第十章:整合所有内容
第10章
整合所有内容 到目前为止,我们已经涵盖了情绪效能疗法(EET)的所有组成部分及其相关技能:情绪意识、正念接纳、基于价值观的行为和正念应对。此外,我们还讨论了如何帮助来访在情绪触发状态下练习这些技能,以增强学习、记忆和回忆。你也知道如何帮助来访巩固他们所学的内容,从而创建一个持续的情绪效能实践。
在本章中,我们将:
- 提供一份来访讲义,以促进综合学习;
- 提供一个简要大纲和八次会话的时间表来实施EET;
- 讨论你可能遇到的治疗挑战和机会;
- 提供使用EET进行小组治疗的技巧;
- 给出评估来访情绪效能水平的建议,以指导治疗计划。
巩固学习
从这里开始的工作是帮助来访巩固他们的学习,并确定哪些技能最适合他们。知道他们有一个工具箱,在触发情境中可以使用的技能,并且有许多记录下来,这将使他们在需要回顾触发情境中的选择时有所参考。
你可以使用《情绪效能疗法技能》讲义和个人化情绪效能计划工作表(如本书中所有会话材料一样,可以在附录C和http://www.newharbinger.com/34039找到)来促进这一过程。来访可以在会话后完成这个工作表,然后带到最后一次会话中进行审查。
情绪效能疗法技能
你现在拥有了一整套新的技能,可以帮助你在被触发时做出有效且符合价值观的选择。使用以下列表来复习你所学的EET技能,并完成个人化情绪效能计划工作表。
正念接纳
- 感受接纳
- 情感标记
- 思维观察
- 冲动觉察
- 情绪冲浪
正念应对
- 放松
- 自我安抚
- 令人愉悦的活动
- 应对思维
- 分心
- 休息时间
基于价值观的行为
- 在选择时刻识别你的价值观及相应的行动
个人化情绪效能计划
使用这份EET技能清单来记住当你情绪被触发时什么对你有效。此外,还有空间让你写下关于你与情绪关系的其他学习或想要记住的内容。
正念接纳技能(观察 + 接纳)
当被触发时,我可以练习以下正念接纳技能:
- 感受接纳:识别任何感觉,对自己描述这些感觉,允许它们如其所是,不加反应或评判。
- 情感标记:识别任何情感标签,与这种情感共处,允许它如其所是,不加反应或评判。
- 思维观察:观察我的想法随着它们的出现,然后让它们离去。注意到任何“粘性”想法,并让它们如其所是,不加反应或评判。
- 冲动觉察:注意到任何做某事或不做某事的冲动。注意不按照冲动行事的感觉。
基于价值观的行为(观察 + 接纳 + 选择基于价值观的行为)
当我已经练习了正念接纳(观察 + 接纳)并希望选择符合我价值观的行为时,我可以选择以下基于价值观的行为:
- 情境1:基于价值观的行为
- 情境2:基于价值观的行为
- 情境3:基于价值观的行为
- 情境4:基于价值观的行为
- 情境5:基于价值观的行为
正念应对(观察 + 接纳 + 选择正念应对)
当我已经练习了正念接纳和/或尝试使用基于价值观的行为,但仍然感到有采取破坏性行为的风险时,我可以选择以下技能:
- 放松:使用腹式呼吸、无紧张放松、提示控制呼吸或五感练习来降低情绪强度。
- 自我安抚:刺激我的五个感官来降低情绪强度。
- 应对思维:使用应对思维重新框架情境,以降低情绪强度。
- 彻底接纳:练习彻底接纳,允许困难情境的存在而不是抵抗它们,以降低情绪强度。
- 分心:将注意力转移到其他当前时刻的经验上,以降低情绪强度。
- 休息时间:从可能使情况变得更糟的触发情境中离开。
其他
我想记住以下关于我与情绪关系的内容:
EET 8周治疗计划
以下计划涵盖了在八次会话中的所有EET技能。根据治疗是在小组还是个人形式进行,可以进行调整。有关逐步协议,请参见附录C。
- 第1次会话:情绪意识(第2章)
- 第2次会话:结合情绪冲浪的正念接纳(第3章和第4章)
- 第3次会话:基于价值观的行为,第一部分(第5章)
- 第4次会话:基于价值观的行为,第二部分(第6章)
- 第5次会话:通过放松和自我安抚进行正念应对(第7章)
- 第6次会话:通过应对思维和彻底接纳进行正念应对(第8章)
- 第7次会话:通过分心和休息时间进行正念应对(第9章)
- 第8次会话:巩固、故障排除和总结(第10章)
潜在的治疗挑战和机会
以下是处理在进行EET时来访可能出现的常见问题的指导和建议。
针对特定技能的困难
当来访在某个技能上遇到困难时,这可能对他们来说是一个宝贵的学习机会。换句话说,那些更难掌握的技能可能是最能提高他们情绪效能的技能。
