始构建情境等级的好问题,但不适合识别安全行为。

治疗师:在必须与同事教师互动的情境中,你是否有做些什么来让自己感觉更舒服?

苏珊娜:如果真的不得不与他们互动,我会非常努力地说些聪明或有趣的话。我通常会在心里预先排练一段评论,然后再说出来。

治疗师:还有其他让你感觉舒服的做法吗?

苏珊娜:嗯,我通常会等到有人问我问题时才说话。这样我就不用说太多话了。

苏珊娜识别了两个安全行为。第一个是在说话前在心里排练要说的话。你认为这会让她说话更流利还是更不流利?更焦虑还是更不焦虑?第二个安全行为是等到有人问她问题时才说话。这是否会让她在对话中更投入还是更不投入?

安全行为的难点

安全行为与应对行为之间有时界限很细。例如,切割木头前双重检查测量是好习惯,但检查六次就变成了安全行为。有些安全行为是无害的。例如,如果我的女儿乐意陪我去坐过山车,而我只有在她陪我时才会去,这是一个无害的安全行为。评估的关键在于该行为是否干扰了客户的正常功能,或是否导致她回避实际上并不危险的情境。

练习 11.2:玛娅曾遭到攻击

练习识别安全行为。

暴露疗法有效吗?

答案是肯定的;事实上,暴露疗法被认为是治疗恐惧和焦虑障碍最有效的方法之一(Clark & Beck, 2010)。暴露疗法已成功用于多种与焦虑相关的障碍,包括惊恐障碍、强迫症(OCD)、社交焦虑障碍、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)、健康焦虑和特定恐惧症(Abramowitz et al., 2011; Clark & Beck, 2010)。

尽管其效果显著,但暴露疗法并不是100%有效。有些客户没有反应,还有一些客户在成功治疗后恐惧再次出现。研究人员正在探讨哪些因素可以预测谁会响应,以及如何使暴露疗法更有效。

暴露疗法概述

暴露疗法有三种类型:现实暴露、虚拟暴露和想象暴露。现实暴露涉及直接暴露于实际恐惧的对象。例如,如果你害怕针头,暴露任务将涉及实际的针头。虚拟暴露涉及使用互联网或其他媒介模拟你恐惧的经历。例如,对飞行恐惧的暴露通常依赖于虚拟暴露。想象暴露是指客户通过想象来体验情境。当现实暴露或虚拟暴露不可行时,主要使用想象暴露。创伤治疗通常依赖于想象暴露,帮助客户面对他们的创伤记忆。

注意事项:如果客户冲动控制能力差,难以控制药物使用,或有自杀意念或冲动,或在压力下有自伤行为,一般不建议使用暴露疗法,直到他们稳定下来(Taylor, 2006)。

暴露疗法通常分为三个阶段:准备进行暴露、实施暴露和暴露后的回顾。

议程项目 #2:准备进行暴露

在实际实施暴露之前,你需要通过以下步骤准备客户:

  1. 识别客户希望解决的恐惧。
  2. 帮助客户理解回避如何维持他们的恐惧。
  3. 解释暴露疗法。
  4. 开发一个恐惧对象或情境的等级列表。

识别客户希望解决的恐惧

你可以在几乎所有客户通过回避来应对的情境中使用暴露疗法。苏珊娜有社交焦虑,特别是对在新学校与教师和同事互动感到焦虑。以下是你可以用暴露疗法治疗的其他类型的恐惧。花点时间思考你的客户,看看他们的恐惧是否属于这些类别:

  • 对生物的恐惧:客户可能害怕狗、昆虫或让他们想起伤害他们的人。
  • 对无生命物体的恐惧:许多客户害怕细菌、马桶座圈、血液或针头。
  • 对特定情境的恐惧:客户可能害怕去看牙医、公开演讲、各种社交情境或让他们想起受伤地点的地方。
  • 对特定思想、记忆或图像的恐惧:患有PTSD的客户害怕回忆创伤;患有OCD的客户有特定的思想,他们试图避免。
  • 对特定生理反应的恐惧:客户可能害怕哭泣的感觉、与上厕所相关的身体症状或呕吐。患有惊恐障碍的个体害怕焦虑的身体症状。

避免不是解决问题的方法

暴露疗法是一项艰苦的工作。除非客户理解避免的负面影响,否则他们不会有动力参与暴露。许多客户已经习惯了避免,因此低估了其对生活的影响。我发现以下问题很有帮助:

  • 避免对你来说是个问题吗?
  • 如果你不避免这种情况,你的生活会有什么不同?你会做什么不同的事?
  • 为什么停止避免对你很重要?

当苏珊娜的治疗师探讨避免与同事教师社交接触的后果时,苏珊娜意识到她感到孤独和孤立。

你还可以通过将停止避免与客户的个人价值观联系起来,增加他们参与暴露任务的动力。对苏珊娜来说,一个重要的价值观是友好并与他人建立良好的关系。当苏珊娜看到与同事教师互动与实现她价值观之间的联系时,她停止在学校避免社交接触的动力增强了。特别是当客户犹豫是否参与暴露时,我会考察暴露任务与对他们重要的价值观之间的关系。

解释暴露疗法

暴露疗法要求客户去做他们最害怕的事情。他们需要信任你。我告诉我的客户,我不会要求他们做任何他们不愿意做的事情。我会全面解释暴露疗法,并传达我的乐观态度。我经常说:“这起初会很难,但我相信你会为此感到高兴。”

我对焦虑持一种实事求是的态度:焦虑是不愉快的,但并不危险。我会让客户知道,随着他们减少避免并面对恐惧,焦虑会减少。我不能承诺消除焦虑,但可以帮助他们学会应对焦虑。以下是我通常如何向客户解释暴露疗法,当然,我会根据每个客户的具体情况进行调整。你可以在 http://www.newharbinger.com/38501 找到《向客户解释暴露疗法》。

我们一直在讨论你是如何避免那些让你感到焦虑的情境的。我们也谈到了避免这些情境并没有帮助,反而给你带来了一些困难。我们还谈到了能够做你一直避免的活动与你的一些重要价值观之间的关系。(只有在你能够将这些活动与客户的价值观联系起来时才说这一部分。)

我认为暴露疗法对你会非常有帮助。暴露疗法涉及面对你的恐惧。我们将列出让你感到焦虑的情境,从相对容易的情境开始,逐渐过渡到对你来说较难的情境。我们将从最容易的情境开始,看看我们能否一起帮助你学会应对这些情境。

一旦你学会了应对最容易的情境,我们将逐步过渡到更困难的情境。我们将一起合作,以适合你的速度进行。这听起来怎么样?(我会暂停,看看客户是否有任何问题。)当你面对恐惧时,你会学会不再害怕。

我想稍微谈谈焦虑。在我们进行暴露任务时,你会感到一些焦虑。但没关系;为了使暴露疗法有效,你需要感受到一些焦虑。我们会慢慢来。另外,我们越面对让我们焦虑的事物,我们就越不感到焦虑。这意味着你做的暴露任务越多,你的焦虑就越少,你也会越学会管理你的焦虑。

你的轮次!

在想象中练习:解释暴露疗法

我希望你能想象向客户解释暴露疗法的情景。在开始之前,请从1到10给自己打分,评估你对解释暴露疗法的舒适度。练习结束后,再次评估你的舒适度,看看是否有变化。现在,让我们开始这个练习。

选择一个你认为可以从暴露疗法中受益的客户。尝试在脑海中形成他的形象。现在,想象你自己在办公室里与客户面对面。看到你的办公室;注意房间里的声音和气味。想象你想要解释暴露疗法。阅读我建议的措辞,同时想象自己在说这些话。你也可以使用自己的措辞。真正听到并感受到自己在解释暴露疗法。想象自己再向同一个客户解释两次暴露疗法,每次想象客户都积极响应。

建立恐惧等级表

恐惧等级表是一系列对客户越来越引起焦虑的情境列表。恐惧等级表通常包括与恐惧刺激在某些方面逐渐相似的物体或情境,或者涉及物理接近恐惧刺激的情境。例如,如果客户害怕蜘蛛,一个基于类似刺激的等级表可能包括看蜘蛛的照片、触摸塑料蜘蛛、看真蜘蛛,最终触摸真蜘蛛。如果客户避免了一条曾经遭受袭击的街道,一个基于物理接近恐惧刺激的等级表可能从站在四个街区外开始,逐渐进展到站在三个街区外、两个街区外,最终站在发生袭击的街道上。

我让客户提供一些他们觉得相对容易、中等难度和非常困难的情境的例子。以下是苏珊娜关于在学校更多参与社交情境的焦虑情境列表。她的治疗师要求她为每个难度级别列出三个情境。

相对容易:

  • 在上学时遇到其他教师时在走廊里打招呼
  • 在去操场的路上向其他教师打招呼
  • 在集会上向旁边的同学打招呼

中等难度:

  • 在教工餐厅吃饭并坐在其他教师的桌子旁
  • 在集会上与旁边的同学开始对话
  • 请求帮助完成与学校相关的工作,例如如何使用复印机或资源的位置

非常困难:

  • 邀请其他教师一起吃午饭
  • 在教工会议上发表意见
  • 自愿参加学校的戏剧表演,并告知其他教师自己有经验

在创建恐惧等级表时,客户使用主观痛苦单位(SUDS)来评估任务的难度和焦虑水平。SUDS评分为100表示客户曾经经历过的最焦虑状态,0表示完全不焦虑。使用SUDS评分有助于客户跟踪自己的焦虑水平。你可以在 http://www.newharbinger.com/38501 下载我与一位因事故后害怕进入地铁车厢的客户使用的恐惧等级表示例。(参见肖恩的恐惧等级表)

练习 11.3:艾登再次使用刀具

练习建立恐惧等级表。

视频 11.1:建立恐惧等级表

议程项目 #3:实施暴露

你现在准备好开始进行暴露疗法了。这一阶段包括开发有效的暴露任务、识别客户的负面预测,以及实际进行暴露。

开发有效的暴露任务

暴露任务应该足够简单以确保成功,但也要足够困难,使客户学会暴露疗法是有效的。我通常从SUDS评分为30到40的任务开始。

有效的暴露任务有三个标准:

  1. 具体且明确:客户清楚自己要做什么、何时何地做,以及能否衡量是否成功。
  2. 指定一个行动:任务指定客户要做的行动,而不是他会有怎样的感受。
  3. 客户可控:任务在客户的控制范围内。

让我们看看几个任务,看看它们是否符合这些标准。

任务具体且明确?客户能做?客户可控?结论:这是有效的任务吗?
给老板留下好印象的问题否,不清楚具体做什么、何时何地否,不清楚具体做什么否,无法控制老板是否印象深刻
更好的任务:在员工会议上提出一个问题是,具体明确是,客户可以提问是,客户可控
在被袭击的区域行走不够具体。客户在哪里走?走多长时间?是,客户可以行走是,客户可控
更好的任务:在被袭击地点三块街区外行走十五分钟是,具体明确是,客户可以行走是,客户可控

你的轮次!

开发有效的暴露任务

查看下面两个暴露任务,并判断它们是否(1)具体且明确,(2)客户可以执行的行动,(3)在客户的控制范围内。如果你认为它们不是好的任务,请开发一个更好的任务。你可以在附录中找到我的答案。

任务具体且明确?客户能做?客户可控?结论:这是有效的任务吗?
每天在大楼电梯前站5分钟
查看网上与撞到我的车类似的图片

第一次暴露任务

如果可能的话,要么在你的办公室与客户一起进行第一次暴露任务,要么陪同客户前往他恐惧的情境;这样可以确保客户理解过程,并且你在场提供支持。在我的多年暴露治疗经验中,我玩过塑料蜘蛛和塑料刀具,站在电梯、地铁和有轨电车前,看过汽车、刀具和呕吐的照片。互联网对于暴露疗法非常有用,几乎可以找到任何照片和视频!

