第四章:情绪冲浪
第4章 情绪冲浪
一旦来访学会了观察和接受他们的情绪体验,他们就准备好了解情绪的生命周期以及下一个EET技能:情绪冲浪。您将教会您的来访如何冲浪他们的情绪,作为一种替代三种不适应反应的方法,这些反应会助长并加剧情绪波:情绪回避、反刍思维和情绪驱动的行为。
使用情绪波的比喻,来访将学会驾驭他们的情绪波,直到它们消散。这个波浪的比喻对许多来访来说很有效,因为它是一个易于理解的视觉形象。解释说,从一个单一触发点产生的情绪通常是短暂的(Ekman, 1994)。就像波浪一样,情绪出现时有一个急剧上升的前沿,然后达到顶峰,逐渐下降——有一个长长的、下降的尾端。
EET技能目标:
- 观察 + 接受 + 情绪冲浪
所有的情绪都以这种波浪效应的形式出现、达到顶峰,然后逐渐减弱。经常使用这个比喻,并向来访保证,他们可以学会驾驭或冲浪这些情绪波,而不是被卷入其中。情绪冲浪就像身体冲浪,一个人可以变得熟练地在波浪的前沿升起,在那里停留一段时间,最后滑过波峰到达相对平静的后坡。
情绪冲浪涉及类似的一套技能,需要五个关键能力:
- 观察并接受即将来临的情绪波。
- 定位自己在情绪波上的位置。(来访是在上升边缘、顶峰还是在减弱的后坡?您可以使用主观痛苦单位量表[SUDS],范围从0到10,来帮助来访在冲浪时校准波的强度。)
- 注意并观察思想而不与其融合。
- 注意任何逃避情绪的愿望,并继续观察它而不是参与情绪回避。
- 注意任何冲动或行动的欲望,并看到选择的时刻(而不是参与情绪驱动的行为)。
我们将在接下来的章节中介绍如何教授情绪冲浪。但首先,您需要准备好回答每个来访都会问的问题:“如果我的情绪只是会过去的波浪,为什么它们似乎永远持续?”这个问题很重要,因为来访经常感到负面情绪是压倒性的且无休止的。他们觉得自己被情绪控制,几乎没有选择情绪持续时间和强度的余地。
情绪回避如何保持情绪高强度
正常的情绪波动模式会被三种不适应的应对策略打断和延长。第一种是情绪回避。重要的是让来访意识到试图控制和避免情绪实际上会维持甚至加剧情绪困扰。
努力抑制痛苦的情绪体验可以采取多种形式(情境性、认知性、躯体性、保护性和替代性回避),但结果总是相同的:增加痛苦。
以下手册描述了情绪回避的形式及其可能的一些负面后果。
情绪回避的后果
至少有五种类型的情绪回避被认为是许多情绪问题的根本原因:
- 情境性:人、地点、事物和活动
- 认知性:思想、图像和记忆
- 躯体性:如心跳加速、心悸、呼吸急促、过热、疲劳或不想要的性唤起等内部感觉
- 保护性:通过检查、清洁、完美主义、拖延或寻求安慰来避免不确定性
- 替代性:用替代情绪、麻木、酒精、药物、暴食或赌博来避免痛苦情绪
为什么不继续回避呢?因为情绪回避的后果通常比我们试图避免的经历更糟糕。
情绪回避的后果
- 由于痛苦、不适和焦虑是生活中不可避免的部分,情绪回避通常只是一种暂时且表面的“解决方法”。
- 情绪回避强化了痛苦/不适/焦虑是“坏的”或“危险的”这一观念。它降低了你面对和容忍必要痛苦的能力。
- 情绪回避往往需要努力和精力。它是令人疲惫且耗时的。
- 情绪回避限制了你充分体验当下的能力。
- 情绪回避可能会阻碍你朝着重要的、有价值的生活方面前进。
- 情绪回避往往不起作用。当你告诉自己不要去想某件事时,你实际上不得不去想“不去想它”。当你试图避免一种情绪时,你最终往往会感受到这种情绪。
- 情绪回避常常导致痛苦:成瘾、无助感、绝望、抑郁、受损的人际关系以及错失的机会。
通过允许自己体验恐惧——以及困难的想法、感受、感觉和冲动——你可以学会减少自己的痛苦。
为了帮助来访探索情绪回避如何影响他们的生活,让他们识别一到两种经常出现的强烈情绪。然后检查他们通常使用哪些策略来避免这些情绪体验:
- 情境性:避免人、地点或事物
- 认知性:避免思想、图像或记忆
- 躯体性:避免不愉快的身体感觉
- 保护性:通过频繁检查、拖延或寻求保证来避免不确定性
- 替代性:通过麻木、抑制、成瘾行为或替代情绪(例如,用愤怒代替羞耻)来避免
一旦确定并列出了针对特定情绪常用的回避策略,帮助来访检查其后果(参见《情绪回避后果工作表》)。
回避会有优势(优点)。务必承认并列出这些优点。通常这些优点是即时的(短暂的情绪抑制)且短期的,但它们是真实的。重要的是要验证情绪回避通常会带来短暂的积极效果。
现在检查回避的劣势(缺点)。来访因回避策略而承受了哪些负面结果?是否有增加焦虑、抑郁或羞耻的成本?是否有感到停滞不前、人际关系受损或成瘾的成本?
最后,确定体验这种特定情绪的优势和劣势。在以下《情绪回避后果工作表》中记录所有的优缺点。
情绪回避后果工作表
情绪 | 回避的优点 | 回避的缺点 | 体验的缺点 | 体验的优点 |
---|---|---|---|---|
治疗师-来访对话示例:探索羞耻情绪的回避
治疗师:让我们来看看你可能在哪些方面回避了羞耻感。有没有特定的情境——比如某些人、地方或活动——会让你因为感到羞耻而避免?
来访:有几个最近非常成功的朋友。还有健身房,因为我对自己的体重增加感到羞愧。
治疗师:有没有一些想法是你试图回避的——那些会触发羞耻感的想法?
来访:我不愿意和女朋友谈论我的工作,因为这份工作很糟糕,我觉得自己是个失败者。
治疗师:所以想到或谈论你的工作是很困难的。这可能听起来像是个奇怪的问题,但我想知道,是否有任何与羞耻相关的身体感觉是你试图回避的?
来访:当我感到尴尬时,我会有一种热浪涌上脸的感觉。这很奇怪,它会在随机的时候发生,特别是当有人问我关于自己的问题,而答案让我感到脆弱时。
治疗师:还记得我们谈到的保护性回避吗——比如检查、寻求安慰等?这些行为是否也出现在你感到羞耻的时候?
来访:我现在就感到羞耻。我总是问我的女朋友我说的话或做的事情是否合适。我担心她会被吓跑。
治疗师:你现在感到的羞耻感——你在某种程度上试图回避它吗?
来访:我现在感到愤怒。
治疗师:这是……?
来访:我知道。替代性回避。
治疗师:[现在,在探讨了一些来访的回避策略后,治疗师可以开始使用《情绪回避后果工作表》。] 如果你不介意的话,我想看看回避对你有哪些影响。这张工作表可以帮助我们探讨回避的一些好处——确实有一些好处——以及不好的方面。让我们从试图回避羞耻感的好处开始。
来访:我想在那一刻我会感觉好一些。不那么尴尬。
治疗师:我们把这个写下来……还有其他什么吗?
来访:我可以暂时推迟对自己不好的感觉。迟早它们还是会回来,但我可以得到片刻的喘息。
治疗师:明白了。那么,回避朋友、不去健身房、不和女朋友谈论工作,这些回避行为有什么坏处呢?
来访:因为我不去健身房,我变得越来越胖。有时候我会感到孤独,想念我的朋友。而且,由于我不能和女朋友谈论真正困扰我的事情,我也觉得和她有些疏 远。
治疗师:好的——我在记下来——你感到更加孤独,这对你的健康和体能也有影响。那么,为了回避那种热浪的感觉而不谈论自己,或者通过寻求安慰和用愤怒代替羞耻,这些行为有没有什么后果?
来访:我的女朋友对这一切非常生气。当我问她事情是否没问题时,她会很生气,但我还是不停地问。她甚至威胁说要因为我用愤怒来替代羞耻而离开我。
治疗师:所以回避有很多负面的影响。那么,当羞耻感出现时,体验这种情绪有什么坏处呢?