例如,被诊断为恐慌障碍的来访可能会在感受接纳方面遇到困难。由于他们倾向于将身体感觉解读为危险信号,即使没有实际威胁,他们也可能感到警觉。鉴于这种脆弱性,他们可能会避免观察和接受身体感觉,尽管这项技能在他们被触发时可能是最有效的策略。帮助来访认识到这种矛盾可以增加他们参与那些较难技能的意愿。
对于患有慢性疼痛的来访来说,感受接纳也可能是一项挑战。关键在于评估这些技能在来访情绪被触发时是否对他们有效。对于慢性疼痛程度较高的来访,选择一个不专注于身体的EET技能可能更为有效,因为关注身体可能会引发更多的情绪波动。
同样,倾向于反复思考的来访可能会在观察思维方面遇到困难。你应该与来访合作,帮助他们看到他们在观察思维方面的困难是表明他们可以通过学习观察和放下思维而受益更多的迹象。短期内,你希望帮助来访学会评估在选择时刻什么对他们最有效。
增强意识与沮丧感
现在你的来访已经增强了他们的情绪意识,他们更有可能注意到自己选择采取适应不良的情绪驱动行为的时刻。虽然在被触发时,他们实际上可能做出较少的适应不良选择,但来访可能会感到沮丧和失去信心,因为他们发现自己经常让情绪主导行为。
你可能需要向来访保证,增强情绪效能是一个过程。提醒他们,不按照情绪行事会感觉不自然——尤其是在开始阶段——但每次他们选择正念接纳、基于价值观的行为或正念应对时,都会变得更容易。就像打破旧习惯需要时间一样,形成新习惯也需要时间。他们正在锻炼自己的情绪效能肌肉。
为来访量身定制治疗,即“伸展”
每次会话的目的是让来访尽可能充分地参与这些技能。来访在治疗过程中所带入的情绪效能水平以及最终达到的水平会因他们的脆弱性、模式和应对方式而有很大差异。此外,来访在智力、认知能力和社交支持方面的不同水平也会影响他们的学习能力,最终影响治疗结果。
设定现实目标与“伸展”
正如任何干预措施一样,EET在来访设定既具有挑战性又不至于让他们感到不知所措的现实目标时最为有效。找到这个最佳点需要定期询问他们的情绪过程和可能实现的目标。我们称之为EET中的“伸展”区域。对于一些来访来说,仅仅学会与自己的情绪共处就已经是一个很大的挑战;而对于另一些来访,在被触发时与伴侣进行基于价值观的行为互动则是一个挑战。
有些来访可以轻松学习并吸收EET技能;他们在治疗过程中会体验到情绪效能的巨大突破。而对另一些来访来说,提高情绪效能的过程可能会更慢、更具挑战性,甚至更加痛苦。关键在于从来访当前的情况出发,通过暴露疗法和日常家庭练习来促进新的学习机会。你每周都应与来访联系,帮助他们评估如何在日常实践中使用一个或多个EET技能来进行“伸展”。
诱发情绪激活
虽然大多数寻求情绪问题治疗的来访能够接触到与触发思维或情境相关的困难情绪,但有些来访在暴露过程中不容易被激活。除非经历实际的触发事件,否则他们可能难以达到情绪激活。这可能有几个原因。他们可能因为害怕被情绪淹没而无法恢复,而不允许自己变得情绪化。或者他们对内部触发因素不太敏感,但对外部触发因素非常敏感,这使得在情绪或想象暴露中很难引发痛苦。在前一种情况下,随着治疗的进行,尤其是当来访学会了处理情绪的新方法后,这种恐惧感很可能会得到改善。在后一种情况下,暴露的好处可能更多地来自于会话之外,当来访可以在实际生活中寻找触发因素来练习这些技能时。无论哪种情况,你都可以通过评估来访的SUDS(主观不适度评分)水平,并与他们合作以达到最佳的唤醒水平来了解他们的体验。
评估
如果你计划在治疗过程中跟踪来访的进展(我们建议你这样做),那么你需要在治疗开始时以及整个治疗过程中定期进行结果测量。除了你自己的观察和与来访的互动体验外,你还可以使用多种自评量表来通过测量痛苦耐受性、经验回避、情绪失调、基于价值观的生活以及其他相关跟踪指标来追踪来访的情绪效能。
收集数据将帮助你根据来访的需求调整持续的治疗方案。例如,如果你注意到来访在情绪回避方面遇到困难,你可以花更多时间与他们讨论这个问题。或者,你可能有来访虽然有所改善,但仍然缺乏对自己使用EET技能的信心。你可以花时间回顾并验证他们在被触发时如何为自己做出更好的选择。
如果已经完成了治疗,那么你可能对来访掌握的技能以及哪些技能对他们来说更难有了很好的了解。如果你在整个治疗过程中没有跟踪结果,这时可能是进行更正式评估的好时机。
附录A中包含了以下用于评估的结果测量工具:
- 痛苦耐受性量表(DTS)(Simons & Gaher, 2005)
- 情绪调节困难量表(DERS)(Gratz & Roemer, 2004)