对于她的第一次暴露任务,苏珊娜建议从早上上学途中在走廊里向遇到的老师问好开始。她的SUDS评分为40。任务具体且涉及苏珊娜将要执行的行动。然而,她的治疗师认为任务不够具体,难以衡量是否成功。他们决定她每周五天早上上学途中至少向三位老师问好。

逐步提升等级

一旦客户完成了等级表上的第一个任务,我们就会协作开发下一步。我会询问客户下一个好的任务是什么。通常,我选择SUDS评分为40或50的任务,尽管有时客户想尝试更高SUDS评分但认为可以完成的任务。

传统上,你不会在客户对当前任务的焦虑减少50%之前提升等级。然而,最近的研究(Craske et al., 2014)表明这可能不是必要的。通常,当客户表示他已经准备好并且可以管理下一个任务时,我会提升等级。

使暴露疗法更有效

有一些特定的因素可以帮助使暴露任务更有效。

  • 频繁且持续的任务:你认为每天连续五天每天三次坐过山车和每周一次连续十五周哪个更有效?可能是每天连续五天三次。两分钟的过山车和十五分钟的过山车呢?重要的是重复暴露任务多次以巩固学习体验。
  • 多样化的任务和多情境:你认为我应该在一个游乐园反复坐同一辆过山车,还是在多个游乐园坐不同的过山车?在多个游乐园坐不同的过山车会更有效。
  • 有意识的暴露:客户在暴露过程中常常分散注意力以避免真正面对恐惧。当客户有意识时,他会专注于当下(Teasdale, Williams, & Segal, 2014)。许多客户会念咒语、走神、闭眼或假装不在场。我使用各种接地技术帮助客户保持专注(Dobson & Josefowitz, 2015)。例如,我会观察客户的眼睛,确保他在看引起焦虑的刺激物,并在暴露过程中让他描述所见,感受脚下的地面,注意任何声音。我还会让客户注意到并描述他的感受或想法,而不需要改变这些想法或身体感觉。
  • 逐步消除安全行为:在整个暴露疗法过程中逐步消除安全行为是恐惧等级的一部分(Rachman, Shafran, Radomsky, & Zysk, 2011)。例如,一名客户在飞行时总是把氯硝西泮放在裤子口袋里作为安全信号。随着他对飞行的适应,他将氯硝西泮移到脚边的包里,然后移到头顶行李舱,最后完全不带氯硝西泮飞行。对于我的过山车暴露,我会从和女儿一起坐过山车开始(和女儿在一起是我的安全行为),然后再独自坐过山车。
  • 分配会间暴露任务:可能无法与客户一起进行暴露任务,因为引起焦虑的刺激物可能不易获得。这在苏珊娜的情况下发生了,她的暴露任务涉及在学校的行为。很多暴露工作是在会间作为家庭作业完成的。如果我们在治疗过程中完成了一个暴露任务,客户的家庭作业通常是独自完成相同的任务。这使客户能够巩固我们一起完成的工作。

视频 11.2:暴露疗法

识别客户的负面预测

记住,你可以将暴露视为一种行为实验。这意味着你要让客户预测在暴露任务中会发生什么。暴露任务是对这些预测是否准确的测试(Craske et al., 2014)。回想一下,在第六章中,我们将焦虑定义为预期坏事会发生,并使用以下公式来理解焦虑。

焦虑 =

  • 高估 情境的危险或难度 +
  • 高估 情境发生的可能性 +
  • 低估 你应对的能力

图 11.2. 理解焦虑。

我希望客户预测会发生什么以及他们将如何反应,这样我们就可以检查他们的预测是否准确,并改变焦虑方程。

客户通常有“现实”的预测和“最坏情况”的预测。我要求最坏情况的预测,因为我想测试导致焦虑的信念是否准确。我寻找两种类型的预测:首先,客户最担心的是什么,或者他最担心会发生什么?然后我让客户评估他的预测发生的可能性。其次,我让客户预测他最担心的反应——关于他将如何感受,这些感受的症状,以及他将采取什么行动。然后我让他评估这些反应发生的可能性。重要的是,预测必须足够具体,以便客户可以判断预测的准确性。客户的预测通常涉及他自己或其他人的感受。尽量具体说明客户预测的感受会导致的行为;预测行为比预测感受更容易评估。例如,如果客户预测他会焦虑,问他因焦虑而害怕会做什么,或者害怕会出现什么症状。例如,他害怕说话太快、脸红或胸闷吗?如果客户预测朋友会无聊,问他如何知道朋友无聊。

以下是一些预测的例子。

暴露任务你最担心会发生什么?(可能性 0-100%)我最担心我会如何反应?(可能性 0-100%)
站在地铁站观看列车有人会跳下轨道被撞死。 (80% 可能)我会因焦虑失去控制,跳下轨道。 (50% 可能)
看15分钟蟑螂的图画我会觉得太难做。 (50% 可能)我会因焦虑跑出房间尖叫或昏倒。 (40% 可能)
在课堂上提问老师会说这是一个愚蠢的问题。 (60% 可能)我会紧张得说不出话来。 (95% 可能)
邀请朋友去看电影朋友不想去。 (90% 可能)如果朋友拒绝,我会在电话里沉默,整天待在家里感到沮丧。 (90% 可能)
如果我们出去,我会无话可说,整个晚上都很安静。 (80% 可能)

以下是一些帮助客户识别预测的问题。你可以在 http://www.newharbinger.com/38501 下载《在暴露期间识别客户预测的问题》。

开始时我说:“当你想到进行暴露任务时,”

  • 你最坏的情况是什么?
  • 你最担心会发生什么,包括其他人会如何反应?
  • 你最担心自己会有什么感受,包括你最担心的症状?
  • 你最担心自己会做什么或如何表现?
  • 你想象会发生什么?你看到了吗?(客户通常会对暴露任务期间可能发生的事情有图像。)

苏珊娜的治疗师问她,如果她在走廊里向老师问好,最糟糕的情况是什么。苏珊娜回答说她会感到焦虑,并将焦虑评为10分中的5分。她最坏的情况是,她会犹豫不决地打招呼,脸会变得通红。她估计犹豫不决的可能性为75%,脸变红的可能性为45%。苏珊娜的治疗师接着问她最坏的情况是如何预期其他老师的反应。苏珊娜回答说其他老师会“不理我,从我身边走过,什么都不说。”她特别清楚地想象到两位老师对她嗤之以鼻。苏珊娜现在有了一个具体的预测,可以评估。苏珊娜的治疗师记下了她的最坏预测及其可能性评分,以便日后参考。

在暴露疗法中,无论客户的预测多么离谱,你都不应口头挑战这些预测。你应该将它们记下来,并将暴露任务作为一种实验,以测试预测是否准确。

议程项目 #4:进行暴露后的回顾

一旦客户完成了暴露任务,你希望讨论他学到了什么。

监测暴露任务的结果

如果客户能够在书面工作表上监测其暴露任务的结果和焦虑水平,这将很有帮助。这提供了可用于挑战其预测的数据。如果任务涉及长时间留在某个情境中,或直到焦虑减轻,我要求客户每五分钟监测一次焦虑水平。在苏珊娜的情况下,她在任务开始和结束时记录了自己的焦虑水平。以下是苏珊娜的监测工作表。

日期向老师问好的次数焦虑水平(SUDS)
星期一340
星期二340
星期三430
星期四520
星期五510

完成暴露后的回顾

下一步是回顾或探讨客户从暴露任务中学到了什么。我使用我们之前讨论过的焦虑方程作为指导回顾的概念模型。你需要回顾:

  • 客户初始预测的准确性
  • 情境的危险或难度
  • 客户应对任务和焦虑的能力
  • 暴露后焦虑的变化

在回顾中,你正在收集证据,寻找事实,以使客户能够评估其预测的准确性。我通常使用《我的预测准确吗?》工作表,你可以在 http://www.newharbinger.com/38501 下载。让我们看看苏珊娜和她的治疗师是如何完成这个工作表的。

我的预测准确吗?

暴露任务你的预测(发生的可能性:0-100)收集数据你学到了什么?
具体?1. 最坏的情况?1. 发生了什么?1. 我的预测准确吗?(是或否)
你会做什么?2. 最坏的感受?2. 我的感受如何?2. 任务有多危险或困难?
在你的控制范围内?3. 最坏的行为?3. 我的行为如何?3. 我能应对任务和焦虑吗?
4. 会发生什么的图像?4. 我的图像是准确的吗?4. 暴露后我的焦虑发生了什么变化?
任务:在上学途中向走廊里的三位老师问好,每周五天。1. 其他老师会不理我,从我身边走过,两位老师会嘲笑我。 (90% 可能)。1. 其他老师说了你好并微笑。至少有一位老师停下来聊天。没有人嘲笑我。1. 否
2. 我会感到焦虑(8/10)。2. 开始时我感到焦虑,但到最后我没事了。2. 任务并不非常困难,而且变得更容易。
3. 我会犹豫不决地打招呼,显得笨拙(75% 可能),我的脸会变得通红(45%)。3. 我没有犹豫或显得笨拙,我的脸也没有变红。3. 我能应对焦虑并完成任务。
4. 清晰地想象老师嘲笑我。4. 我的图像是不准确的。4. 我做得越多,任务就越容易。

你将使用收集的数据进行回顾,评估客户的预测是否准确。我探讨客户在焦虑情境中停留的能力以及忍受焦虑的能力。焦虑的客户往往将焦虑作为需要避免该情境的信号。我希望客户学会不必听从焦虑,而是可以根据自己的意愿做出行为决策。你还希望强化焦虑会在暴露后减少的观点。

让我们看看如何与苏珊娜进行回顾。注意她的治疗师是如何帮助苏珊娜得出自己的结论,然后强化这些结论的。

苏珊娜的预测是否准确,与情境的危险或难度有关?

治疗师:你还记得你预测如果向老师问好会发生什么吗? 苏珊娜:是的,我预测他们会不理我,两位老师会嘲笑我。 治疗师:那么实际上发生了什么? 苏珊娜:几乎所有老师都微笑着回应了我。 治疗师:嗯,你怎么看待这一点? 治疗师:(微笑)你能再说一遍吗? 苏珊娜:(微微笑着)人们很友好。 治疗师:我认为这是一个非常重要的观察。

苏珊娜能否应对任务和她的焦虑?

治疗师:当你开始任务的第一天,你的焦虑水平是多少? 苏珊娜:是40。 治疗师:即使你感到焦虑,你仍然能够向其他老师问好并完成任务吗? 苏珊娜:是的,我可以。 治疗师:你能够在焦虑的情况下向老师问好,这对你需要在焦虑时避免某些事情有什么启示? 苏珊娜:我想即使我感到焦虑,我还是可以做事情。看来我只是因为焦虑,并不一定需要避免。

你的轮次!

继续与苏珊娜进行回顾 尝试使用你所学的知识帮助苏珊娜理解暴露对她的焦虑的影响。 治疗师:我很想知道在这一周内,当你向其他老师问好时,你的焦虑发生了什么变化? 苏珊娜:嗯,它变得越来越容易,我的焦虑也降低了。

看看下面的三种回应。你如何帮助苏珊娜得出关于暴露对焦虑影响的结论?

  1. 我认为这很棒。这正是我们从暴露疗法中期望的结果。你做得越多,任务就越容易,你的焦虑也会减少。
  2. 鉴于你的焦虑减少了,你学到了什么关于在暴露时焦虑会发生什么?
  3. 什么帮助你面对这个任务?

回应 #2 是最好的回应,可以帮助苏珊娜得出自己的结论。回应 #1 可以在苏珊娜已经得出自己的结论后用来强化这些结论。回应 #3 如果你想了解苏珊娜是如何激励自己的,也是一个好问题。

巩固客户学到的内容

在回顾了暴露任务之后,你希望帮助客户巩固他们学到的内容。我使用三种方法:发展更准确的预测、想象排练和复习。

为了发展更准确的预测,我会参考客户的原始预测,然后询问基于暴露任务中发生的情况,什么是更准确的预测。我鼓励客户写下新的预测。接下来,我使用想象排练来回顾暴露任务的结果和新的预测。在苏珊娜的案例中,她的新预测是当她向老师问好时,老师会友好地回应。她的治疗师让她创建一个图像,看到不同的老师微笑着向她问好。治疗师然后要求苏珊娜每天三次回顾这段记忆,作为家庭作业的一部分。

视频 11.3:暴露后的回顾

议程项目 #5:讨论复发预防

暴露治疗的一个难题是,恐惧可能会在治疗后再次出现(Craske & Mystkowski, 2006)。我向客户解释,暴露类似于锻炼。即使你每天锻炼并变得非常健康,你也需要继续锻炼才能保持健康。暴露也是如此;你需要不断练习才能使效果持续。在治疗结束时,我解释复发预防的原则:

  • 继续面对你以前回避的情境。记住:焦虑不是回避的理由。
  • 你越面对恐惧,就越容易克服。记住:焦虑是正常的,暴露疗法是有效的。

家庭作业:练习认知行为疗法

在继续下一章之前,花一些时间尝试以下家庭作业。

将所学应用于临床案例

完成以下练习。

练习 11.1:苏珊娜回避其他老师

练习 11.2:玛娅被攻击

练习 11.3:艾登再次使用刀具

将所学应用于你自己的生活

完成以下家庭作业后,暂停片刻,思考你对自己学到了什么。然后,思考这些练习对你的客户治疗有何意义。

家庭作业 #1:识别你自己的安全行为

想想过去一个月中你感到焦虑的情境。你做了什么让自己更舒服?例如,你是否携带了某个物品或与某个人在一起?你的策略是否涉及回避、检查、寻求安慰和排练、强迫性仪式或安全信号?这些安全行为的后果是什么?