来访:[苦笑] 只有痛苦。我认为这是一个缺点。
治疗师:当然——尴尬带来的痛苦。那么,体验羞耻感有什么好处呢?
来访:嗯,我就不会有你列出的所有这些问题。孤独感、和女朋友的问题、变胖。说实话,如果我不再做那些用来回避的事情,我想我会少些抑郁,更快乐一些。
反刍思维如何保持情绪的高强度
反刍思维是一种不适应的应对策略,用于处理困难的情绪。就像情绪回避一样,反刍思维会使情绪痛苦加剧并延长。当我们允许和面对情绪——而不是通过反刍思维过程——情感事件是短暂且相对不那么痛苦的。
反刍思维的三种主要形式是:
- 评判:对自己进行评判是为了修复或完善自己的缺陷。但长期的结果是更深层次的缺陷感和慢性抑郁。对他人的评判可以暂时缓解缺陷感,但会导致慢性愤怒和人际关系受损。
- 预测:对未来灾难性的预测提供了一种临时的希望,认为可以通过计划来避免不良结果。但这是一条通往慢性焦虑的道路,因为可怕的预测会产生一种持续的威胁感。
- 解释:如果一个人能够回答“为什么会发生这种情况?”这个问题,它提供了控制痛苦经历的希望。如果能找到原因,也许问题可以被预防或管理。但“为什么”的问题往往没有答案,导致深深的无助感。或者答案是一个个人缺陷——坏事是因为自己的过错发生的。在每种情况下,结果都是加深了抑郁。
来访需要了解,反刍思维——思考已经发生或将要发生的坏事——会加剧情绪。反刍思维延长了情绪痛苦的波浪,使人们停留在顶峰,阻止自然的习惯化过程,从而使波浪无法消退。 反刍思维在维持负面情绪中起着关键作用,因此来访学习如何标记和放下思想至关重要。观察思想(参见第3章附录C及在线材料中的《正念接纳 | 观察 + 接受》手册)促进了不陷入无尽内容循环的观察技能。在本章后面的部分,我们将介绍情绪暴露(称为情绪冲浪),其中这种“标记和放下”思想再次作为关键组成部分出现。
您可以使用以下关于反刍思维的手册与您的来访讨论其在持续痛苦中的作用。
反刍思维
反刍思维是指反复思考某件事直到它变得痛苦。像情绪回避一样,反刍思维的目的是减少情绪困扰。但矛盾的是,反刍思维会让你停留在情绪波的顶峰。具体如下:
- 评判性思维可以集中在自己或他人身上。当你评判自己时,希望是修复或完善你的缺陷。但最终的结果是更深层次的缺陷感和慢性抑郁。评判他人可以给你短期的解脱,从感到缺陷或无助的感觉中摆脱出来。但它们会导致慢性愤怒和人际关系受损。
- 预测性思维帮助你展望未来。灾难性的预测可能会给你带来暂时的希望,认为你可以计划并避免不良结果。但对未来负面事件的不断预想会产生慢性焦虑——因为可怕的预测会产生一种持续的威胁感。
- 解释性思维提供希望,认为痛苦的经历可以被控制。这些思维回答了“为什么会发生这种情况?”的问题。如果你能找到一个痛苦事件的原因,也许它可以被预防或管理。但“为什么”的问题往往没有答案,导致无助感。或者答案是一个个人缺陷——坏事是因为自己的过错发生的——这会加剧你的情绪。
反刍思维——尽管我们希望通过修复、解决和控制事情——最终会助长情绪痛苦。它让我们停留在情绪波的顶峰,处于慢性焦虑、悲伤或愤怒的状态。
很快你将学会如何标记和放下思想——这将极大地帮助减少反刍思维和痛苦思想的影响。
情绪驱动行为如何加剧情绪
第三个延长情绪波的因素是情绪驱动行为。每种情绪都有一种冲动。愤怒推动我们走向攻击,焦虑推动我们逃避,而悲伤则推动我们退缩和重新评估。这些硬连线的反应是我们生存编程的一部分;它们在危机情况下有所帮助。但如果习惯性地使用,情绪驱动行为会有相反的效果,使情绪变得更糟。数据表明:攻击加剧愤怒(McKay, Rogers, & McKay, 2003),逃避导致焦虑障碍(Allen, McHugh, & Barlow, 2008),而退缩是抑郁症的主要驱动因素(Zettel, 2007)。
来访需要学习的基本真理:行动于冲动会加强情绪
来访需要了解这一基本真理:根据冲动行事会加强情绪。无论这种情绪驱动行为感觉多么正确或自然,无论感知到的紧迫性如何,它只会让来访停留在情绪波的顶峰。相反,来访可以注意到冲动,并在那一刻做出选择,要么按照冲动行事,要么选择冲浪情绪波,观察它直到情绪消散。
治疗师-来访对话示例:如何讨论情绪驱动行为
治疗师:当羞耻感出现时,它会让你想做什么?我这里指的是具体的行为。
来访:退缩,躲藏。
治疗师:好的,我们来看看这会导致什么。发生了一些令人尴尬的事情。那种感觉推动你去躲藏。接下来,你会有什么样的情绪反应?你已经远离了人们,不让任何人看到你……接下来你会感到什么?
来访:孤独。愚蠢。感觉自己是个小而愚蠢的人,每个人都能看出来。
治疗师:所以情绪驱动的退缩行为——它并没有……
来访:它没有任何作用。我只是在自己的羞耻游行中继续挥舞着旗帜。
情绪冲浪的艺术
要成功地进行情绪冲浪,必须消除前面讨论的三种情绪失调(或适应不良反应):情绪回避、反刍思维和情绪驱动行为。这就是来访在正念接纳练习中发展的三项技能变得至关重要的地方(参见第3章的手册《正念接纳 | 观察 + 接受》)。在继续前进之前,来访应理解以下几点:
- 观察感觉并标记情绪:促进接受而不是情绪回避。
- 观察思想并放下:减少反刍思维——不仅是思想的频率,还有来访对负面认知的相信程度和被其捕获的程度。
- 注意冲动和选择时刻:允许来访不选择情绪驱动行为。
以下手册可能有助于提醒来访如何练习情绪冲浪。手册强调通过观察思想、情绪和感觉来让情绪自然发展;注意冲动和选择时刻;以及注意自己在情绪波中的位置,观察它的发展并最终消退。
如何冲浪情绪波
学习驾驭情绪波是情绪效能疗法的一个基本部分。当强烈的情绪被触发时——你的自动反应是情绪回避、反刍思维或情绪驱动行为——选择冲浪情绪波实际上可以防止情绪加剧。刚开始使用这项技能可能会让人感到害怕,但通过练习,冲浪情绪波可以成为最佳选择。
驾驭情绪波涉及练习正念接纳技巧。面对强烈情绪时,可以采取以下步骤:
- 当情绪被触发时,驾驭情绪波。
- 注意你的情绪激活程度(检查SUDS水平)。
- 识别情绪波的顶峰。
- 不要助长情绪。
- 练习正念接纳,只是允许情绪如其所是,观察情绪自然发展:
- 观察并放下思想。
- 标记情绪。
- 接受感觉。
- 注意冲动。
- 继续正念接纳,直到触发的情绪得到解决。
治疗师-来访对话示例:如何引导情绪冲浪
在以下对话中,治疗师向来访解释情绪冲浪。
治疗师-来访对话示例:如何引导情绪冲浪
治疗师:情绪冲浪基本上就是练习你已经学过的所有正念接纳技巧:观察思想、注意感觉和身体感受,以及观察行为冲动。现在我们要在实际的情绪涌动中使用这些技巧。
来访:我们会在疗程中进行吗?
治疗师:是的。
来访:怎么知道我会有什么情绪可以处理呢?大多数时候在这里我感觉挺平静的。
治疗师:确实无法预知情绪何时会自然出现。所以我们将使用想象——回想最近让你感到不安的一个场景——来触发这里的情绪。一旦我们得到了一个中等强度的情绪——SUDS大约5或6时——我们就开始练习情绪冲浪。
来访:被触发后会发生什么?如果像往常一样我感到不知所措怎么办?