- 价值生活问卷(VLQ)(Wilson, Sandoz, Kitchens, & Roberts, 2010)
- 情绪效能量表(EES)
- 抑郁、焦虑和压力量表-21(DASS-21)(S. H. Lovibond & P. F. Lovibond, 1995)
- 接纳与行动问卷(AAQ-2)(Bond et al., 2011)
在使用症状清单(如DASS或任何其他用于评估情绪效能的症状清单)时,请记住,有时症状可能不会显著减少。这并不一定意味着来访没有从治疗中受益。例如,患有慢性疼痛的来访可能每天都会经历显著的压力症状,这在治疗过程中可能会变化也可能不会变化。然而,情绪效能仍可以提高这些来访忍受痛苦的能力、做出符合价值观的选择以及在被触发时调节情绪的能力。或者,来访可能在治疗过程中经历了症状减轻,但在非常痛苦的情况下仍然选择情绪回避。对于每个案例,你需要仔细评估并思考如何调整治疗以最好地针对每位来访的成长边缘。
EET及后续
如果来访的治疗超过了EET八周协议的时间线,你需要继续支持他们提高对EET技能的掌握。在会话中定期练习正念接纳将帮助你持续跟踪来访如何处理他们的情绪体验。此外,你还应该跟踪来访在会话之外对情绪触发因素的反应效果,通过每周检查来回顾一周的情况、发生的触发因素以及它们是如何被处理的。同时,验证并强调哪些方法有效,并解决那些无效的问题。不断回到心理教育和技能练习,使用暴露疗法来练习最近的触发因素或未来可能遇到的恐惧情境。
务必强调日常练习的好处。提醒来访,在持续激活状态下,他们更容易受到情绪触发的影响。一种降低焦虑水平的方法是即使在没有情绪触发时,也要时刻练习正念接纳。保持较低的基础水平不仅有助于心理健康、身体健康和社会健康,还能降低他们被情绪触发的脆弱性。你可以为你的会话创建一个结构,确保来访在会话内外都能使用这些技能:
- 正念练习
- 一周回顾:验证并强调有效的方法;解决困难或无效的问题
- 复习心理教育和一个EET技能以进行暴露练习
- 与已识别的过去触发因素或预期情况相关的暴露练习
- 带有具体意图和任务的家庭作业计划
还应提醒来访,情绪效能是一个终身实践的过程。他们练习得越多,情绪就越不会感到压倒性,他们的生活也会变得越充实和有意义。
总结
以下是第10章涵盖内容的概要:
- 情绪意识的增加最初可能导致来访感到沮丧,因为他们意识到自己经常被情绪所驱动。他们可能需要得到保证,建立情绪效能肌肉需要时间。
- 有时,对来访来说最困难的技能恰恰是最有益的。每个来访都需要学会识别什么是“伸展”,或者如何深入到痛苦中去。
- 有些来访在想象和情绪暴露过程中难以被情绪激活;他们可能需要专注于会话外的实际暴露练习。
- 在与高度反应性的来访进行暴露时,你需要清楚地说明他们如何识别适合暴露的最佳场景,以及如何在暴露后进行接地。
- 在EET期间和之后使用评估可以帮助根据来访的具体需求调整治疗。
- 以小组形式进行暴露需要有明确的保密、披露和参与指南。
- EET设计为八次会话的协议,可以根据小组或个人形式进行调整。
本章知识点阐述
知识点阐述
-
情绪效能疗法(EET)的综合应用
- 定义:EET是一个全面的治疗方法,旨在帮助个体管理情绪并采取有效的行为。
-
重要性:
- 通过整合多种技能,EET提供了一个系统的方法来处理情绪问题。
- 帮助个体在情绪触发时做出更健康和符合价值观的选择。
-
具体实践:
- 情绪意识:了解自己的情绪状态。
- 正念接纳:接受当前的情绪体验而不加评判。
- 基于价值观的行为:根据个人价值观采取行动。
- 正念应对:使用各种技巧来管理情绪,如放松、自我安抚等。
-
巩固学习的重要性
- 定义:巩固学习是指通过重复练习和反思来加强新技能的记忆和应用。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访更好地理解和内化所学技能。
- 提高来访在实际生活中的应用能力。
-
具体实践:
- 使用讲义和工作表:提供具体的工具和资源,帮助来访记录和回顾所学技能。
- 定期复习:鼓励来访在日常生活中反复练习这些技能,并在治疗过程中进行反馈和调整。
-
个人化情绪效能计划
- 定义:个人化情绪效能计划是一个定制化的工具,帮助来访记录和回顾适合自己的情绪管理策略。
-
重要性:
- 使来访能够明确哪些技能对自己最有效。
- 为来访提供一个随时可参考的资源,以便在需要时快速调用。
-
具体实践:
- 填写工作表:来访可以根据自己的经历填写工作表,记录哪些技能对他们最有效。