家庭作业 #2:建立恐惧等级

试着想一想你一直在回避的情境。这可能是社交情境或特定的恐惧。

  1. 为你的问题建立一个恐惧等级。思考那些相对容易、中等困难和非常困难的情境。
  2. 选择第一个任务;确保它是具体的、你可以执行的行动,并且在你的控制范围内。
  3. 预测如果你完成第一个任务会发生什么。
  4. 现在,由你来尝试这个任务。

将所学应用于你的治疗实践

对于下一个任务,想想你目前正在合作的一位患有焦虑症的客户。

家庭作业 #3:识别客户的保护行为

一旦选择了客户,完成以下步骤。

  1. 从《评估客户保护行为的问题》手册中选择一两个问题询问客户。
    • 有没有因为焦虑而避免的事物或情境?
    • 有没有为了让自己感到安全或准备好应对危险而做的事情,比如携带某些物品或与某些人在一起?
    • 有没有在感到焦虑的情境中让自己感到舒适的做法?
  2. 如果客户有回避行为,询问回避行为在他的生活中造成了哪些问题。
  3. 一旦识别了客户的保护行为,解释保护行为并探讨这些行为的后果。

家庭作业 #4:建立恐惧等级

想一想一位正在回避并且你认为可以通过面对恐惧而受益的客户。

  1. 与这位客户一起建立一个恐惧等级。识别相对容易、中等困难和非常困难的情境。
  2. 确定一个初步的暴露任务。确保这个任务是具体的、客户可以执行的行动,并且在客户的控制范围内。
  3. 询问客户他认为会发生什么。
  4. 第1步至第3步可能足以作为你第一次建立等级的经验。然而,如果你觉得准备好了,并且对客户有帮助,可以要求客户尝试这个初步任务。
  5. 检查客户的预测是否准确。

让我们回顾

回答每个议程项目的以下问题。

议程项目 #1:什么是暴露?

  • 暴露的核心理论是什么?

议程项目 #2:准备进行暴露。

  • 在开始暴露前,你希望做哪两件事?

议程项目 #3:实施暴露。

  • 三个因素如何使暴露任务更有效?

议程项目 #4:进行暴露后的回顾。

  • 为什么进行暴露后的回顾很重要?

议程项目 #5:讨论复发预防。

  • 关于复发预防,你需要告诉客户哪两件重要的事情?

对你来说什么是重要的?

  • 你希望记住哪些想法或概念?
  • 你希望将哪些想法或技能应用到自己的生活中?
  • 你希望在接下来的一周内与哪位客户尝试什么?(选择一个具体的客户。)

本章知识点阐述

进一步阐述知识点

设置议程

在本章中,我们将学习如何使用暴露疗法来帮助客户面对他们一直在回避的情境。以下是具体的议程项目:

  • 什么是暴露?
  • 准备进行暴露
  • 实施暴露
  • 进行暴露后的回顾
  • 讨论防止复发

与其他所有干预措施一样,要有效地使用暴露疗法,首先需要对它的原理和机制有一个清晰的理解。

议程项目 #1:什么是暴露?

暴露疗法的定义

  • 定义:暴露疗法是一种基于渐进、计划性和重复暴露于恐惧对象或情境的焦虑治疗方法,从较容易的情境开始,逐渐过渡到更困难的情境。
  • 基本前提:我们面对恐惧的次数越多,我们的焦虑就越少,我们也越能学会如何应对。

个人故事示例

背景

  • 我在迪士尼乐园,我的孩子们想坐大型过山车。

感受

  • 我在排队时感到越来越焦虑,担心过山车的安全性。

决策

  • 最终,我因为极度的恐惧而决定不坐过山车。

后果

  • 我没有坐过山车,这使得我的恐惧没有得到缓解,反而可能加剧了。

应对策略

计划

  • 从一个较小的过山车开始,逐步增加难度,直到能够应对大型过山车。

步骤

  1. 识别恐惧对象:确定引起恐惧的具体对象或情境(如小型过山车)。
  2. 制定计划:从引起较少恐惧的对象或情境开始,逐步增加难度。
  3. 实施暴露:在每个阶段停留足够长的时间,直到习惯化发生或学会如何应对。
  4. 逐步推进:逐步面对更困难的情境,直到能够应对最大的恐惧。

原理

习惯化

  • 通过反复暴露,客户逐渐习惯于恐惧对象或情境,减少焦虑反应。

应对能力

  • 通过实际体验,客户学会如何应对恐惧,增强自信心和应对能力。

实际应用

识别客户的恐惧对象或情境

示例

  • 一个客户害怕在公众场合讲话。

步骤

  1. 与客户一起识别具体的情境,如在小群体中讲话、在中等规模的会议上发言、在大型演讲中讲话。

制定暴露计划

示例

  • 从在小群体中讲话开始,逐步增加难度。

步骤

  1. 初级阶段:在家人或亲密朋友面前练习讲话。
  2. 中级阶段:在小规模的团队会议中发言。
  3. 高级阶段:在中等规模的会议上发言。
  4. 终极阶段:在大型演讲中讲话。

实施暴露

示例

  • 客户在每个阶段停留足够长的时间,直到习惯化发生或学会如何应对。

步骤

  1. 记录感受:在每个阶段记录客户的情绪变化。
  2. 评估效果:评估暴露的效果,调整计划。

进行暴露后的回顾

示例

  • 与客户一起回顾每次暴露后的感受和学到的经验。

步骤

  1. 讨论感受:讨论客户在暴露过程中的感受和体验。
  2. 总结经验:总结客户学到的应对策略和技巧。

讨论防止复发

示例

  • 与客户讨论如何在日常生活中持续练习和巩固学到的技能。

步骤

  1. 制定预防计划:制定防止复发的计划,如定期练习、寻求支持等。
  2. 持续监测:定期监测客户的进展,及时调整计划。

结论

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解暴露疗法的原理和应用方法。暴露疗法通过渐进、计划性和重复的暴露,帮助客户逐步面对和克服恐惧,从而减少焦虑,提高生活质量。通过具体的计划和实施步骤,你可以有效地帮助客户应对各种焦虑情境。

进一步阐述知识点

设置议程

在本章中,我们将学习如何使用暴露疗法来帮助客户面对他们一直回避的情境。暴露疗法是一种有效的焦虑治疗方法,通过渐进、计划性和重复的暴露,帮助客户逐步面对和克服恐惧,从而减少焦虑,提高生活质量。

议程项目 #1:什么是暴露?

  • 定义:暴露疗法是一种基于渐进、计划性和重复暴露于恐惧对象或情境的焦虑治疗方法。
  • 基本前提:我们面对恐惧的次数越多,我们的焦虑就越少,我们也越能学会如何应对。
  • 个人故事示例:通过一个真实的故事,展示暴露疗法的基本原理和应用方法。
  • 暴露疗法的步骤
    1. 识别恐惧对象或情境。
    2. 从引起较少恐惧的对象或情境开始。
    3. 停留在这些情境中,直到习惯化发生或学会如何应对。
    4. 逐步面对引起更多恐惧的情境。

议程项目 #2:准备进行暴露

  • 目的:确保客户在进行暴露前做好充分的准备,包括心理准备和计划制定。
  • 步骤
    1. 与客户讨论恐惧对象或情境。
    2. 制定详细的暴露计划。
    3. 提供必要的支持和指导。

议程项目 #3:实施暴露

  • 目的:按照计划逐步实施暴露,帮助客户面对恐惧。
  • 步骤
    1. 从简单的恐惧对象或情境开始。
    2. 在每个阶段停留足够长的时间,直到习惯化发生或学会如何应对。
    3. 逐步增加难度,面对更复杂的恐惧对象或情境。

议程项目 #4:进行暴露后的回顾

  • 目的:回顾暴露过程,帮助客户总结经验,巩固成果。
  • 步骤
    1. 与客户讨论暴露过程中的感受和体验。
    2. 总结客户学到的应对策略和技巧。
    3. 调整后续的暴露计划。

议程项目 #5:讨论防止复发

  • 目的:帮助客户制定防止复发的计划,确保长期效果。
  • 步骤
    1. 与客户讨论如何在日常生活中持续练习和巩固学到的技能。
    2. 制定防止复发的计划,如定期练习、寻求支持等。
    3. 定期监测客户的进展,及时调整计划。

结论

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解暴露疗法的原理和应用方法。暴露疗法通过渐进、计划性和重复的暴露,帮助客户逐步面对和克服恐惧,从而减少焦虑,提高生活质量。通过具体的计划和实施步骤,你可以有效地帮助客户应对各种焦虑情境。

进一步阐述知识点

暴露疗法的理论基础

暴露疗法主要有两种理论模型:习惯化和暴露作为一种行为实验。这两种模型都解释了为什么暴露疗法有效,并且相互补充。

  • 习惯化:习惯化基于观察,当一个引发焦虑的刺激物与一个中性的结果一致地配对时,恐惧反应最终会消失。例如,如果你经常坐过山车,而每次都没有发生不好的事情,你最终会对过山车产生习惯化,不再感到害怕。
  • 暴露作为一种行为实验:暴露也可以理解为一种行为实验,测试客户的负面恐惧预测。通过面对恐惧,客户会学到情境并不危险,他们可以应对情境及其焦虑感。

回避如何维持恐惧

回避是维持恐惧的重要因素。当我们回避引发焦虑的情境时,虽然短期内焦虑会减少,但从长远来看,我们会失去验证负面预测的机会,导致恐惧增加。这种回避形成了一个恶性循环,使恐惧情境越来越多。

案例分析:苏珊娜

苏珊娜的情况表明,她陷入了回避的循环。她对与教师互动感到焦虑,认为其他教师不友好,因此避免社交接触。这种回避不仅使她的焦虑增加,还强化了她的负面预测。通过暴露疗法,苏珊娜可以逐步面对这些恐惧情境,验证她的预测是否准确,从而减少焦虑,改善社交关系。

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解暴露疗法的原理和应用方法。暴露疗法通过渐进、计划性和重复的暴露,帮助客户逐步面对和克服恐惧,从而减少焦虑,提高生活质量。通过具体的计划和实施步骤,你可以有效地帮助客户应对各种焦虑情境。

进一步阐述知识点

安全行为的作用

安全行为不仅是回避的一种形式,也是维持焦虑的重要因素。假安全行为增加了你感到的安全感,但实际上并没有减少情境的危险。例如,如果一个人只有在有人陪伴的情况下才敢坐过山车,那么有同伴在身边只是一个假安全行为,因为它并不能真正减少过山车的危险。

解释安全行为的最佳方式

通过一个幽默的例子可以更好地解释安全行为的概念。在这个例子中,乔治的行为(说“嘘,嘘”)是一种安全行为,因为他始终这样做,所以从未学会即使停止这样做,也不会有斑马出现。这个例子说明了安全行为如何妨碍个体学习到实际情况并不像他们想象的那样危险。

安全行为的分类

安全行为通常分为四类:

  1. 回避:避免某些情境以减少焦虑,如从不在课堂上举手以免显得愚蠢。
  2. 检查、寻求安慰和预演:反复检查或寻求安慰,如反复检查门是否锁好。
  3. 强迫仪式:进行一些强迫性的仪式,如上完厕所后洗手半小时。
  4. 安全信号:携带或放置一些物品以确保安全,如确保手机在口袋里,手指放在紧急按钮上。

安全行为的问题

安全行为不仅会干扰日常生活,有时还会使情况变得更糟。例如,过度洗手会导致皮肤问题,而不断检查头发会使社交互动变得尴尬。这些行为阻碍了个体学会在没有这些行为的情况下应对情境的能力,从而维持了焦虑。

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解安全行为的原理和分类,以及它们如何维持焦虑。通过识别和减少安全行为,可以帮助客户更有效地应对焦虑,提高生活质量。

进一步阐述知识点

安全行为的识别

在暴露疗法期间,客户需要有计划地系统放弃安全行为,以便看到没有这些行为也能应对。识别客户的安全行为是关键步骤之一。客户在描述焦虑时可能会提到他们的安全行为,例如,为了避免飞行的焦虑而喝酒。直接询问客户的安全行为也是一个有效的方法。

识别安全行为的提问

在与客户交流时,可以通过以下问题来识别他们的安全行为:

  • 有哪些事物或情境因为你感到焦虑而避免?
  • 你是否有做一些事情来让自己感觉安全,或为了防备危险,例如携带某些物品或与特定的人在一起?
  • 在你感到焦虑的情境中,你是否有做些什么来让自己感觉舒服?