治疗师:我会帮助你避免做那些使情绪变得难以承受并延长情绪波的行为。与其反刍思维,我们会注意到、标记并放下思想。你只需大声说出“我有一个悲伤的想法”或“我有一个评判性的想法”,或者任何其他想法。然后你会回到观察你的感觉和身体感受,允许并为它们腾出空间,并大声描述它们。观察和标记你的感觉和身体感受将帮助你避免情绪回避——减少回避意味着情绪不会那么难以承受。
来访:我应该把发生的一切都大声告诉你吗?
治疗师:没错。我会问一些问题来提示你。最后一步是注意那些行为冲动。大声说出它们是什么,然后注意到你不必按照它们行事。
来访:好的。然后呢?
治疗师:然后我们继续观察,直到情绪稍微平息一点——我们会跟踪SUDS水平——或者变成其他东西。
选择暴露图像
在情绪冲浪的早期阶段,想象暴露应集中在最近的、情感上具有挑衅性的记忆上,这些记忆的情感强度处于中等范围(SUDS 5-6)。请来访回想过去一两周内发生的某个让他们有些不安的场景。鼓励他们完全进入这个场景,注意他们在哪里、与谁在一起、身体上的感觉以及听到的声音(人们说话、环境中的背景声音等)。让来访留在这个场景中,直到情感痛苦达到5或6 SUDS——这时他们应该向你示意。
一旦来访达到了目标痛苦水平,请让他们关闭这个场景。这是一个简短的暴露,因此至关重要的是在情绪冲浪练习开始之前终止这个挑衅性的场景。现在,随着场景的消失,来访开始专注于内在状态。请来访注意任何身体感受,并大声描述它们。接下来询问与这些感受相关的情绪(情感),这些也应口头表达出来。鼓励来访标记任何出现的思想(“有个想法”或“我在做一个评判性的想法”或“我在想我需要逃避”),并立即返回到感受和身体感受上。你还应引导来访的注意力到任何行为冲动上,并让他们大声描述这些冲动。
反复回到来访的身体感受和情绪上。不断询问:“你现在注意到身体里有什么?”或“你现在感觉怎么样?”这是暴露的主要焦点。但你也会在整个过程中继续要求来访标记思想和冲动。并且定期询问来访SUDS水平,并描述他们在情绪波中的位置。
引导情绪冲浪的脚本
在挑衅性场景“关闭”后,典型的情绪冲浪练习可能如下:
- 治疗师:你现在注意到身体里有什么?你能描述一下这些感觉吗?[来访回应]
- 治疗师:与之相关的情绪是什么?[来访回应]
- 治疗师:如果有想法出现,你能只是观察它们并让它们过去吗?任何时候有想法出现,就说出来。现在有什么想法吗?[来访回应] 看看能否让任何出现的想法过去。
在情绪效能疗法(EET)治疗的这个阶段,您的来访应该正在练习正念接纳和情绪冲浪。他们应继续每天进行十分钟的正念接纳练习,并在技能练习记录上记录他们的练习情况。这有助于他们在非触发状态下练习关键技能。然而,状态依赖性学习的研究告诉我们,在放松状态下习得的技能并不总能在激活或情绪被触发的状态下重现(Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995)。这就是为什么在触发状态下练习情绪冲浪如此重要。鼓励来访在一周中遇到情绪困扰时使用情绪冲浪技巧。他们不需要大声描述内部体验,只需注意自己的情绪并给它们贴上标签即可。给他们提供《情绪冲浪练习》手册,以提醒他们需要注意什么。要求来访在技能练习记录上记录他们的家庭作业(参见手册)。此外,他们还应在技能练习记录上记下任何出现的情绪触发因素以及引发痛苦情感的情况。向来访强调,他们不会总是记得或成功地进行情绪冲浪。这是一个需要时间和练习的新技能。如果来访在实际情境中没有成功地进行情绪冲浪,鼓励他们使用想象暴露法重新体验场景,并像在疗程中一样进行情绪冲浪。
总结
以下是第4章内容的概要:
- 情绪:情绪由单一触发因素引起,且相对短暂(Ekman, 1994)。
- 情绪冲浪:情绪冲浪可以作为三种适应不良情绪反应的替代选择:情绪回避、反刍思维和情绪驱动行为。
- 情绪冲浪:情绪冲浪涉及注意到情绪波的生命周期,而不回避、反刍或通过情绪驱动行为来行动。
- 驾驭情绪波:驾驭情绪波包括练习正念接纳技能:标记并放下思想;注意并标记感受;接受感觉;观察冲动。
- 五种情绪回避类型:情境回避、认知回避、躯体回避、保护性回避和替代性回避。
- 三种反刍思维类型:评判、预测和解释思想。
- 冲动行为:根据冲动行事或情绪驱动行为会助长并加剧情绪。
- 想象暴露:用于让来访在激活状态下练习使用适应性情绪反应技能,以提高学习、保持和回忆能力。
本章知识点阐述
知识点阐述
-
情绪冲浪的概念
- 定义:情绪冲浪是一种心理技术,通过观察和接受情绪波,而不是试图控制或回避它们,从而有效地管理情绪。
-
重要性:
- 情绪冲浪帮助个体认识到情绪是暂时的,可以通过接纳和观察来管理。
- 通过情绪冲浪,个体可以减少情绪的负面影响,提高情绪调节能力。
-
具体实践:
- 观察情绪波:注意情绪的起伏,允许其自然发展。
- 定位情绪阶段:识别自己在情绪波中的位置,如上升期、顶峰或下降期。
- 观察思想:注意到自己的想法,但不与之融合。
- 避免情绪回避:观察并接受逃避情绪的愿望,而不是采取回避行为。
- 觉察冲动:注意到情绪驱动的冲动,并找到选择的时刻。
-
情绪回避的后果
- 定义:情绪回避是指个体试图通过各种方式避免或控制情绪,以减轻痛苦。
-
重要性:
- 情绪回避不仅无法解决问题,反而会延长和加剧情绪困扰。
- 通过理解和处理情绪回避,个体可以更好地管理情绪,减少不必要的痛苦。
-
具体实践:
- 识别回避形式:识别情境性、认知性、躯体性、保护性和替代性回避。
- 评估后果:了解情绪回避带来的负面后果,如增加痛苦、降低生活质量。
- 学习新技能:通过学习情绪冲浪等技能,逐步减少情绪回避行为。
-
情绪波的生命周期
- 定义:情绪波的生命周期是指情绪从触发到消退的过程,包括上升、顶峰和下降三个阶段。
-
重要性:
- 理解情绪波的生命周期有助于个体认识到情绪是暂时的,可以通过适当的管理技巧来应对。
- 通过情绪波的比喻,个体可以更容易地接受和处理情绪。
-
具体实践:
- 观察情绪变化:注意情绪的变化过程,从触发点到消退。
- 使用SUDS量表:利用主观痛苦单位量表(SUDS)来评估情绪强度。
- 练习情绪冲浪:通过练习情绪冲浪,学会在情绪波的不同阶段进行有效的管理。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到情绪冲浪不仅是个体情绪管理的重要工具,也是提高情绪效能的关键。情绪回避虽然看似能够暂时缓解痛苦,但实际上会导致更多的问题。通过情绪冲浪和相关技能的学习,个体可以更好地管理情绪,提高生活质量。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
-
情绪回避的局限性
- 定义:情绪回避是指个体试图通过各种方式避免或控制情绪,以减轻痛苦。
-
重要性:
- 情绪回避虽然看似能够暂时缓解痛苦,但实际上会导致更多的问题。
- 通过理解和处理情绪回避,个体可以更好地管理情绪,减少不必要的痛苦。
-
具体实践:
- 识别回避形式:识别情境性、认知性、躯体性、保护性和替代性回避。
- 评估后果:了解情绪回避带来的负面后果,如增加痛苦、降低生活质量。
- 学习新技能:通过学习情绪冲浪等技能,逐步减少情绪回避行为。
-
情绪回避的短期与长期影响
-
短期影响:
- 优点:情绪回避可以在短期内提供短暂的缓解,如暂时抑制情绪。
- 缺点:情绪回避需要耗费大量的精力和时间,并且可能带来额外的压力。
-
长期影响:
- 心理问题:长期的情绪回避可能导致心理健康问题,如焦虑、抑郁、无助感和绝望。
- 人际关系:情绪回避可能导致人际关系受损,因为个体可能避免与他人互动或表达真实的情感。
- 生活机会:情绪回避可能阻碍个体追求重要的生活目标,错失成长和发展的机会。
-
短期影响:
-
情绪回避与情绪体验的对比
-
回避的优缺点:
- 优点:短期内可以减轻痛苦和不适。
- 缺点:长期来看,情绪回避会导致更多的心理和社会问题。
-
体验的优缺点:
- 缺点:体验情绪可能会带来暂时的痛苦和不适。
- 优点:通过体验情绪,个体可以学会管理和调节情绪,提高情绪效能,增强心理韧性。
-
回避的优缺点:
-
情绪回避的后果工作表的应用
- 定义:情绪回避后果工作表是一种工具,用于帮助个体识别和评估情绪回避策略的优缺点。
-
重要性:
- 通过填写工作表,个体可以更清晰地看到情绪回避的负面影响。
- 工作表有助于个体认识到面对和接受情绪的重要性。
-
具体实践:
- 识别情绪:确定一到两种经常出现的强烈情绪。
- 列出回避策略:列出常用的回避策略。
- 评估后果:记录每种策略的优缺点。
- 制定计划:基于评估结果,制定减少情绪回避的行为计划。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到情绪回避不仅无法解决问题,反而会带来更多的心理和社会问题。通过情绪回避后果工作表,个体可以更全面地了解回避策略的影响,并逐步学会面对和接受情绪。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
治疗师-来访对话示例:介绍情绪回避
在会谈中探索回避的过程如下对话所示。来访已经确定羞耻是他经常逃避的一种情绪。
治疗师:我们之前谈到了情绪回避,现在我想更深入地了解一下你的情况。你提到你经常逃避羞耻感。你能具体描述一下这种情况吗? 来访:是的,当我感到羞耻时,我会尽量避免与人接触,甚至有时会取消社交活动。 治疗师:明白了。那么,让我们看看你通常使用的回避策略有哪些。你在遇到羞耻感时,是否还有其他方式来避免它? 来访:我还会尽量不去想那些让我感到羞耻的事情,或者通过喝酒来麻痹自己。 治疗师:好的,这些都是一些常见的回避策略。接下来,让我们一起完成一个工作表,看看这些策略对你有什么样的影响。首先,我们来看看回避羞耻感的一些优点是什么? 来访:嗯,我觉得这样可以暂时让我感觉好一些,不用面对那些难堪的事情。 治疗师:确实,这是回避的一个短期优点。但是,长期来看,这些策略可能会带来什么负面影响呢? 来访:有时候我会感到更加孤独,因为我避免了与朋友和家人的联系。而且,我发现自己越来越依赖酒精。 治疗师:这些都是非常重要的观察。现在,让我们把这些内容填入工作表中,进一步探讨这些策略的优缺点。
知识点阐述
-
情绪回避的具体形式
- 定义:情绪回避是指个体通过各种方式避免面对或体验某种情绪,以减轻即时的不适感。
-
重要性:
- 了解情绪回避的形式有助于识别和处理潜在的情绪问题。
- 通过识别具体的回避行为,个体可以更好地理解其背后的原因,并采取措施进行调整。
-
具体实践:
- 情境性回避:避免特定的人、地点或活动。
- 认知性回避:避免某些想法、图像或记忆。
- 躯体性回避:避免不愉快的身体感觉。
- 保护性回避:通过频繁检查、拖延或寻求安慰来避免不确定性。
- 替代性回避:通过麻木、抑制、成瘾行为或替代情绪(例如,用愤怒代替羞耻)来避免。
-
情绪回避的短期与长期影响
-
短期影响:
- 优点:情绪回避可以在短期内提供短暂的缓解,如暂时抑制情绪。
- 缺点:情绪回避需要耗费大量的精力和时间,并且可能带来额外的压力。
-
长期影响:
- 心理问题:长期的情绪回避可能导致心理健康问题,如焦虑、抑郁、无助感和绝望。
- 人际关系:情绪回避可能导致人际关系受损,因为个体可能避免与他人互动或表达真实的情感。
- 生活机会:情绪回避可能阻碍个体追求重要的生活目标,错失成长和发展的机会。
-
短期影响:
-
情绪回避与情绪体验的对比
-
回避的优缺点:
- 优点:短期内可以减轻痛苦和不适。
- 缺点:长期来看,情绪回避会导致更多的心理和社会问题。
-
体验的优缺点:
- 缺点:体验情绪可能会带来暂时的痛苦和不适。
- 优点:通过体验情绪,个体可以学会管理和调节情绪,提高情绪效能,增强心理韧性。
-
回避的优缺点:
-
情绪回避后果工作表的应用
- 定义:情绪回避后果工作表是一种工具,用于帮助个体识别和评估情绪回避策略的优缺点。
-
重要性:
- 通过填写工作表,个体可以更清晰地看到情绪回避的负面影响。
- 工作表有助于个体认识到面对和接受情绪的重要性。
-
具体实践:
- 识别情绪:确定一到两种经常出现的强烈情绪。
- 列出回避策略:列出常用的回避策略。
- 评估后果:记录每种策略的优缺点。
- 制定计划:基于评估结果,制定减少情绪回避的行为计划。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到情绪回避虽然能够在短期内提供一定的缓解,但长期来看会导致更多的心理和社会问题。通过情绪回避后果工作表,个体可以更全面地了解回避策略的影响,并逐步学会面对和接受情绪。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
-
反刍思维及其影响
- 定义:反刍思维是指反复思考某件事直到它变得痛苦。它包括对自己的评判、对未来的预测以及对过去事件的解释。
-
重要性:
- 反刍思维虽然看似有助于解决问题,但实际上会加剧情绪痛苦并延长情绪波。
- 通过识别和处理反刍思维,个体可以更好地管理情绪,减少不必要的痛苦。
-
具体实践:
- 识别反刍思维:识别评判性、预测性和解释性思维。
- 标记和放下:学会标记这些思维,并将其放下,而不是陷入其中。
- 观察思想:通过正念练习,学会观察思想而不与其融合。
-
反刍思维的形式及其后果
-
评判性思维:
- 自我评判:试图修复或完善自己的缺陷,但长期会导致更深的缺陷感和慢性抑郁。
- 他人评判:暂时缓解缺陷感,但会导致慢性愤怒和人际关系受损。
-
预测性思维:
- 灾难性预测:提供暂时的希望,但会导致慢性焦虑,因为持续的威胁感。
-
解释性思维:
- 寻找原因:试图控制痛苦经历,但“为什么”的问题往往没有答案,导致无助感或个人缺陷感,加剧情绪。
-
评判性思维:
-
情绪驱动行为及其影响
- 定义:情绪驱动行为是指由情绪引发的行为反应,如愤怒导致攻击、焦虑导致逃避、悲伤导致退缩。
-
重要性:
- 情绪驱动行为虽然在危机情况下有帮助,但习惯性使用会加剧情绪问题。
- 通过识别和调整情绪驱动行为,个体可以更好地管理情绪,提高生活质量。
-
具体实践:
- 识别情绪驱动行为:识别特定情绪下的典型行为反应。
- 替代行为:学习替代行为,以更健康的方式应对情绪。
- 情绪冲浪:通过情绪冲浪技术,学会在情绪波的不同阶段进行有效管理。
-
情绪管理的综合方法
- 定义:情绪管理是一种综合的方法,包括识别和处理反刍思维、情绪回避和情绪驱动行为。
-
重要性:
- 通过综合方法,个体可以全面管理情绪,减少不必要的痛苦。
- 这些技巧可以帮助个体更好地应对生活中的挑战,提高心理韧性。
-
具体实践:
- 情绪观察:通过正念练习,学会观察情绪而不与其融合。
- 标记和放下:学会标记和放下反刍思维。
- 情绪冲浪:通过情绪冲浪技术,学会在情绪波的不同阶段进行有效管理。
- 替代行为:学习替代行为,以更健康的方式应对情绪。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到反刍思维和情绪驱动行为不仅不能解决问题,反而会加剧情绪痛苦。通过识别和处理这些行为,个体可以更好地管理情绪,提高生活质量。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
-
情绪驱动行为及其影响
- 定义:情绪驱动行为是指由情绪引发的具体行为反应,如退缩、攻击或逃避。
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重要性:
- 尽管这些行为在短期内可能感觉合理,但它们实际上会延长和加强情绪痛苦。