- 定期更新:鼓励来访定期更新工作表,添加新的学习和经验。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到情绪效能疗法不仅提供了多种应对情绪的技能,还强调了巩固学习和个人化计划的重要性。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
-
正念接纳技能
- 定义:正念接纳是指在情绪被触发时,通过观察和接纳自己的感受、情感、思维和冲动,而不加评判或反应。
-
重要性:
- 有助于减少情绪的负面影响。
- 促进个体对情绪的接受和理解。
-
具体实践:
- 感受接纳:识别身体上的感觉,描述它们,并允许它们存在。
- 情感标记:识别情感,给它们命名,并与之共处。
- 思维观察:观察思维的出现,然后让它们自然消退。
- 冲动觉察:注意冲动,但不立即行动。
-
基于价值观的行为
- 定义:基于价值观的行为是指在情绪被触发时,根据个人的核心价值观选择行动。
-
重要性:
- 有助于个体在情绪波动时做出符合自己价值观的选择。
- 促进个体的自我实现和满足感。
-
具体实践:
- 情境分析:在不同情境下,识别并选择符合价值观的行为。
- 行动计划:制定具体的行动计划,确保行为与价值观一致。
-
正念应对
- 定义:正念应对是指在情绪被触发且难以继续正念接纳或选择基于价值观的行为时,使用特定技巧来管理情绪。
-
重要性:
- 提供了一种在情绪高涨时的应对机制。
- 有助于防止情绪失控导致的负面后果。
-
具体实践:
- 放松:使用呼吸和其他放松技巧来降低情绪强度。
- 自我安抚:通过刺激感官来缓解情绪。
- 应对思维:使用积极的思维来重新框架情境。
- 彻底接纳:接受困难情境,而不是抗拒。
- 分心:将注意力转移到其他活动上。
- 休息时间:暂时离开触发情境。
-
EET 8周治疗计划
- 定义:EET 8周治疗计划是一个结构化的治疗方案,旨在帮助来访系统地学习和应用EET技能。
-
重要性:
- 提供了一个清晰的学习路径。
- 有助于来访逐步掌握和整合各种技能。
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具体实践:
- 分阶段学习:每个会话专注于不同的技能,逐步推进。
- 个性化调整:根据来访的需要和情况进行调整。
- 巩固和总结:在最后一个会话中回顾和巩固所学内容。
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潜在的治疗挑战和机会
- 定义:在实施EET过程中可能会遇到的挑战和机会。
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重要性:
- 帮助治疗师预见和解决可能出现的问题。
- 为来访提供更有效的支持。
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具体实践:
- 提前准备:了解常见的挑战并制定应对策略。
- 灵活应对:根据实际情况调整治疗计划。
- 持续评估:定期评估来访的进展和需求,进行必要的调整。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到EET不仅提供了一系列应对情绪的有效工具,还强调了正念接纳、基于价值观的行为和正念应对的重要性。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
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针对特定技能的困难
- 定义:来访在某些技能上遇到的困难可能反映了他们需要特别关注的领域。
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重要性:
- 识别这些困难可以帮助来访更好地理解自己的情绪模式。
- 克服这些困难可以显著提高他们的情绪效能。
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具体实践:
- 恐慌障碍:帮助来访认识到他们对身体感觉的误解,并鼓励他们练习感受接纳。
- 慢性疼痛:评估来访的状况,选择适合他们的技能,避免进一步加剧情绪波动。
- 反复思考:教育来访如何观察和放下思维,以减少负面情绪的影响。