实际案例:苏珊娜

通过与苏珊娜的对话,我们可以识别她的安全行为:

  • 在必须与同事教师互动的情境中,她会非常努力地说些聪明或有趣的话,并在心里预先排练。
  • 她通常会等到有人问她问题时才说话,以减少自己的发言次数。

安全行为的难点

安全行为与应对行为之间的界限有时很模糊。例如,双重检查测量是好习惯,但过度检查则变成了安全行为。有些安全行为是无害的,但关键在于这些行为是否干扰了客户的正常功能,或是否导致他们回避实际上并不危险的情境。

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解安全行为的原理和识别方法,以及它们如何维持焦虑。通过识别和减少安全行为,可以帮助客户更有效地应对焦虑,提高生活质量。

进一步阐述知识点

暴露疗法的有效性

暴露疗法被认为是治疗恐惧和焦虑障碍最有效的方法之一。它已被成功应用于多种与焦虑相关的障碍,如惊恐障碍、强迫症、社交焦虑障碍、创伤后应激障碍、健康焦虑和特定恐惧症。尽管其效果显著,但并非所有客户都能从中受益,有些客户在成功治疗后恐惧可能会再次出现。研究人员正在探讨哪些因素可以预测谁会响应,以及如何使暴露疗法更有效。

暴露疗法的类型

暴露疗法有三种类型:

  • 现实暴露:直接暴露于实际恐惧的对象。例如,如果你害怕针头,暴露任务将涉及实际的针头。
  • 虚拟暴露:使用互联网或其他媒介模拟你恐惧的经历。例如,对飞行恐惧的暴露通常依赖于虚拟暴露。
  • 想象暴露:客户通过想象来体验情境。当现实暴露或虚拟暴露不可行时,主要使用想象暴露。创伤治疗通常依赖于想象暴露,帮助客户面对他们的创伤记忆。

准备进行暴露

在实际实施暴露之前,需要通过以下步骤准备客户:

  1. 识别客户希望解决的恐惧:确定客户希望解决的具体恐惧。
  2. 帮助客户理解回避如何维持他们的恐惧:解释回避如何维持恐惧的循环。
  3. 解释暴露疗法:向客户详细解释暴露疗法的原理和步骤。
  4. 开发一个恐惧对象或情境的等级列表:帮助客户列出他们恐惧的对象或情境,并按恐惧程度排序。

识别客户希望解决的恐惧

你可以在几乎所有客户通过回避来应对的情境中使用暴露疗法。例如,苏珊娜有社交焦虑,特别是对在新学校与教师和同事互动感到焦虑。以下是你可以用暴露疗法治疗的其他类型的恐惧:

  • 对生物的恐惧:客户可能害怕狗、昆虫或让他们想起伤害他们的人。
  • 对无生命物体的恐惧:许多客户害怕细菌、马桶座圈、血液或针头。
  • 对特定情境的恐惧:客户可能害怕去看牙医、公开演讲、各种社交情境或让他们想起受伤地点的地方。
  • 对特定思想、记忆或图像的恐惧:患有PTSD的客户害怕回忆创伤;患有OCD的客户有特定的思想,他们试图避免。
  • 对特定生理反应的恐惧:客户可能害怕哭泣的感觉、与上厕所相关的身体症状或呕吐。患有惊恐障碍的个体害怕焦虑的身体症状。

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解暴露疗法的有效性、不同类型和准备步骤。通过识别和解决客户的具体恐惧,可以帮助客户更有效地应对焦虑,提高生活质量。

进一步阐述知识点

避免不是解决问题的方法

避免行为虽然在短期内可以减少焦虑,但长期来看会加剧问题。客户需要理解避免的负面影响,才能有动力参与暴露疗法。通过以下问题可以帮助客户认识到避免的后果:

  • 避免对你来说是个问题吗?
  • 如果你不避免这种情况,你的生活会有什么不同?你会做什么不同的事?
  • 为什么停止避免对你很重要?

例如,苏珊娜的治疗师通过探讨避免与同事教师社交接触的后果,帮助她意识到自己感到孤独和孤立。

通过价值观增加动力

将停止避免与客户的个人价值观联系起来,可以增加他们参与暴露任务的动力。例如,对苏珊娜来说,友好并与他人建立良好的关系是她的一个重要价值观。当她看到与同事教师互动与实现她价值观之间的联系时,她停止避免社交接触的动力增强了。

解释暴露疗法

解释暴露疗法时,需要让客户明白以下几点:

  1. 信任:确保客户信任你,不会要求他们做任何不愿意做的事情。
  2. 全面解释:详细解释暴露疗法的过程和目标,传达积极的态度。
  3. 实事求是的态度:解释焦虑是不愉快但不危险的,随着避免减少和面对恐惧,焦虑会减少。
  4. 逐步进行:从最容易的情境开始,逐步过渡到更困难的情境,以适合客户的节奏进行。

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解避免行为的负面影响,如何通过价值观增加客户参与暴露疗法的动力,以及如何向客户解释暴露疗法。通过这些方法,可以帮助客户更有效地应对焦虑,提高生活质量。

进一步阐述知识点

在想象中练习:解释暴露疗法

通过在想象中练习解释暴露疗法,可以帮助你增强自信和技能。在开始练习前,评估你对解释暴露疗法的舒适度,然后想象自己在办公室里向客户解释。注意办公室的环境,感受房间的声音和气味。阅读并想象自己说出建议的措辞,也可以使用自己的措辞。多次练习,每次想象客户都积极响应。练习结束后,再次评估你的舒适度,看看是否有改善。

建立恐惧等级表

恐惧等级表是暴露疗法中的一个重要工具,帮助客户逐步面对和克服恐惧。等级表通常包括一系列从相对容易到非常困难的情境。客户使用主观痛苦单位(SUDS)来评估每个情境的焦虑水平,从0(完全不焦虑)到100(最焦虑)。通过逐步面对这些情境,客户可以逐渐减少焦虑,学会应对恐惧。

实际案例:苏珊娜

苏珊娜的治疗师帮助她建立了关于在学校更多参与社交情境的恐惧等级表。表中包括相对容易、中等难度和非常困难的情境。通过这种方式,苏珊娜可以逐步面对和克服她的社交焦虑。

使用SUDS评分

使用SUDS评分可以帮助客户更准确地评估自己的焦虑水平。SUDS评分为100表示客户曾经经历过的最焦虑状态,0表示完全不焦虑。通过记录每个情境的SUDS评分,客户可以跟踪自己的进步,了解哪些情境更容易处理,哪些情境需要更多的时间和练习。

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解如何在想象中练习解释暴露疗法,如何建立恐惧等级表,以及如何使用SUDS评分帮助客户跟踪和管理焦虑。这些方法可以帮助客户更有效地应对焦虑,提高生活质量。

进一步阐述知识点

开发有效的暴露任务

有效的暴露任务需要满足以下三个标准:

  1. 具体且明确:客户必须清楚任务的具体内容、时间和地点,以及如何衡量任务的成功。例如,“给老板留下好印象的问题”不是一个具体明确的任务,因为不清楚具体做什么、何时何地做。相比之下,“在员工会议上提出一个问题”是一个具体明确的任务。
  2. 指定一个行动:任务应该指定客户要做的具体行动,而不是他会有怎样的感受。例如,“给老板留下好印象的问题”不是指定一个具体的行动,而是关注结果。而“在员工会议上提出一个问题”则指定了一个具体的行动。
  3. 客户可控:任务必须在客户的控制范围内。例如,“给老板留下好印象的问题”不在客户的控制范围内,因为客户无法控制老板的反应。而“在员工会议上提出一个问题”则在客户的控制范围内,因为客户可以决定是否提问。

实际案例:艾登

假设艾登有一个恐惧,即再次使用刀具。我们可以为他建立一个恐惧等级表,从相对容易到非常困难的情境。以下是一个可能的恐惧等级表:

艾登的恐惧等级表

难度级别情境SUDS评分
相对容易看一张刀具的照片20
触摸一把塑料刀具30
触摸一把真实的刀具40
中等难度用一把塑料刀具切蔬菜50
用一把真实的刀具切蔬菜60
非常困难用一把真实的刀具切肉70
用一把真实的刀具做饭80

通过逐步进行这些任务,艾登可以逐渐减少对刀具的恐惧,学会应对和管理自己的焦虑。

使用SUDS评分

使用SUDS评分可以帮助客户更准确地评估每个任务的焦虑水平。SUDS评分为100表示客户曾经经历过的最焦虑状态,0表示完全不焦虑。通过记录每个任务的SUDS评分,客户可以跟踪自己的进步,了解哪些任务更容易处理,哪些任务需要更多的时间和练习。

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解如何开发有效的暴露任务,如何建立恐惧等级表,以及如何使用SUDS评分帮助客户跟踪和管理焦虑。这些方法可以帮助客户更有效地应对焦虑,提高生活质量。

进一步阐述知识点

开发有效的暴露任务

有效的暴露任务需要满足以下三个标准:

  1. 具体且明确:客户必须清楚任务的具体内容、时间和地点,以及如何衡量任务的成功。例如,“每天在大楼电梯前站5分钟”是一个具体明确的任务。
  2. 指定一个行动:任务应该指定客户要做的具体行动,而不是他会有怎样的感受。例如,“查看网上与撞到我的车类似的图片”是一个指定具体行动的任务。
  3. 客户可控:任务必须在客户的控制范围内。例如,“查看网上与撞到我的车类似的图片”在客户的控制范围内。

逐步提升等级

一旦客户完成了等级表上的第一个任务,治疗师和客户会协作开发下一步。通常选择SUDS评分为40或50的任务,有时客户想尝试更高SUDS评分但认为可以完成的任务。传统上,客户对当前任务的焦虑减少50%之前不会提升等级,但最新研究表明这可能不是必要的。治疗师通常会在客户表示准备好并且可以管理下一个任务时提升等级。

使暴露疗法更有效

  1. 频繁且持续的任务:频繁和持续的暴露任务有助于巩固学习体验。例如,连续五天每天三次坐过山车比每周一次连续十五周更有效。
  2. 多样化的任务和多情境:多样化的任务和多情境有助于客户在不同情况下应对恐惧。例如,在多个游乐园坐不同的过山车比反复坐同一辆过山车更有效。
  3. 有意识的暴露:客户在暴露过程中保持专注,避免分散注意力。治疗师可以使用各种技术帮助客户保持专注,例如观察客户的眼睛,确保他们在看引起焦虑的刺激物,并在暴露过程中让他们描述所见,感受脚下的地面,注意任何声音。
  4. 逐步消除安全行为:逐步消除安全行为有助于客户真正面对恐惧。例如,客户在飞行时逐步减少对安全信号的依赖。
  5. 分配会间暴露任务:会间暴露任务作为家庭作业,有助于客户巩固治疗效果。例如,苏珊娜在会间完成向老师问好的任务。

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解如何开发有效的暴露任务,如何逐步提升等级,以及如何使暴露疗法更有效。这些方法可以帮助客户更有效地应对焦虑,提高生活质量。

进一步阐述知识点

识别客户的负面预测

在暴露疗法中,识别客户的负面预测是非常重要的一步。这一步骤可以帮助客户检查他们的预测是否准确,并改变焦虑方程。具体步骤如下:

  1. 将暴露视为行为实验:让客户预测在暴露任务中会发生什么。暴露任务是对这些预测是否准确的测试。
  2. 理解焦虑的构成:焦虑由高估情境的危险或难度、高估情境发生的可能性和低估应对能力组成。
  3. 识别最坏情况的预测:客户通常有“现实”的预测和“最坏情况”的预测。最坏情况的预测可以帮助测试导致焦虑的信念是否准确。
  4. 具体化预测:确保预测足够具体,以便客户可以判断预测的准确性。客户的预测通常涉及感受,尽量具体说明这些感受会导致的行为。
  5. 评估预测的可能性:让客户评估他们的预测发生的可能性,这有助于客户更客观地看待自己的恐惧。

实际案例

假设客户苏珊娜需要在课堂上提问。以下是她可能的预测和评估:

  • 最担心会发生什么:老师会说这是一个愚蠢的问题。 (60% 可能)
  • 最担心的反应:我会紧张得说不出话来。 (95% 可能)

通过这样的预测和评估,苏珊娜可以更清晰地认识到自己的恐惧,并在实际操作中验证这些预测是否准确。

使用问题帮助客户识别预测

以下是一些帮助客户识别预测的问题:

  1. 最担心会发生什么:在暴露任务中,你最担心会发生什么?
  2. 评估可能性:你认为这个预测发生的可能性是多少?
  3. 最担心的反应:在暴露任务中,你最担心自己会如何反应?
  4. 具体化反应:你害怕自己会做什么或出现什么症状?
  5. 评估反应的可能性:你认为这种反应发生的可能性是多少?