- 通过识别和调整情绪驱动行为,个体可以更好地管理情绪,避免陷入长期的负面情绪状态。
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具体实践:
- 识别冲动:学会识别特定情绪下的冲动行为。
- 选择时刻:在冲动出现时,意识到有一个选择的时刻,可以选择是否按照冲动行事。
- 替代行为:学习替代行为,以更健康的方式应对情绪。
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情绪冲浪的概念及实践
- 定义:情绪冲浪是一种通过正念接纳技巧来管理和减轻强烈情绪的方法。
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重要性:
- 通过情绪冲浪,个体可以避免情绪回避、反刍思维和情绪驱动行为,从而减少情绪痛苦。
- 这种方法可以帮助个体更好地理解和接受情绪,提高情绪调节能力。
-
具体实践:
- 观察与标记:观察情绪、思想和感觉,并对其进行标记。
- 正念接纳:练习正念接纳,允许情绪自然发展而不加以评判。
- 注意冲动:注意冲动行为的出现,并在冲动出现时选择更健康的应对方式。
- 持续练习:通过持续练习,逐步掌握情绪冲浪的技巧。
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正念接纳的关键技能
- 定义:正念接纳包括观察、标记和接受情绪、思想和感觉,而不加以评判或控制。
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重要性:
- 正念接纳能够帮助个体更好地处理情绪,减少不必要的痛苦。
- 通过正念练习,个体可以提高情绪觉察能力,增强心理韧性。
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具体实践:
- 观察与标记:通过观察和标记情绪、思想和感觉,提高情绪觉察能力。
- 放下思想:学会放下负面的思想,减少反刍思维。
- 接受感觉:接受身体的感觉,而不是试图抵制或改变它们。
- 注意冲动:注意冲动行为的出现,并在冲动出现时选择更健康的应对方式。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到情绪驱动行为虽然在短期内可能感觉合理,但实际上会延长和加强情绪痛苦。通过情绪冲浪和正念接纳技巧,个体可以更好地管理和减轻情绪,提高生活质量。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
-
情绪冲浪的基本概念
- 定义:情绪冲浪是一种通过正念接纳技巧来管理和减轻强烈情绪的方法,包括观察思想、注意感觉和身体感受,以及观察行为冲动。
-
重要性:
- 通过情绪冲浪,个体可以更好地理解和接受情绪,而不是试图回避或控制它们。
- 这种方法有助于减少情绪回避、反刍思维和情绪驱动行为,从而降低情绪痛苦。
-
具体实践:
- 观察与标记:观察情绪、思想和身体感受,并对其进行标记。
- 正念接纳:练习正念接纳,允许情绪自然发展而不加以评判。
- 注意冲动:注意行为冲动的出现,并意识到自己可以选择不按照冲动行事。
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情绪冲浪的步骤
- 触发情绪:通过回忆近期的、情感上有挑衅性的场景来触发情绪。
- 观察与标记:观察并标记出现的思想、情绪和身体感受。
- 正念接纳:允许并接受这些感受,而不是试图改变或抵制它们。
- 注意冲动:注意行为冲动的出现,并意识到自己可以选择不按照冲动行事。
- 持续观察:持续观察直到情绪逐渐平息或发生变化。
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选择暴露图像的重要性
- 定义:选择一个近期的、情感上有挑衅性的记忆作为暴露材料。
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重要性:
- 选择合适的暴露图像可以帮助来访更好地进入情绪状态,从而进行有效的情绪冲浪练习。
- 中等强度的情绪(SUDS 5-6)更适合初期练习,因为过高或过低的情绪强度可能会影响练习效果。
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具体实践:
- 回顾近期事件:请来访回想过去一两周内发生的某个让他们有些不安的场景。
- 详细描述:鼓励来访详细描述场景中的细节,包括地点、人物、身体感受和听到的声音。
- 停止场景:当情绪达到适当水平时,及时停止场景,开始情绪冲浪练习。
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情绪冲浪的脚本及指导
- 定义:情绪冲浪的脚本提供了一套结构化的指导,帮助来访逐步进行情绪冲浪练习。
-
重要性:
- 结构化的脚本可以帮助治疗师系统地引导来访进行情绪冲浪,确保每个步骤都被充分执行。
- 来访可以通过脚本学习如何在情绪波动中保持正念和接纳。
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具体实践:
- 观察与标记:引导来访观察并标记他们的身体感受、情绪和思想。
- 正念接纳:鼓励来访接受这些感受,而不是试图改变或抵制它们。
- 注意冲动:引导来访注意行为冲动,并意识到自己可以选择不按照冲动行事。
- 持续观察:持续引导来访观察情绪的变化,直到情绪逐渐平息或发生变化。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到情绪冲浪是一种有效的管理情绪的方法。通过系统的练习,个体可以更好地理解和接受自己的情绪,减少情绪痛苦,提高生活质量。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
-
正念接纳与情绪冲浪的重要性
- 定义:正念接纳是一种通过观察和接受当前经验(包括思想、感受和身体感觉)而不加以评判的方法。情绪冲浪是在情绪波动中应用这些正念技巧,以避免情绪回避、反刍思维和情绪驱动行为。
-
重要性:
- 正念接纳帮助个体更好地理解和接受自己的情绪,而不是试图回避或控制它们。
- 情绪冲浪有助于减少情绪痛苦,提高情绪调节能力。
-
具体实践:
- 日常练习:每天进行十分钟的正念接纳练习,并记录在技能练习记录上。
- 触发状态下的练习:在情绪被触发时,注意情绪并给它们贴上标签,而不是大声描述内部体验。
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情绪冲浪的关键步骤
- 定义:情绪冲浪涉及注意到情绪波的生命周期,而不回避、反刍或通过情绪驱动行为来行动。
-
重要性:
- 通过情绪冲浪,个体可以更好地管理和减轻强烈情绪。
- 这种方法有助于减少情绪回避、反刍思维和情绪驱动行为,从而降低情绪痛苦。
-
具体实践:
- 观察与标记:观察并标记出现的思想、情绪和身体感受。
- 正念接纳:允许并接受这些感受,而不是试图改变或抵制它们。
- 注意冲动:注意行为冲动的出现,并意识到自己可以选择不按照冲动行事。
- 持续观察:持续观察直到情绪逐渐平息或发生变化。
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情绪回避的类型
- 定义:情绪回避是指通过各种方式避免或减少情绪体验的行为。
-
重要性:
- 情绪回避虽然短期内可能缓解不适,但长期来看会导致情绪问题的恶化。
- 识别和调整情绪回避行为是情绪管理的重要部分。
-
具体实践:
- 情境回避:避免某些情境或活动。
- 认知回避:通过转移注意力或否认来避免情绪。
- 躯体回避:通过药物或酒精等物质来逃避情绪。
- 保护性回避:通过寻求安全或安慰来避免情绪。
- 替代性回避:用其他活动或行为来替代情绪体验。
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反刍思维的类型
- 定义:反刍思维是指反复思考某个问题或事件,通常带有负面情绪。
-
重要性:
- 反刍思维会延长和加剧情绪痛苦。
- 识别和处理反刍思维有助于改善情绪调节。
-
具体实践:
- 评判:对自己或他人的评判。
- 预测:对未来灾难性的预测。
- 解释:试图找到事情发生的原因。
-
情绪驱动行为的影响
- 定义:情绪驱动行为是指由情绪引发的具体行为反应。
-
重要性:
- 情绪驱动行为虽然在短期内可能感觉合理,但长期来看会加剧情绪痛苦。
- 通过识别和调整情绪驱动行为,个体可以更好地管理情绪。
-
具体实践:
- 识别冲动:学会识别特定情绪下的冲动行为。
- 选择时刻:在冲动出现时,意识到有一个选择的时刻,可以选择是否按照冲动行事。
- 替代行为:学习替代行为,以更健康的方式应对情绪。
-
想象暴露的作用
- 定义:想象暴露是一种通过想象特定情境来触发情绪,并在激活状态下练习适应性情绪反应技能的方法。
-
重要性:
- 通过在激活状态下练习,来访可以更好地学习、保持和回忆适应性情绪反应技能。
- 想象暴露有助于提高情绪调节能力。
-
具体实践:
- 选择暴露图像:选择一个近期的、情感上有挑衅性的记忆作为暴露材料。
- 详细描述:鼓励来访详细描述场景中的细节,包括地点、人物、身体感受和听到的声音。
- 停止场景:当情绪达到适当水平时,及时停止场景,开始情绪冲浪练习。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到正念接纳和情绪冲浪是有效的情绪管理方法。通过系统的练习,个体可以更好地理解和接受自己的情绪,减少情绪痛苦,提高生活质量。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
Chapter 4 Emotion Surfing Once clients have learned to observe and accept their emotional experience, they are ready to learn about the life cycle of emotion and the next EET skill: emotion surfing. You will teach your clients how to surf their emotions as an alternative to three maladaptive responses that fuel and intensify the emotion wave: emotion avoidance, rumination, and emotion-driven behaviors. Using the emotion wave metaphor, clients will learn to ride their emotion waves until they dissipate. The wave metaphor works well for many clients because it’s an easy visual. Explain that an emotion, from a single trigger, is relatively short-lived (Ekman, 1994). Like a wave, emotion shows up with a leading edge of sharply escalating intensity. Then it peaks and gradually slopes downward—with a long, descending tail end. EET Skill Objective: Observe + Accept with emotion surfing All emotions show up, top out, and gradually diminish in this wave effect. Use the metaphor often, and reassure clients that they can learn to ride, or surf, these emotion waves rather than be churned up in them. Emotion surfing is like body surfing, whereby one can become skilled at rising on the leading edge of the wave, riding there for a while, and finally slipping over the crest to the relative calm of the back slope. Emotion surfing involves a similar skill set, requiring five key abilities: Observing and accepting the emotion wave as it comes. Locating oneself on the emotion wave. (Is the client on the rising edge, at the crest, or on the diminishing backslope of the emotion? You can use the subjective units of distress scale [SUDS], ranging from 0 to 10, to help calibrate wave intensity while the client surfs.) Noticing and watching thoughts without getting fused with them. Noticing any desire to escape the emotion, and continuing to observe it instead (not engaging in emotion avoidance). Noticing any urges or impulses to act on the emotion, and seeing the moment of choice (not engaging in emotion-driven behavior). We’ll cover how to teach emotion surfing in the following pages. But, first, you need to prepare for the question every client asks: “If my emotions are just a wave that will pass, why do they seem to go on forever?” This is important to address because clients often experience negative emotion as overwhelming and endless. They feel controlled by their emotions, with little