通过这些问题,治疗师可以帮助客户更具体地识别和评估他们的预测,从而更好地应对焦虑。

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解如何识别客户的负面预测,如何将暴露视为行为实验,以及如何具体化和评估预测。这些方法可以帮助客户更有效地应对焦虑,提高生活质量。

进一步阐述知识点

识别客户的负面预测

在暴露疗法中,识别客户的负面预测是关键步骤之一。这一步骤帮助客户检查他们的预测是否准确,并改变焦虑方程。具体步骤如下:

  1. 最坏的情况是什么:让客户想象最坏的情况,包括其他人会如何反应。
  2. 最担心的感受:让客户想象最担心的感受,包括可能出现的症状。
  3. 最担心的行为:让客户想象最担心的行为,包括他们会做什么或如何表现。
  4. 具体化预测:确保客户的预测足够具体,以便他们可以评估预测的准确性。客户通常会有图像,帮助他们更具体地描述预测。
  5. 评估预测的可能性:让客户评估他们的预测发生的可能性,这有助于客户更客观地看待自己的恐惧。

监测暴露任务的结果

监测暴露任务的结果非常重要,因为它提供了可用于挑战客户预测的数据。具体步骤如下:

  1. 使用书面工作表:让客户在书面工作表上记录暴露任务的结果和焦虑水平。
  2. 定期监测:如果任务涉及长时间留在某个情境中,或直到焦虑减轻,要求客户每五分钟监测一次焦虑水平。
  3. 记录数据:记录任务开始和结束时的焦虑水平,以便后续分析。

完成暴露后的回顾

完成暴露任务后,回顾客户学到的内容是关键步骤之一。具体步骤如下:

  1. 回顾初始预测的准确性:检查客户的初始预测是否准确。
  2. 评估情境的危险或难度:讨论情境的实际危险或难度。
  3. 评估客户的应对能力:讨论客户应对任务和焦虑的能力。
  4. 观察焦虑的变化:讨论暴露后焦虑的变化。

实际案例:苏珊娜

苏珊娜的治疗师让她想象在走廊里向老师问好时最坏的情况。苏珊娜担心自己会犹豫不决地打招呼,脸会变得通红。她还担心其他老师会不理她,从她身边走过,什么都不说。治疗师记录了她的预测和可能性评分,以便日后参考。

苏珊娜在任务开始和结束时记录了自己的焦虑水平。结果显示,随着时间的推移,她的焦虑水平逐渐降低。在回顾中,治疗师和苏珊娜一起讨论了她的预测是否准确,情境的实际危险或难度,她的应对能力,以及暴露后焦虑的变化。

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解如何识别客户的负面预测,如何监测暴露任务的结果,以及如何完成暴露后的回顾。这些方法可以帮助客户更有效地应对焦虑,提高生活质量。

进一步阐述知识点

识别客户的负面预测

在暴露疗法中,识别客户的负面预测是关键步骤之一。这一步骤帮助客户检查他们的预测是否准确,并改变焦虑方程。具体步骤如下:

  1. 最坏的情况是什么:让客户想象最坏的情况,包括其他人会如何反应。
  2. 最担心的感受:让客户想象最担心的感受,包括可能出现的症状。
  3. 最担心的行为:让客户想象最担心的行为,包括他们会做什么或如何表现。
  4. 具体化预测:确保客户的预测足够具体,以便他们可以评估预测的准确性。客户通常会有图像,帮助他们更具体地描述预测。
  5. 评估预测的可能性:让客户评估他们的预测发生的可能性,这有助于客户更客观地看待自己的恐惧。

监测暴露任务的结果

监测暴露任务的结果非常重要,因为它提供了可用于挑战客户预测的数据。具体步骤如下:

  1. 使用书面工作表:让客户在书面工作表上记录暴露任务的结果和焦虑水平。
  2. 定期监测:如果任务涉及长时间留在某个情境中,或直到焦虑减轻,要求客户每五分钟监测一次焦虑水平。
  3. 记录数据:记录任务开始和结束时的焦虑水平,以便后续分析。

完成暴露后的回顾

完成暴露任务后,回顾客户学到的内容是关键步骤之一。具体步骤如下:

  1. 回顾初始预测的准确性:检查客户的初始预测是否准确。
  2. 评估情境的危险或难度:讨论情境的实际危险或难度。
  3. 评估客户的应对能力:讨论客户应对任务和焦虑的能力。
  4. 观察焦虑的变化:讨论暴露后焦虑的变化。

实际案例:苏珊娜

苏珊娜的治疗师让她想象在走廊里向老师问好时最坏的情况。苏珊娜担心其他老师会不理她,从她身边走过,两位老师会嘲笑她。她还担心自己会感到焦虑,会犹豫不决地打招呼,脸会变得通红。治疗师记录了她的预测和可能性评分,以便日后参考。

苏珊娜在任务开始和结束时记录了自己的焦虑水平。结果显示,其他老师说了你好并微笑,至少有一位老师停下来聊天,没有人嘲笑她。她开始时感到焦虑,但到最后她没事了。她没有犹豫或显得笨拙,脸也没有变红。她的图像是不准确的。

在回顾中,苏珊娜和她的治疗师一起讨论了她的预测是否准确,情境的实际危险或难度,她的应对能力,以及暴露后焦虑的变化。她发现任务并不非常困难,而且变得更容易。她能应对焦虑并完成任务。她做得越多,任务就越容易。

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解如何识别客户的负面预测,如何监测暴露任务的结果,以及如何完成暴露后的回顾。这些方法可以帮助客户更有效地应对焦虑,提高生活质量。

进一步阐述知识点

回顾客户的预测

在暴露疗法中,回顾客户的预测是关键步骤之一。这一步骤帮助客户检查他们的预测是否准确,并改变焦虑方程。具体步骤如下:

  1. 回顾初始预测:让客户回忆他们最初的预测。
  2. 讨论实际发生的情况:让客户描述实际发生的情况。
  3. 引导客户得出结论:通过提问引导客户得出自己的结论。
  4. 强化客户的结论:通过肯定和重复客户的结论来强化这些结论。

强化客户的应对能力

客户在焦虑情境中停留和忍受焦虑的能力是暴露疗法的重要部分。具体步骤如下:

  1. 评估焦虑水平:让客户评估他们在任务开始时的焦虑水平。
  2. 讨论应对能力:让客户描述他们在焦虑情况下是否能够完成任务。
  3. 引导客户反思:通过提问引导客户反思他们在焦虑情况下仍能完成任务的意义。

帮助客户理解暴露的效果

帮助客户理解暴露对焦虑的影响是暴露疗法的关键步骤之一。具体步骤如下:

  1. 讨论焦虑的变化:让客户描述他们在暴露过程中焦虑的变化。
  2. 引导客户得出结论:通过提问引导客户得出关于暴露对焦虑影响的结论。
  3. 强化客户的理解:通过肯定和重复客户的结论来强化这些理解。

实际案例:苏珊娜

苏珊娜的治疗师通过提问引导她得出自己的结论,并通过肯定和重复这些结论来强化她的理解。苏珊娜发现,虽然她在任务开始时感到焦虑,但她仍然能够完成任务。随着任务的进行,她的焦虑逐渐减少,她意识到即使感到焦虑,她仍然可以完成任务。

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解如何回顾客户的预测,如何强化客户的应对能力,以及如何帮助客户理解暴露对焦虑的影响。这些方法可以帮助客户更有效地应对焦虑,提高生活质量。

进一步阐述知识点

巩固客户学到的内容

在暴露疗法中,巩固客户学到的内容是关键步骤之一。这一步骤帮助客户将新知识内化,并在未来的类似情境中应用。具体步骤如下:

  1. 发展更准确的预测:参考客户的原始预测,询问基于暴露任务中发生的情况,什么是更准确的预测。鼓励客户写下新的预测。
  2. 想象排练:使用想象排练来回顾暴露任务的结果和新的预测。这有助于客户在心理上准备未来的情境。
  3. 复习:定期回顾暴露任务的结果和新的预测,以巩固学习成果。

讨论复发预防

暴露治疗的一个常见问题是,恐惧可能会在治疗后再次出现。因此,讨论复发预防非常重要。具体步骤如下:

  1. 类比锻炼:向客户解释,暴露类似于锻炼。即使你每天锻炼并变得非常健康,你也需要继续锻炼才能保持健康。暴露也是如此;你需要不断练习才能使效果持续。
  2. 继续面对恐惧:鼓励客户继续面对他们以前回避的情境,记住焦虑不是回避的理由。
  3. 反复练习:强调客户需要反复练习,以增强应对焦虑的能力。

家庭作业

家庭作业是巩固学习成果的重要手段。具体任务如下:

  1. 识别你自己的安全行为:思考你在焦虑情境中的行为,识别这些行为的后果。
  2. 建立恐惧等级:为你的问题建立一个恐惧等级,选择第一个任务并预测结果。
  3. 将所学应用于你的治疗实践:思考你目前正在合作的一位患有焦虑症的客户,如何将所学应用于他们的治疗中。

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解如何巩固客户学到的内容,如何讨论复发预防,以及如何通过家庭作业巩固学习成果。这些方法可以帮助客户更有效地应对焦虑,提高生活质量。

进一步阐述知识点

识别客户的保护行为

在认知行为疗法中,识别客户的保护行为是关键步骤之一。这一步骤帮助客户意识到他们的行为可能在无意中维持了焦虑。具体步骤如下:

  1. 询问客户:使用评估问题手册中的问题,询问客户是否有回避行为、保护行为或应对策略。
  2. 探讨问题:如果客户有回避行为,询问这些行为在其生活中造成的具体问题。
  3. 解释保护行为:向客户解释保护行为的概念,并探讨这些行为的后果,帮助客户认识到这些行为可能适得其反。

建立恐惧等级

建立恐惧等级是帮助客户逐步面对恐惧的重要工具。具体步骤如下:

  1. 识别情境:与客户一起识别相对容易、中等困难和非常困难的情境。
  2. 确定初步任务:选择一个具体的、客户可以执行的行动,并确保这个任务在客户的控制范围内。
  3. 预测结果:询问客户他认为会发生什么。
  4. 尝试任务:如果准备好了,可以要求客户尝试这个初步任务。
  5. 评估预测:检查客户的预测是否准确,帮助客户认识到他们的恐惧可能被夸大了。

复习要点

通过回答以下问题,回顾和巩固所学的知识点:

  1. 暴露的核心理论:暴露的核心理论是通过反复接触引起焦虑的情境,帮助客户逐渐减少对这些情境的恐惧反应。
  2. 准备进行暴露:在开始暴露前,需要与客户建立信任关系,并确保客户对暴露过程有充分的理解。
  3. 实施暴露的有效因素:有效的暴露任务需要具体、可控,并且逐步增加难度。
  4. 暴露后的回顾:暴露后的回顾非常重要,因为它帮助客户评估他们的预测是否准确,从而改变不合理的恐惧信念。
  5. 复发预防:告诉客户复发预防的重要性,包括继续面对恐惧和反复练习。

个人反思

通过个人反思,巩固所学的知识点,并将其应用到实际工作中:

  • 记住的想法或概念:记录你希望记住的关键概念,以便日后参考。
  • 应用的想法或技能:思考你希望将哪些想法或技能应用到自己的生活中,以提高个人应对焦虑的能力。
  • 与客户尝试的任务:选择一个具体的客户,计划在接下来的一周内尝试一个具体的暴露任务,帮助客户逐步克服恐惧。

通过本章的学习,你可以更好地理解如何识别客户的保护行为,如何建立恐惧等级,以及如何通过复习和反思巩固所学的知识点。这些方法可以帮助客户更有效地应对焦虑,提高生活质量。

CHAPTER 11 Exposure Therapy—Clients Face Their Fears In the previous chapter we covered behavioral activation. Did you have a chance to ask a client to monitor his or her daily activities? What about adding mood-boosting activities to a client’s life, or your own? Did you try graded task assignments to help a client break down an overwhelming task? If you did not have a chance to do the homework, think of a mood-boosting activity you could add to your own life this week. Choose a small, doable activity. Schedule it into your week. Then try it, and notice the effect on your mood. Set the Agenda In this chapter we are going to learn how to use exposure therapy to help your clients face situations they have been avoiding. Agenda Item #1: What is exposure? Agenda Item #2: Prepare to do exposure. Agenda Item #3: Implement exposure. Agenda Item #4: Do postexposure debriefing. Agenda Item #5: Discuss relapse prevention. Work the Agenda As with all interventions, to use exposure effectively, it’s critical to begin with a clear understanding of how and why it works.