choice about how long or how intensely they will last. How Emotion Avoidance Keeps Emotion at High Intensity The normal wave pattern of emotions will get interrupted and extended by three maladaptive coping strategies. The first is emotion avoidance. It’s important for clients to realize how the attempt to control and avoid emotions paradoxically maintains, even intensifies, emotional distress. The effort to suppress painful emotional experiences can take multiple forms (situational, cognitive, somatic, protective, and substitution-based avoidance), but the outcome is always the same: increased suffering. The following handout describes the forms of emotional avoidance and some of its possible negative consequences.Consequences of Emotion Avoidance There are at least five types of emotion avoidance that researchers believe are at the root of many emotion problems. Situational: people, places, things, and activities Cognitive: thoughts, images, and memories Somatic: internal sensations such as racing heart, palpitations, breathlessness, overheating, fatigue, or unwanted sexual arousal Protective: avoiding uncertainty through checking, cleaning, perfectionism, procrastination, or reassurance seeking Substitution: avoiding painful emotions with replacement emotions, numbing out, alcohol, drugs, bingeing, or gambling Why not just keep on avoiding? Because the consequences of emotion avoidance are usually worse than the experience of what we try to avoid. • Since distress, discomfort, and anxiety are all a guaranteed part of life, emotion avoidance is often only a temporary and superficial “solution.” • Emotion avoidance reinforces the idea that discomfort/distress/anxiety is “bad” or “dangerous.” It reduces your ability to face and tolerate necessary pain. • Emotion avoidance often requires effort and energy. It’s exhausting and time-consuming. • Emotion avoidance limits your ability to fully experience the present. • Emotion avoidance can keep you from moving toward important, valued aspects of life. • Emotion avoidance often doesn’t work. When you tell yourself not to think about something, you have to think about not thinking about it. When you try to avoid an emotion, you often end up feeling it anyway. • Emotion avoidance often leads to suffering: addiction, helplessness, hopelessness, depression, damaged relationships, and lost opportunities.By allowing yourself to experience fears—and difficult thoughts, feelings, sensations, and urges—you can learn to decrease your suffering. To help clients explore how emotion avoidance impacts their lives, have them identify one or two strong emotions that show up frequently. Then examine which strategies they typically use to avoid the emotional experience: Situational: avoiding people, places, or things Cognitive: avoiding thoughts, images, or memories Somatic: avoiding unpleasant physical sensations Protective: avoiding uncertainty through frequent checking, procrastinating, or assurance seeking Substitution: avoiding by numbing, suppressing, addictive behaviors, or replacement emotions (i.e., replacing shame with anger) When you’ve identified and listed frequently used avoidance strategies for a particular emotion, help clients examine consequences (see the Emotion Avoidance Consequences Worksheet). There will be advantages (pros) for avoidance. Be sure to acknowledge and list those. Usually the advantages are immediate (brief suppression of emotion) and short-lived, but they are real. It’s important to validate that there is often a short, positive effect from emotion avoidance. Now examine the disadvantages (cons) of avoidance. What negative outcomes have clients endured from their avoidance strategies? Have there been costs in the form of increased anxiety, depression, or shame? Have there been costs in the form of feeling stuck, damaged or lost relationships, or addictions? Finally, determine both advantages and disadvantages of experiencing this particular emotion.Document all the pros and cons on the following Emotion Avoidance Consequences Worksheet. Emotion Avoidance Consequences Worksheet Emotion Pros of Avoiding Cons of Avoiding Cons of Experiencing Pros of Experiencing Therapist-Client Dialogue Example: Introducing Emotion Avoidance The process of exploring avoidance in session is demonstrated in the following dialogue. The client has identified shame as an emotion he often runs away from. Therapist: Let’s look at some of the ways you might be avoiding shame. Are there situations—by that I mean people, places, activities—that shame makes you avoid? Client: A couple of my friends who’ve been super successful lately. And the gym, ’cause I’m ashamed of how I’ve gained weight. Therapist: Any thoughts you try to avoid—thoughts that trigger the shame? Client: I won’t talk to my girlfriend about my job because it sucks, and I feel like a loser to be doing it. Therapist: So thinking or talking about your job is hard. This may seem like a strange question, but I wonder if there are any physical sensations associated with shame that you avoid? Client: This hot flush I get when I’m embarrassed. It’s weird, it can happen at random times, but particularly if someone asks me a question about myself and the answer would make me feel vulnerable. Therapist: Remember, we talked about protective avoidance— checking, reassurance seeking, things like that? Does any of that happen around the shame?Client: I’m feeling ashamed right now. I do all of this crap— always asking my girlfriend if something I said or did was okay. I’m worried she’s going to be put off. Therapist: The shame you feel right now—are you trying to avoid that in some way? Client: I’m feeling angry. Therapist: Which is…? Client: I know. Substitution avoidance. Therapist: [Now, having explored some of the client’s avoidance strategies, the therapist can begin working with the Emotion Avoidance Consequences Worksheet.] If it’s okay with you, I’d like to look at some of the ways avoidance affects you. This worksheet can help us explore some of the good things—there can really be good things—and not so good things about avoidance. Let’s start with the pros of trying to avoid shame. Client: I guess for a minute I feel better. Less embarrassed. Therapist: Let’s write that down… Anything else? Client: I can just put off the bad feelings about myself. Sooner or later they come again, but I get a reprieve. Therapist: Got it. What about any cons of avoiding—avoiding your friends, avoiding the gym, avoiding talking to your girlfriend about your job? Client: I’m totally blimping out ’cause I don’t go to the gym. And sometimes I feel lonely, missing my friends. And I feel kind of alone with my girlfriend ’cause I can’t talk to her about the stuff that really bothers me. Therapist: Okay—I’m writing this down—you feel more alone, and it’s affecting your fitness and health. What about not talking about yourself to avoid the hot flush, or the reassurance seeking and substituting anger for shame? Are there consequences for that?Client: My girlfriend gets very annoyed with all of that. She gets pissed when I ask if things are okay, but I keep asking anyway. And she’s threatened to leave over my anger—the substitution thing. Therapist: So there’s a lot of downside for avoidance. Are there cons for experiencing the shame when it comes up? Client: [Mirthless laugh] Just pain. I’d say that is a con. Therapist: Absolutely—the pain of embarrassment. What about the pros of experiencing the shame? Client: Well, I wouldn’t have all the stuff you listed. The aloneness, the problems with my girlfriend, getting fat. Truthfully, I think I’d be less depressed, happier, if I stopped all the stuff I do to avoid. After clients have completed the worksheet, emphasize to them that emotion avoidance keeps the emotion wave going long after it would normally subside. Encourage them to find the evidence for this in their Emotion Avoidance Consequences Worksheet. The key lesson is this: when emotions occur, allow them to run their (usually) short course —without attempts at emotion avoidance or emotion-driven behavior. How Rumination Keeps Emotion at High Intensity Rumination is a maladaptive coping strategy to manage difficult emotions. As with emotion avoidance, the message to clients is that rumination intensifies and prolongs emotional suffering. And when we allow and face the emotion—without ruminative processes—affective episodes are brief and relatively less painful. The three main forms of rumination are: Judging: Judgments about self are an effort to fix or perfect one’s flaws. But the long-term outcome is a deeper sense of defectiveness and chronic depression. Judgments about others relieve feelings ofdefectiveness but result in chronic anger and damaged relationships. Predicting: Catastrophic predictions about the future provide a temporary hope that one can plan and avoid bad outcomes. But it is the royal road to chronic anxiety because the terrifying predictions create a constant sense of threat. Explaining: If one can answer the question “Why did this happen?” it provides the hope that painful experiences can be controlled. If one can find the cause, perhaps problems can be prevented or managed. But the “why” question often has no answer and results in a deep sense of helplessness. Or the answer is a personal flaw—bad things have happened through one’s own fault. In each case the result is a deepening depression. Clients need to learn that rumination—thinking about the bad things that either have happened or could happen— intensifies emotion. Rumination prolongs the wave of emotional pain, keeping people stuck at the crest and preventing natural habituation so the wave can subside. The role rumination plays in sustaining negative emotions makes it crucial for clients to learn how to label and let go of thoughts. Thought watching (see the handout Mindful Acceptance | Observe + Accept, in chapter 3, Apppendix C, and online) promotes the skill of observing thoughts without getting caught up in an endless cycle of content. Later in this chapter, we’ll introduce emotion exposure (called emotion surfing), a strategy whereby this same “labeling and letting go” of thoughts shows up again as a key component. You can use the following handout on rumination to talk with your clients about the role it plays in perpetuating their suffering. Rumination Rumination is thinking about something over and over until it becomes painful. Like emotion avoidance, the goal of rumination is toreduce emotional distress. But, paradoxically, rumination keeps you stuck at the top of the emotion wave. Here’s how: Judging thoughts can focus on yourself or others. When you judge yourself, the hope is to fix or perfect your flaws. But the eventual outcome is a deeper sense of defectiveness and chronic depression. Judging others can give you short- term relief from feelings of being defective or helpless. But they result in chronic anger and damaged relationships. Predicting thoughts help you peer into the future. Catastrophic predictions may give you temporary hope that you can plan for and avoid bad outcomes. But the constant drumbeat of future negative events creates chronic anxiety— because the terrifying predictions create a constant sense of threat. Explaining thoughts provide hope that painful experiences can be controlled. These thoughts answer the question “Why did this happen?” If you can find the cause for a painful event, perhaps it can be prevented or managed. But the “why” question often has no answer and results in feeling helpless. Or the answer is a personal flaw—bad things have happened through your own fault—which intensifies your emotions. Rumination—despite our hopes for fixing, solving, and controlling things—ends up fueling emotional pain. It keeps us stuck at the top of the wave in a chronic state of anxiety, sadness, or anger. Soon you will learn how to label and let go of thoughts—which will be a tremendous help in reducing rumination and the impact of painful thoughts. How Emotion-Driven Behavior Intensifies Emotion The third factor that prolongs an emotion wave is emotion- driven behavior. Every emotion has an urge. Anger pushes us toward aggression, anxiety toward avoidance, and sadness toward withdrawal and reevaluation. These hardwired responses are part of our survival programming; they help in crisis situations. But used habitually, emotion-driven behaviors have the paradoxical effect of making emotions worse. Thedata are in: aggression intensifies anger (McKay, Rogers, & McKay, 2003), avoidance creates anxiety disorders (Allen, McHugh, & Barlow, 2008), and withdrawal is the prime driver of depression (Zettel, 2007). Clients need to learn this fundamental truth: acting on urges strengthens emotions. Emotion-driven behavior, regardless of how right or natural it feels, regardless of the perceived imperative, just keeps clients stuck at the top of the wave. Instead clients can notice the urge and identify a moment of choice, when they can either act on the urge or choose to ride the wave, observing it until the emotion dissipates. Therapist-Client Dialogue Example: How to Talk About Emotion-Driven Behavior Therapist: When the shame shows up, what does it make you want to do? I’m