Agenda Item #1: What Is Exposure? Exposure therapy is a treatment for anxiety based on gradual, planned, repeated exposure to what we fear, starting with easy situations and progressing to more difficult situations. It is based on the premise that the more we face our fears, the less anxious we become and the more we learn we can cope. I want to start by telling you a story related to exposure from my own life. I am at Disneyland. My kids want to ride the really big roller coaster. We wait in line. I start to get anxious; the roller coaster looks pretty scary. I wonder, Are there lots of accidents? It occurs to me that if planes can crash, roller coasters can also crash. We get to the front of the line, I look at the roller coaster, and I have one of the most intense anxiety reactions of my entire life. I turn to my husband, with panic in my voice, and say, “I am absolutely not going on that thing!” If I do not get on the roller coaster, what will happen to my fear? Next time, will I be more or less likely to go on a roller coaster? How will I feel about my ability to cope with roller coasters? How will I feel about my ability to cope with scary rides generally? I am embarrassed to say, I turned around, made my way back through the long line, and did not go on a roller coaster for many years. If I wanted to get over my fear of roller coasters, what would you suggest? Here is my plan: Start with a really small roller coaster, and ride it a few times until I am com- fortable. Next, try a slightly larger roller coaster. Once I am comfortable with this larger roller coaster, try an even bigger one. Basically, my plan for overcoming my roller coaster anxiety is exposure therapy. Exposure therapy involves identifying the feared object or situation your client is avoiding and making a plan to face the fear. Your client starts exposure with objects or situations that elicit little fear and stays in the situation until either habituation occurs or he learns that he can cope with the situa- tion. Your client then progressively faces situations that elicit more fear. Exposure Therapy Overcome Anxiety = Face Your Fears THE THEORY BEHIND EXPOSURE There are basically two theoretical models that explain exposure: habituation (Foa & Kozak, 1986) and exposure as a behavioral experiment (Clark & Beck, 2010; Craske, Treanor, Conway, Zbozinek, & Vervliet, 2014). My own sense is that both models are accurate and reinforce each other. Habituation is based on the observation that when an anxiety-provoking stimulus is consistently paired with a neutral consequence, the fear response eventually extinguishes. Let’s look at my roller coaster example. The roller coaster is the anxiety-provoking stimulus. I think about riding a roller coaster and I get anxious. If I frequently ride a roller coaster and consistently nothing bad happens, riding the roller coaster becomes paired with a neutral consequence (nothing bad happening). If I ride often enough, I will habituate to the roller coaster and no longer be afraid. In our daily lives, exposure occurs naturally, all the time. Can you remember a situation where you were initially anxious, but as you got used to the situation, your anxiety diminished or disappeared? Maybe it was your first night in a new house, driving on the highway, or jumping off a diving board? By staying in the situation until you were no longer afraid, you were naturally doing exposure therapy. Exposure can also be understood as a behavioral experiment that tests your client’s negative fear predictions (Clark & Beck, 2010; Craske et al., 2014). If you remember, anxiety is about expecting bad things to happen. Anxiety is fueled by your client’s overestimation of the danger of a situation and an underestimation of his ability to cope with both the situation and his feelings of anxiety. Clients often predict that something awful will happen or that their anxiety will become intolerable. For example, I believe that if I go on a roller coaster, there is a good chance that it will fall off the rails (this is an exag- gerated belief in the danger of roller coasters). I also believe that I will become so anxious that I will be unable to stop screaming (this is an exaggerated belief in my inability to cope). The exposure task is an experiment that tests the accuracy of your client’s negative predictions. By facing his fears, your client learns that the situation is not dangerous and that he can cope with both the situation and his feelings of anxiety. Your client will also learn that when feared situations are faced, over time, anxiety diminishes. By the way, I did go on a roller coaster recently; it did not crash, I did scream, and by the end of the ride I actually enjoyed it! HOW AVOIDING MAINTAINS FEARS The key treatment component in exposure is to stop avoiding and to repeatedly confront your fears until you are no longer afraid. When we avoid situations, initially our anxiety decreases as we leave the feared situation. However, in the long term our anxiety increases because when we avoid we never learn that the situation is not dangerous and that we can cope. Over time, the number of situations we fear expands. We are caught in a self-fulfilling cycle. Take a look at Figure 11.1, the Cycle of Avoidance; you can see how avoiding leads to more avoiding and more anxiety and becomes a vicious cycle. Anxiety-Provoking Situation Never tests whether predictions are accurate Prediction: Situation is dangerous; I cannot cope. Consequence: Less contact with anxiety- provoking situations Anxiety Avoid anxiety- provoking situation Figure 11.1. Cycle of avoidance. Can exposure therapy help Suzanne? At this point in therapy, Suzanne is doing better. She has been listening to music on the way to work and arriving in a better mood. She has also started socializing again with her old friends. As her mood has lifted, her relationship with her husband has improved and her mornings with the children have become less difficult. So generally things at home are going better. However, she still dislikes her new school and hardly interacts with the other teachers. Let’s see if expo- sure therapy can help her. First let’s check if the cycle of avoidance applies to Suzanne. Situations that involve interacting with other teachers have become increasingly anxiety provoking for Suzanne. She believes that the other teachers do not want to be her friend and that even if she tried they would not like her (negative predictions). She is coping by avoiding almost all social contact. Since she avoids social contact, she never gets to check whether her negative predictions are accurate. In addition, if Suzanne is avoiding the other teachers, how do you think they react to her? Most likely they leave her alone, which rein- forces her thought that they are unfriendly. Suzanne is caught in a vicious cycle.

Exercise 11.1: Suzanne Avoids the Other Teachers Practice applying the cycle of avoidance. Role of safety behaviors. Anxiety is maintained not only by avoidance, but also by what are called safety behaviors; I think of them as “fake” safety behaviors. Fake safety behaviors increase how safe you feel; they do not actually decrease the danger of the situation. Real safety behaviors, such as wearing a seat belt or looking both ways before crossing the street, do in fact increase your safety. For example, if I was only willing to get on a roller coaster with my daughter, having my daughter with me in the roller coaster is a fake safety behavior—if the roller coaster crashes, will it help if my daughter is with me? The problem with safety behaviors is as long as you use them, you never learn that you can cope without them. The best way I know to explain safety behaviors is to tell you one of my favorite jokes. Harry is walking along the street, when he sees his old friend George. George is shaking his head from side to side saying, “shush, shush.” Harry goes up to George and says, “George, great to see you, but why are you saying, ‘shush, shush’?” George pauses. “I am keeping the zebras away.” Harry is a bit stunned. “But George, there are no zebras in America!” George smiles and says, “See, it works!” So, why have I told you this silly joke? Saying “shush, shush” is George’s safety behavior. Because he always says, “shush, shush,” he never learns that if he stops, there still will be no zebras in America. It can take a while to learn to recognize safety behaviors. They generally fall into four categories (Abramowitz, Deacon, & Whiteside, 2011): Avoidance. Never putting your hand up in class to avoid sounding stupid; avoiding elevators because you fear they will fall. Checking, reassurance seeking, and rehearsal. Repeatedly checking if the door is locked; spend- ing hours searching the Internet for information on every small ache and pain; mentally rehearsing what you say in casual conversations to be sure you do not look silly. Compulsive rituals. Washing your hands for half an hour after you go to the bathroom; needing to check twelve times that the windows are closed before you go to bed. Safety signals (objects you carry or have near you to be sure you are safe, even though the chances of needing them are slight or they could not really help). Having another person or an animal with you; making sure your cell phone is in your pocket with your finger on the emergency button in case you need to call for assistance. The problem with safety behaviors is that they interfere with everyday functioning, and some safety behaviors actually make things worse. For example, a client is worried about germs and washes his hands for half an hour every time he goes to the washroom. This interferes with his ability to get his work and other tasks done, and, if excessive, can cause irritation and skin problems. A client with social anxiety is worried that she looks messy and awkward. While talking to a friend she constantly checks her hair. The constant checking makes her hair look messy, annoys and distracts her friend, and makes the client look awkward.

During exposure therapy, clients give up their safety behaviors in a planned, systematic manner so they can see that it is possible to cope without them. Identify your clients’ safety behaviors. Sometimes when clients describe their anxiety, they include their safety behaviors. For example, when a client of mine described her fear of flying, she mentioned that she always has two or three glasses of wine before getting on the plane, to numb the anxiety. The wine is her safety behavior; she believes she needs it to tolerate the anxiety of flying. You can also ask your clients directly about their safety behaviors. Next time one of your clients is describing her anxiety, try using Questions to Assess Your Client’s Safety Behaviors, available as a handout at http://www.newharbinger.com/38501. •Are there things or situations you avoid because of your anxiety? •Are there things you do to make yourself feel safe, or to be prepared in case of danger, such as carrying things or being with certain people? •Is there anything you do to make yourself feel comfortable in situations where you feel anxious? YOUR TURN! Identify Suzanne’s Safety Behaviors See if you can help Suzanne identify her safety behaviors. Therapist: We’ve been talking about how anxious you feel around the other teachers at work, and generally how hard it’s been for you to make friends. I am wondering if there are things you do to make yourself feel more comfortable when you are with them. Suzanne: Well, I guess I have just been trying to avoid everyone as much as possible. Look at three possible responses below and pick the one that will help Suzanne identify her safety behaviors.

  1. What are some of your thoughts when you feel anxious?
  2. Is there anything you do to make yourself feel more comfortable in situations where you have to interact with the other teachers?
  3. What are some of the worst situations for you, when you feel the most anxious? Response #2 is the best response to help Suzanne identify her safety behaviors. Response #1 would be a good response if you wanted to explore her thoughts, but that is not the task at the moment. Response #3 would be a good question if you were starting to develop a hierarchy of situations, but not for identifying safety behaviors.

Therapist: Is there anything you do to make yourself feel more comfortable in situations where you have to interact with the other teachers? Suzanne: If I really have to interact with them I try very hard to say something smart or funny. I will often rehearse a comment in my mind before saying it. Therapist: Anything else that you do to feel comfortable? Suzanne: Well, I usually wait until someone asks me a question before speaking. That way I don’t have to talk as much. Suzanne identified two safety behaviors. The first is to rehearse in her mind what she will say before speaking. Do you think this will make her more or less fluent as a speaker? More or less anxious? The second safety behavior is waiting to talk until someone asks her a question. Is that likely to make her more or less engaged in the conversation? One of the difficulties with safety behaviors is that there can be a fine line between coping and safety behaviors. For example, before cutting a piece of wood it is good practice to double check your measurements; however, checking six times becomes a safety behavior. Some safety behaviors are benign. For example, if my daughter is happy to come with me on roller coasters, and I will only go on a roller coaster if she is with me, this is a benign safety behavior. The assessment issue is whether the behavior interferes with your client’s functioning or causes her to avoid a situation that is not dangerous in reality.  Exercise 11.2: Maia Was Attacked Practice identifying safety behaviors. IS EXPOSURE EFFECTIVE? The answer is yes; in fact, exposure therapy is considered the most effective treatment we have for fear and anxiety disorders (Clark & Beck, 2010). Exposure has been used effectively for a variety of anxiety-related disorders, including panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social anxiety disorder, PTSD, health anxiety, and specific phobias (Abramowitz et al., 2011; Clark & Beck, 2010). Despite its effectiveness, exposure therapy does not work 100 percent of the time. Some clients do not respond, and for some clients, after successful treatment, fears return. Researchers are exploring factors that predict who will respond and how to make exposure more effective. OVERVIEW OF EXPOSURE THERAPY There are three types of exposure: in vivo, virtual, and imaginal. In vivo exposure involves expo- sure to what you actually fear. For example, if you fear needles, exposure tasks would involve an actual needle. Virtual exposure involves using the Internet, or another medium, to simulate the experience you fear. Often exposure to fear of flying relies on virtual exposure. Imaginal exposure is when your client uses his imagination to experience the situation. It is used primarily when in vivo or virtual exposure is not feasible. Trauma work usually relies on imaginal exposure to help clients face their trauma memories. A word of caution: if your clients have poor impulse control, difficulty controlling their substance use, or suicidal ideation or urges, or if they engage in self-injurious behavior when under stress, it is generally not recommended to use exposure until they are stabilized (Taylor, 2006). Exposure therapy generally occurs in three phases: preparing to do exposure, implementing expo- sure, and debriefing after exposure. Agenda Item #2: Prepare to Do Exposure Before you actually implement exposure, you want to prepare your client by going through the fol- lowing steps:

  1. Identify the fear your client wants to address.
  2. Help your client understand how avoiding maintains his fears.
  3. Explain exposure.
  4. Develop a hierarchy of feared objects or situations. IDENTIFY THE FEAR YOUR CLIENT WANTS TO ADDRESS You can use exposure in almost any situation where your client copes by avoiding. Suzanne was socially anxious, and in particular she was anxious about interacting with other teachers and colleagues at her new school. Below is a list of other types of fears you could treat with exposure. Take a moment to think of your clients and whether any of their fears fit into these categories. •Fear of living creatures: Clients may fear dogs, insects, or human beings who remind them of an individual who hurt them. •Fear of inanimate objects: Many clients fear germs, toilet seats, blood, or needles. •Fear of specific situations: Clients may fear going to the dentist, public speaking, all kinds of social situations, and places that remind them of where they were hurt. •Fear of specific thoughts, memories, or images: Clients with PTSD fear remembering the trauma; clients with OCD have specific thoughts that they try to avoid. •Fear of specific physiological reactions: Clients can fear the sensation of having to cry, the physical symptoms related to going to the bathroom, or vomiting. Individuals with panic dis- order fear the physical symptoms of anxiety.