wondering here about specific behavior. Client: Withdraw, hide. Therapist: Okay, let’s see where this goes. Something embarrassing happens. That feeling is pushing you to hide. What happens then, emotionally? You’ve pulled away from people, you aren’t letting anybody see you… What do you feel next? Client: Alone. Stupid. Like I’m this little, stupid person and everybody can see it. Therapist: So the emotion-driven withdrawing—it doesn’t… behavior—hiding, Client: It doesn’t do anything. I just keep twirling the baton in my shame parade. The Art of Emotion Surfing Emotion surfing, to be successful, has to eliminate the three emotion dysregulators (or maladaptive responses) just discussed: emotion avoidance, rumination, and emotion-driven behavior.This is where the three skills clients are developing in the mindful acceptance exercise (see the handout Mindful Acceptance | Observe + Accept, in chapter 3) become critical. The following points should be understood by clients before moving forward: Observing sensations and labeling feelings promotes acceptance rather than emotion avoidance. Thought watching and letting go reduces rumination— not just the frequency of thoughts but the degree to which the client believes and is captured by negative cognitions. Noticing urges and the moment of choice allows a client not to choose emotion-driven behaviors. The following handout may be useful to remind clients how to practice emotion surfing. The handout emphasizes watching the emotion go through its natural course by noticing thoughts, feelings, and sensations; noticing urges and the moment of choice; and noticing where one is on the wave, watching it evolve and finally diminish. How to Surf an Emotion Wave Learning to ride an emotion wave is a fundamental part of Emotion Efficacy Therapy. When an intense emotion is triggered—and your automatic response is emotion avoidance, rumination, or emotion- driven behavior—choosing to surf the emotion wave can actually prevent the emotion from intensifying. Using this skill can be daunting or even scary at first, but, with practice, surfing an emotion wave can be your best option. Riding the emotion wave involves practicing mindful acceptance skills. Here are the steps to take in the face of an intense emotion: Ride your emotion wave when triggered. Notice how emotionally activated you are (check your SUDS level). Identify the peak of the wave.Don’t fuel the emotion. Practice mindful acceptance, just allowing the emotion to be as it is, watching the emotion go through its natural course: • Watch and let go of thoughts. • Label feelings. • Accept sensations. • Notice urges. Continue mindful acceptance until the triggered emotion resolves. Therapist-Client Dialogue Example: How to Lead Emotion Surfing In the following dialogue, the therapist explains emotion surfing to the client. Therapist: Emotion surfing is basically practicing all the mindful acceptance skills you’ve learned: thought watching, noticing feelings and sensations, and watching action urges. Only now we’ll use them when you’re in the middle of an actual emotion surge. Client: We’ll do it here, in session? Therapist: Right. Client: How do we know I’ll have an emotion to work on? Most of the time I feel pretty calm in here. Therapist: There’s no way of knowing when an emotion will show up on its own. That’s right. So what we’ll do is use imagery—visualizing a recent scene when you were upset—to trigger an emotion in here. Then, once we have a moderate-level emotion—SUDS around 5 or 6—we’ll practice emotion surfing. Client: What happens after I’m triggered? What if I get overwhelmed, like usual? Therapist: I’ll help you not do any of the things that make emotions overwhelming and prolong the wave. Instead of ruminating, we’ll notice, label, and let goof thoughts. You’ll just say out loud, “I’m having a sad thought” or “I’m having a judgment thought,” or whatever it is. Then you’ll go back to observing your sensations and feelings, allowing and making room for them, and describing them out loud. Watching and labeling your feelings and sensations will keep you from emotion avoidance—less avoidance means the emotion will be less overwhelming. Client: I’m supposed to say everything that’s happening out loud to you? Therapist: Exactly. I’ll ask questions to prompt you. The last thing is noticing those action urges. Say what they are out loud, and then notice that you don’t have to act on them. Client: Okay. Then what? Therapist: Then we keep watching until the emotion calms down a bit—we’ll keep track of the SUDS—or changes into something else. Choosing the Exposure Image Imaginal exposure, in these early stages of emotion surfing, should focus on recent, emotionally provocative memories that fall in the midrange (5–6 SUDS). Ask clients to think back over the last week or two to a scene where something moderately upsetting happened. Encourage them to fully enter the scene, noticing the details of where they are, who they’re with, what is felt physically, and what is heard (people speaking, ambient sounds from the environment, etc.). Have clients stay in the scene until emotional distress reaches 5 or 6 SUDS—they should signal you at this point. As soon as clients reach the target distress level, have them shut off the scene. This is a brief exposure, so it’s crucial that the provocative scene be terminated before the emotion surfing exercise begins.Now, with the scene eclipsed, the clients begin focusing on internal states. Ask clients to notice any physical sensations and to describe them out loud. Now ask about feelings (emotions) that seem connected to the sensations. These should be verbalized as well. Encourage clients to label any thoughts that show up (“There’s a thought,” or “I’m having a judgment thought,” or “I’m having the thought that I need to escape”) and immediately return attention to sensations and feelings. You should also direct the clients’ attention to any action urges and have them describe the urges out loud. Return again and again to the clients’ sensations and feelings. Keep asking, “What are you noticing in your body?” or “What are you feeling right now?” This is the main focus of the exposure. But you’ll also continue to include requests throughout to label thoughts and urges. And periodically you’ll also ask clients to note SUDS and describe where they are on the wave. Script for Guided Emotion Surfing After the provoking scene is “shut off,” a typical emotion surfing exercise might look like this: What do you notice in your body right now? Can you describe the sensations? [Client responds.] What are the feelings that go with that? [Client responds.] If there are thoughts, can you just watch them and let them go? Any time a thought shows up, just say so. Any thoughts now? [Client responds.] See if you can just let go of any thoughts that arise. Where are you on the wave? [Client responds.] SUDS? [Client responds.] Any urges? Does the emotion make you want to do something? [Client responds.] Notice how you can just observe the urge. You don’t have to act on it. What’s happening in your body right now? [Client responds.]Can you label your feelings? [Client responds.] See if you can just allow the feelings without reacting to them. Remember to watch and let go of any thoughts. Are thoughts showing up? [Client responds.] Urges? Something the emotion wants you to do? [Client responds.] See what it’s like to just notice the urge without acting on it. Where are you on the wave? SUDS? [Client responds.] What are you experiencing in your body right now? [Client responds.] Can you make room for that and just allow that sensation? Your feelings? [Client responds.] Can you just allow that feeling? Can you let it be there without trying to control or stop it? Watch the thoughts and let them go. [Client responds.] Urges? [Client responds.] Check the wave. Where are you? [Client responds.] SUDS? [Client responds.] This process continues until the distress is diminished— down to 2 or 3 SUDS—and/or the feeling has morphed and become softer. Once an exposure session concludes, begin a discussion of what the clients have learned—so far—about emotion surfing. This is a crucial opportunity for the clients to consolidate and draw conclusions about their ability to tolerate affect and what actually happens when emotions are faced rather than avoided. Therapist-Client Dialogue Example: How to Consolidate Learning After Emotion Surfing Therapist: After we got into that scene where your girlfriend criticized you, we spent maybe ten minutes doing emotion surfing. What did you learn? Client: Like what?Therapist: Like how your emotions work, or how long they last, or what happens when you don’t ruminate, avoid, or act on urges? Client: Well, the shame feeling kind of dropped off a lot sooner than I thought. Therapist: So the emotion didn’t last as long? Anything else you noticed? Client: If I label my thoughts, I don’t get into them as much. Therapist: Meaning they seem less important or powerful? Client: Yeah. I guess what surprised me most is that the feeling—shame—didn’t ruin me. After a few minutes, it didn’t seem that terrible. Therapist: So you were able to tolerate it better than you would have thought. Anything else? Client: [Shrugs.] Therapist: These are some important things you’ve learned: that the emotional pain, when you surf the wave, doesn’t last as long; that thought watching helps with rumination; and that you could stand the shame feeling—you didn’t have to avoid it. Following is a handout clients can use to practice the skill of emotion surfing outside of session. Remember, a single- page version of the handout can be found in Appendix C and online at http://www.newharbinger.com/34039. Emotion Surfing Practice Once you’re emotionally activated, take note of your SUDS level and then begin to practice emotion surfing following the sequence below: Ask yourself, “What sensations do I notice in my body?” Ask yourself, “What’s the feeling that goes with it?” Watch and let go of thoughts. Notice urges. Locate the moment of choice instead of acting on the urges.Ask yourself, “Where am I on the wave?” Determine your SUDS rating. Ask yourself, “What’s happening in my body?” Ask yourself, “What’s happening to the feeling?” Try to allow and make room for that feeling. Watch thoughts and notice urges. Try not to get involved with them. Ask yourself, “Where am I on the wave?” Ask yourself, “What’s the sensation in my body?” Try to accept that sensation. Ask yourself, “What’s my feeling?” Try to allow and make room for that feeling. Watch thoughts and notice urges. Try not to get involved with them. Ask yourself, “Where am I on the wave?” Keep going until the distress improves or the emotion shifts. Record your SUDS level when finished. By this point in EET treatment, your clients should be working on mindful acceptance and emotion surfing. They should continue to do the mindful acceptance exercises for ten minutes daily and record their practice on their Skills Practice Record. This helps them practice key skills in a non-triggered state. However, state-dependent learning research tells us that skills acquired in a relaxed state are not always retrievable when in an activated, emotionally triggered condition (Szymanski & O’Donohue, 1995). That’s why practicing emotion surfing during triggered states is so crucial. Encourage clients to utilize emotion surfing whenever they experience emotional distress during the week. Instead of describing internal experiences out loud, they will simply notice their emotions and apply a label to them. Give them the Emotion Surfing Practice handout to remind them what to observe. Ask clients to keep track of their homework on their Skills Practice Record (see handout). In addition, they should note any emotional triggers that show up and activate painful affect on the Skills Practice Record.Emphasize to clients that they will not always remember to or succeed with emotion surfing. This is a new skill that will take time and practice. If clients don’t successfully surf during an in vivo upset, encourage them to relive the scene using imaginal exposure and do emotion surfing—just as they did during session. Summary Following is a synopsis of content covered in chapter 4: Emotion arises from a single trigger, and it is relatively short-lived (Ekman, 1994). Emotion surfing can be chosen as an alternative to three maladaptive emotional responses: emotion avoidance, rumination, and emotion-driven behaviors. Emotion surfing involves noticing the life cycle of the wave without avoiding, ruminating, or acting on urges through emotion-driven behaviors. Riding the emotion wave involves practicing mindful acceptance skills: labeling and letting go of thoughts; noticing and labeling feelings; accepting sensations; and watching urges. The five types of emotion avoidance are: situational, cognitive, somatic, protective, and substitution. The three types of rumination are: judging, predicting, and explaining thoughts. Acting on urges, or emotion-driven behaviors, fuels and intensifies emotion. Imaginal exposure is used to allow clients to practice using adaptive emotional response skills in an activated state to improve learning, retention, and recall.