AVOIDING IS NOT THE SOLUTION Exposure is hard work. Unless clients understand the negative consequences of avoiding, they will not be motivated to engage in exposure. Many clients are so used to avoiding that they minimize the impact on their lives. I find the following questions helpful: •How is avoiding a problem for you? •If you were not avoiding this situation, how would your life be different? What would you be doing differently? •Why is it important to you to stop avoiding? When Suzanne’s therapist explored the consequences of avoiding social contact with the other teachers, Suzanne realized that she was lonely and felt isolated. You can also increase motivation to engage in exposure tasks by linking cessation of avoiding to your client’s values. An important value for Suzanne is being friendly and having good relationships with other people. When Suzanne saw the connection between interacting with the other teachers and acting on her values, her motivation to stop avoiding social contact at school increased. Especially if clients are hesitant to engage in exposure, I examine how the exposure task is related to values that are important to them. EXPLAIN EXPOSURE Exposure involves asking clients to do what they fear most. They need to trust you. I tell my clients that I will not ask them to do anything they do not want to do. I fully explain exposure and communi- cate my optimism. I often say, “This will initially be hard, but I think you will be glad you did it.” I model a matter-of-fact attitude toward anxiety: anxiety is unpleasant but not dangerous. I let my clients know that anxiety will decrease as they avoid less and face their fears. I cannot promise to elimi- nate anxiety, but I can help them learn to cope with their anxiety. Below is how I generally explain exposure to my clients, of course, tailoring the explanation to each client. You can find Explain Exposure to Your Clients at http://www.newharbinger.com/38501. We have been talking about how you avoid situations that make you anxious. We have also talked about how avoiding these situations has not helped and has actually caused you some difficulties. We have also talked about how being able to do the activity you have been avoid- ing is related to some very important values for you. (Only say this if you have been able to make the link to your client’s values.) I think exposure therapy would be a very helpful treatment for you. Exposure therapy involves facing your fears. We will make a list of the situations that make you anxious, starting with situations that are fairly easy and going up to situations that are hard for you. We will start with the easiest and see if together we can help you learn to cope with the situation. Once you have learned to cope with the easiest situation, we will progress to more difficult ones. We will work together and go at whatever pace works for you. How does that sound to you? (I pause to check if my client has any questions.) As you face your fears, you will learn not to be afraid. I want to talk a bit about anxiety. You will feel some anxiety as we do the exposure tasks. But that’s okay; you need to feel some anxiety for exposure to be effective. We’ll go slowly. Also, the more we face what makes us anxious, the less anxious we feel. This means that the more you do the exposure tasks, the less anxious you will feel and the more you will learn to manage your anxiety. YOUR TURN! Practice in Your Imagination: Explain Exposure Therapy I would like you to imagine explaining exposure therapy to a client. Before you start, rate from 1 to 10 how comfortable you feel explaining exposure therapy. At the end of the exercise rate your level of comfort again to see if it changed. Now, let’s start this exercise. Chose a client who you think would benefit from using exposure therapy. Try to get a picture of him or her in your mind. Now, imagine yourself in your office with your client. See your office; notice the sounds and smells in the room. Imagine that you want to explain exposure therapy. Read over the words I suggested while imagining yourself saying them. You can also use your own phrases. Really hear and feel yourself explaining exposure therapy. Imagine explaining exposure therapy two more times with the same client. Each time, imagine that your client responds positively. DEVELOP A FEAR HIERARCHY A fear hierarchy is a list of situations that are increasingly anxiety provoking for your client. Fear hierarchies usually include objects or situations that are either increasingly similar in some way to the feared stimulus or involve physically approaching the feared stimulus. For example, if a client is afraid of spiders, a hierarchy of similar stimuli might include looking at a picture of a spider, touching a plastic spider, looking at a real spider, and finally touching a real spider. If a client was avoiding a street where she had been assaulted, a hierarchy based on physically approaching the feared stimulus might start with standing four blocks away, progressing to standing three blocks away, then two blocks away, and eventually standing on the street where the assault occurred. I ask clients to give me examples of situations they find fairly easy, moderately hard, and very dif- ficult. Here is Suzanne’s list of anxiety-provoking situations related to engaging in more social situa- tions at school. Her therapist asked her to list three situations for each level of difficulty. Fairly easy: •Saying hello to other teachers I pass in the hall when I arrive at school •Saying hello to another teacher on the way to recess •Saying hello to the teacher next to me at assembly

Moderately hard: •Eating in the lunch room and sitting down at a table with the other teachers •Starting a conversation with the teacher next to me at assembly •Asking for help with a school-related task, for example how to use the copier or where a resource is located Very difficult: •Asking another teacher to have lunch with me •Making a comment at a staff meeting •Volunteering to participate in the school play and letting the other teachers know that I have experience When creating fear hierarchies, clients rate the difficulty of the tasks and their anxiety using sub- jective units of distress, or SUDS. A SUDS of 100 is the most anxious your client has ever been, and a 0 is not at all anxious. Using SUDS ratings helps clients keep track of their level of anxiety. You can download an example of a fear hierarchy that I used with a client who was afraid to go into a subway car after an accident. (See Sean’s Fear Hierarchy at http://www.newharbinger.com/38501.)  Exercise 11.3: Aiden Uses a Knife Again Practice developing a fear hierarchy. Video 11.1: Develop a Fear Hierarchy Agenda Item #3: Implement Exposure You are now ready to start doing exposure. This phase involves developing effective exposure tasks, identifying your client’s negative predictions, and actually doing exposure. DEVELOP EFFECTIVE EXPOSURE TASKS Exposure tasks should be sufficiently easy to ensure success, but sufficiently difficult that your client learns that exposure works. I usually start with a task that has a SUDS rating of around 30 to 40.

There are three criteria for good exposure tasks:

  1. The task is sufficiently specific and concrete that it is clear to your client what he will do as well as when and where he will do the task, and he will be able to measure whether he was successful.
  2. The task specifies an action your client will do, and not how he will feel.
  3. The task is under your client’s control. Let’s look at a couple of tasks and see if they meet these criteria. TaskSpecific and Concrete?Action the In Client’s Client Can Do? Control? Conclusion: Is This an Effective Task? Impress my boss with a good questionNo, not clear what he will do, when or whereNo, not clear what he will doNo, can’t control No whether your BETTER TASK: boss will be Ask one question impressed at staff meeting. Walk in the area where I was assaultedNot sufficiently specific. Where will client walk? For how long?Yes, client can walkYes, in client’s control No BETTER TASK: Walk for fifteen minutes, three blocks from where the assault took place.

YOUR TURN! Develop Effective Exposure Tasks Look at the two exposure tasks below and decide whether they are (1) sufficiently specific, (2) an action that the client can do, and (3) under the client’s control. If you do not think they are good tasks, develop a better task. You can find my answers in the appendix. Task Specific and Concrete? Action the In Client’s Client Can Do? Control? Conclusion: Is This an Effective Task? Stand in front of the elevator in my building for 5 minutes every day Look at photos on the Internet of cars similar to the one that hit me FIRST EXPOSURE TASK If possible, either conduct the first exposure task with your client in your office or go with your client to the situation he fears; that way, you can be sure that your client understands the process and you are there for support. In my many years of doing exposure, I have played with plastic spiders and plastic knives; stood in front of elevators, subways, and streetcars; and looked at photos of cars, knives, and vomit. The Internet is fabulous for exposure therapy—you can find photos and videos of almost anything! For her first exposure task, Suzanne suggested starting with saying hello to teachers she passed in the hall on the way to class in the morning. Her SUDS rating was a 40. The task is specific and involves an action that Suzanne will do. However, her therapist thought the task was not sufficiently specific, and it would be hard to measure whether she was successful. They decided she would say hello to at least three teachers, five days a week in the morning on the way to class.

MOVE UP THE HIERARCHY Once a client has accomplished the first task on the hierarchy, we develop the next step collabora- tively. I ask my client what would be a good next task. Generally I aim for tasks with SUDS of 40 or 50, though sometimes clients want to try a task with a higher SUDS rating that they feel is doable. Traditionally, you would not move up the hierarchy until your client’s anxiety in response to the present task had decreased by 50 percent. However, recent research (Craske et al., 2014) suggests that this may not be necessary. I usually move up the hierarchy when my client indicates he is ready and can manage the next task. MAKE EXPOSURE EFFECTIVE There are some specific factors that can help make exposure tasks more effective. Tasks should be frequent and prolonged. Do you think it would be more effective for me to ride a roller coaster three times a day for five days in a row or once a week for fifteen weeks? Probably three times a day for five days. What about a two-minute ride or a fifteen-minute ride? It is important to repeat the exposure task a number of times to consolidate the learning experience. Tasks should be varied and done in multiple contexts. Do you think I should ride one roller coaster at one amusement park over and over, or a variety of roller coasters in a variety of amusement parks? Various roller coasters in various amusement parks will be more effective. Exposure should be mindful. Clients often distract themselves during exposure to avoid really facing their fears. When a client is mindful, he is present in the moment (Teasdale, Williams, & Segal, 2014). Many of my clients say mantras, space out, close their eyes, or pretend they are not there. I use various grounding techniques to help clients stay present (Dobson & Josefowitz, 2015). For example, I watch my client’s eyes to make sure he is looking at the anxiety-provoking stimuli, and during exposure I ask him to label what he sees, to feel the ground beneath his feet, and to notice any sounds. I also ask my client to notice and label his feelings or thoughts without needing to change the thoughts or the physi- cal sensations. Safety behaviors should be eliminated gradually over the course of exposure therapy. Eliminating safety behaviors is part of the fear hierarchy (Rachman, Shafran, Radomsky, & Zysk, 2011). For example, a client kept a clonazepam in his pants pocket as a safety signal whenever he had to fly. As he became more comfortable with flying, he moved the clonazepam to a bag at his feet, then to a bag in the over- head compartment, and finally, he flew without the clonazepam. For my roller coaster exposure, I would start with riding roller coasters with my daughter (being with my daughter is my safety behavior) and then go on them by myself. Between-session exposure tasks should be assigned. It may not be possible to conduct the exposure tasks with your client, as the anxiety-provoking stimuli may not be easily accessible. This occurred in Suzanne’s case, where the exposure task involved behavior that would take place at school. A lot of exposure work is done between sessions, as homework. If we completed an exposure task during therapy, my client’s homework is usually to do the same task on his own. This enables the client to consolidate the work we did together.

Video 11.2: Exposure Therapy IDENTIFY YOUR CLIENT’S NEGATIVE PREDICTIONS Remember that you can think of exposure as a behavioral experiment. This means you ask your client to predict what will happen during the exposure task. The exposure task is a test to see if the prediction was accurate (Craske et al., 2014). Remember, in chapter 6 we defined anxiety as expecting bad things to happen and we used the following equation to understand anxiety. Anxiety = Overestimate Danger or difficulty of situation + Overestimate Likelihood of situation occurring + Underestimate Your ability to cope Figure 11.2. Understand anxiety. I want clients to predict what will occur and how they will react so that we can examine the accu- racy of their predictions and change the anxiety equation. Clients often have “realistic” predictions and “worst-case” predictions. I ask for worst-case predic- tions because I want to test whether the belief that is driving the anxiety is accurate. I look for two types of predictions: first, what is my client’s worst fear, or what is he most worried will occur? I then ask my client to rate the likelihood of his prediction occurring. Second, I ask my client to predict his worst fear about how he will react—about how he will feel, about the symptoms of these feelings, and about what he will do. I then ask him to rate the likelihood of this occurring. It is important that the predictions are sufficiently concrete that your client can judge the accuracy of his predictions. Often a client’s prediction involves how he or other people will feel. Try to specify the behaviors your client predicts will happen as a consequence of the feelings; predictions that are behaviors are easier to assess than predictions that involve feelings. For example, if a client predicts he will be anxious, ask what he is afraid he will do because of his anxiety, or what symptoms he is afraid he will have. For example, is he afraid he will talk too quickly, or blush, or have a crushing feeling in his chest? If a client predicts that a friend will be bored, ask how he will know that the friend is bored.

Below are some examples of predictions. Exposure TaskWhat are you most worried will How am I most worried I will occur? (Likelihood 0–100%) react? (Likelihood 0–100%) Stand in the subway station and watch a trainSomeone will throw himself on the track and get killed. (80% likely)Look at a drawing of a cockroach for 15 minutesI will find it too difficult to do. (50% I will be so anxious that I will run likely) out of the room screaming or faint. (40% likely) Ask a question in classThe teacher will say it is a stupid question. (60% likely)I will freeze and stumble on my words. (95% likely) Ask a friend to go to the moviesMy friend will not want to go. (90% likely)If my friend says no, I will be quiet on the phone and stay home feeling depressed the rest of the day. (90% likely) I will be so anxious that I will lose control and throw myself on the track. (50% likely) If we do go out, I will have nothing to say and will be quiet the whole evening. (80% likely) Below are some questions to help your clients identify their predictions. You can download Questions to Identify Your Client’s Predictions During Exposure at http://www.newharbinger.com /38501. I start with saying, “When you think of doing the exposure task,” •What is your worst-case scenario? •What is your worst fear about what will happen, including how other people will react? •What is your worst fear about how you will feel, including your worst fear of the symptoms you will have? •What is your worst fear about what you will do or how you will behave? •What do you imagine will happen? Do you see it happening? (Clients often have images of what will occur during the exposure task.) Suzanne’s therapist asked her what was the worst that could happen if she said hello to the teachers in the hall. Suzanne responded that she would be anxious and rated her anxiety a 5 out of 10. Her worst-case scenario was that she would say hello in a hesitant and awkward manner and her face would turn bright red. She rated the likelihood of being hesitant at 75 percent and turning bright red at 45 percent. Suzanne’s therapist then asked for her worst-case scenario of how she expected the other teachers to react. Suzanne responded that the other teachers will “ignore me and walk past me without saying anything.” She had a clear image of two teachers in particular smirking at her. Suzanne now has a concrete prediction that she can assess. Suzanne’s therapist wrote down her worst-case predictions and her likelihood ratings so that they had a record to refer back to. In exposure therapy you do not verbally challenge your client’s predictions, no matter how far- fetched they may seem. You write them down and use the exposure task as an experiment to test whether the prediction is accurate. Agenda Item #4: Do Postexposure Debriefing Once your client has completed the exposure task, you want to discuss what he learned. MONITOR OUTCOME OF EXPOSURE TASKS It is helpful if your client can monitor, on a written worksheet, the outcome of his exposure task and his anxiety level. This provides data that can be used to challenge his predictions. I ask clients to monitor their anxiety every five minutes if the task involves staying in a situation for a prolonged period of time, or until their anxiety decreases. In Suzanne’s case, she recorded her anxiety at the beginning and the end of the task. Below is Suzanne’s monitoring worksheet. Task: Say hello to three teachers a day on the way to class in the morning. Number of Teachers Said Hello To Anxiety (SUDS) Start of TaskEnd of Task Monday34040 Tuesday34035 Wednesday43025 Thursday52010 Friday51010

COMPLETE THE POSTEXPOSURE DEBRIEFING The next step is to debrief or explore what your clients learned from the exposure task. I use the anxiety equation we looked at earlier as the conceptual model that guides my debriefing. You want to review: •The accuracy of your client’s initial predictions •The danger or difficulty of the situation •Your client’s ability to cope with the task and with his anxiety •What happens to anxiety with exposure In debriefing, you are gathering evidence and looking for facts that will enable your client to evalu- ate the accuracy of his prediction. I usually use the Are My Predictions Accurate? worksheet, which you can download at http://www.newharbinger.com/38501. Let’s look at how Suzanne and her therapist completed the worksheet. Are My Predictions Accur ate? Exposure TaskYour Predictions (Likelihood of Happening: 0–100)Gather DataWhat Did You Learn? Specific?1. Worst that could happen?1. What occurred?1. Was my prediction accurate? (Yes or No) Action you will do? Under your control? 2. Worst I could feel? 3. Worst behavior I could do? 4. Images of what will happen? 2. How did I feel? 3. How did I behave? 4. Was my image accurate? 2. How dangerous or difficult was the task? 3. Could I cope with the task and my anxiety? 4. What happened to my anxiety with exposure?

Say hello to three 1. Other teachers will 1. Other teachers said teachers in hallway ignore me, walk past hello and smiled. on the way to me, and two At least one teacher class, five days a teachers will smirk a day stopped and week. (90% likely). chatted. No one smirked. 2. I will be anxious (8/10). 2. I felt anxious in the beginning, but by 3. I will say hello in the end I was fine. a hesitant and awkward manner 3. I was not hesitant or (75% likely) and my awkward and my face will get bright face was not red. red (45%). 4. My image was not 4. Clear image of accurate. teacher smirking

  1. No
  2. The task was not very difficult, and became easier.
  3. I could cope with my anxiety and still do the task.
  4. The more I did the task, the easier it became. You will use the data you collected to debrief and assess whether your client’s predictions were accurate. I explore both my clients’ ability to stay in the anxiety-provoking situation and their ability to tolerate anxiety. Anxious clients often use their anxiety as a sign that they need to avoid the situation. I want my clients to learn that they don’t need to listen to their anxiety but rather can make decisions about how they want to behave. You also want to reinforce that anxiety will decrease with exposure. Let’s look at how we might debrief with Suzanne. Notice how her therapist helps Suzanne reach her own conclusions and then reinforces the conclusions. Was Suzanne’s prediction accurate in relation to the danger or difficulty of the situation? Therapist:Do you remember what you predicted would occur if you went up to teachers and said hello? Suzanne:Yes, I predicted that they would ignore me, and two teachers would smirk. Therapist:And what occurred? Suzanne:Almost all of them smiled and said hello back. Therapist:Hmmm, what do you make of that? The therapist is asking Suzanne to reach her own conclusions. Suzanne:I guess my prediction was wrong; people were friendly. Therapist:(smiling) Can you say that again? The therapist is reinforcing Suzanne’s conclusions by asking Suzanne to repeat her conclusion. Suzanne:(laughing slightly) People were friendly. Therapist:I think that is a very important observation. Was Suzanne able to cope with the task and her anxiety? Therapist:When you started the task, on the first day, where was your anxiety? Suzanne:It was at a 40. Therapist:And were you still able to say hello to the other teachers and accomplish the task? Suzanne:Yes, I was. Therapist:The fact that you were able to say hello to teachers even though you were anxious, what does that tell you about needing to avoid if you are anxious? Suzanne:I guess I can still do things, even if I am anxious. It seems that just because I am anxious, I don’t have to avoid. YOUR TURN! Continue Debriefing with Suzanne Try using what you’ve learned to help Suzanne understand the effects of exposure on her anxiety. Therapist: I’m curious what happened to your anxiety over the course of the week as you said hello to the other teachers. Suzanne: Well, it got easier and easier, and my anxiety went down. Look at the three responses below. How could you help Suzanne reach her own conclusions about the effect of exposure on anxiety?
  5. I think that’s great. This is exactly what we would expect from exposure therapy. The more you do a task, the easier it will be and the less anxious you will be.
  6. Given that your anxiety went down, what did you learn about what happens to anxiety when you do exposure?
  7. What helped you confront the task? Response #2 is the best response to help Suzanne reach her own conclusions. Response #1 would be a good response after Suzanne had reached her own conclusions in order to reinforce them. Response #3 would be a good question if you wanted to understand how Suzanne had motivated herself.

CONSOLIDATE WHAT YOUR CLIENT LEARNED After you have debriefed the exposure task, you want to help your client consolidate what he learned. I use three approaches: developing a more accurate prediction, imaginal rehearsal, and review. To develop a more accurate prediction, I refer to my client’s original prediction and then ask what would be a more accurate prediction, given what occurred during the exposure task. I encourage my client to write down his new prediction. Next I use imaginal rehearsal to review the outcome of the exposure task and the new prediction. In Suzanne’s case her new prediction was that the teachers would be friendly when she said hello. Her therapist asked her to create an image and see the various teachers smiling at her and saying hello. Her therapist then asked Suzanne to review this memory three times a day as part of her homework. Video 11.3: Debrief After Exposure Agenda Item #5: Discuss Relapse Prevention One of the difficulties with exposure treatment is that fears can return after treatment (Craske & Mystkowski, 2006). I explain to clients that exposure is similar to exercise. Even if you exercise every day and get into really good shape, you have to keep exercising or you will not stay in shape. Exposure is similar; you have to keep practicing for the benefits to last. At the end of therapy, I explain the prin- ciples of relapse prevention: •Continue to face situations you previously avoided. Remember: anxiety is not a reason to avoid. •The more you face your fears, the easier it becomes. Remember: anxiety is normal and expo- sure works. Homework: Practice CBT Before continuing with the next chapter, take some time to try the homework. Apply What You Learned to a Clinical Example Complete the following exercises.  Exercise 11.1: Suzanne Avoids the Other Teachers Exercise 11.2: Maia Was Attacked Exercise 11.3: Aiden Uses a Knife Again

Apply What You Learned to Your Own Life After you have completed the homework assignments below, pause and take a moment to think about what you learned about yourself. Then, think about the implications of your experience with these exercises for your therapy with clients. Homework Assignment #1 Identify Your Own Safety Behaviors Think of a situation in the past month where you were anxious. What did you do to make yourself more comfortable? For example, did you carry an object or be with a certain person? Did any of your strate- gies involve avoidance, checking, reassurance and rehearsal, compulsive rituals, or safety signals? What was the consequence of your safety behavior? Homework Assignment #2 Develop a Fear Hierarchy Try to think of any situations that you have been avoiding. It could be a social situation or a specific fear.

  1. Develop a fear hierarchy for your problem. Think of situations that are fairly easy, moderately hard, and very difficult.
  2. Choose a first task; make sure it is concrete, an action that you can perform, and in your control.
  3. Make a prediction of what will occur if you do the first task.
  4. Now, it is up to you to try the task. Apply What You Learned to Your Therapy Practice For this next assignment, think of a client whom you are currently working with and who suffers from anxiety.

Homework Assignment #3 Identify Your Client’s Safety Behaviors Once you have chosen a client, complete the following steps.

  1. Ask one or two questions from the handout Questions to Assess Your Client’s Safety Behaviors. • Are there things or situations you avoid because of your anxiety? • Are there things you do to make yourself feel safe or to be prepared in case of danger, such as carry things or be with certain people? • Is there anything you do to make yourself feel comfortable in situations where you feel anxious?
  2. If your client is avoiding, ask how avoiding is a problem in his life.
  3. Once you have identified your client’s safety behavior, explain safety behaviors and explore the consequences of the client’s safety behavior. Homework Assignment #4 Develop a Fear Hierarchy Think of a client who is avoiding and who you think would benefit from facing his or her fears.
  4. Develop a fear hierarchy with this client. Identify situations that are fairly easy, moderately hard, and very difficult.
  5. Identify a first exposure task. Make sure it is concrete, an action your client will take, and under his or her control.
  6. Ask your client to predict what he or she thinks will occur.
  7. Steps 1 through 3 may be enough for your first experience with developing a hierarchy. However, if you feel you are ready, and it would be helpful to your client, ask your client to try this first task.
  8. Check whether your client’s predictions were accurate.

Let’s Review Answer the questions under each agenda item. Agenda Item #1: What is exposure? • What is the central theory of exposure? Agenda Item #2: Prepare to do exposure. • What two things do you want to do before you start exposure? Agenda Item #3: Implement exposure. • What are three factors that make for an effective exposure task? Agenda Item #4: Do postexposure debriefing. • Why is it important to have a postexposure debriefing? Agenda Item #5: Discuss relapse prevention. • What are two important things to tell your clients about relapse prevention? What Was Important to You? What idea(s) or concept(s) would you like to remember? What idea(s) or skill(s) would you like to apply to your own life? What would you like to try this coming week with a client? (Choose a specific client.)