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增强意识与沮丧感
- 定义:随着情绪意识的提高,来访可能会更加频繁地注意到自己采取适应不良的行为。
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重要性:
- 提高情绪意识有助于来访更好地管理自己的行为。
- 但同时,这也可能导致他们感到沮丧和失去信心。
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具体实践:
- 提供支持:向来访保证这是一个逐步的过程,每一次尝试都是进步。
- 鼓励坚持:提醒来访,随着时间的推移,新的行为模式会逐渐形成,情绪效能也会随之提高。
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为来访量身定制治疗
- 定义:根据每个来访的独特需求和背景,量身定制治疗计划。
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重要性:
- 个性化的治疗可以更好地满足来访的需求,提高治疗效果。
- 考虑到来访的脆弱性、模式和应对方式,制定合适的治疗方案。
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具体实践:
- 评估来访需求:了解来访的背景、认知能力和社交支持情况。
- 灵活调整:根据来访的进展和反馈,适时调整治疗计划。
- 强化动机:通过持续的支持和鼓励,增强来访参与治疗的积极性。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到,在EET治疗过程中,识别和解决来访在特定技能上的困难是非常重要的。这不仅有助于提高来访的情绪效能,还能帮助他们更好地理解和管理自己的情绪。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
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设定现实目标与“伸展”
- 定义:在EET中,设定既有挑战性又不会让来访感到不知所措的现实目标是至关重要的。
-
重要性:
- 帮助来访在治疗过程中保持动力和积极性。
- 促进新技能的学习和应用。
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具体实践:
- 定期询问:定期与来访讨论他们的情绪过程和可能实现的目标。
- 个性化调整:根据每个来访的独特情况设定合适的“伸展”目标。
- 持续支持:通过每周的跟进,帮助来访评估和调整他们的日常实践。
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诱发情绪激活
- 定义:在EET中,某些来访可能在暴露过程中不易被情绪激活,需要特别的方法来诱发情绪。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访在治疗过程中更好地理解和管理情绪。
- 提高情绪激活的效率和效果。
-
具体实践:
- 评估SUDS水平:通过SUDS评分来评估来访的情绪激活程度。
- 内外触发因素:识别来访对内部和外部触发因素的不同反应,并据此调整暴露策略。
- 逐步暴露:根据来访的具体情况,逐步增加暴露强度,以达到最佳的唤醒水平。
- 实际生活练习:鼓励来访在日常生活中寻找触发因素,以便在真实情境中练习EET技能。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到在EET治疗中,设定现实且具有挑战性的目标以及有效地诱发情绪激活是非常重要的。这不仅有助于来访在治疗过程中取得更好的效果,还能帮助他们更好地理解和管理自己的情绪。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
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评估的重要性
- 定义:在治疗过程中,定期进行结果测量,以监测来访的情绪效能和其他相关指标。
-
重要性:
- 提供客观的数据支持,帮助治疗师更好地了解来访的进展。
- 有助于根据来访的具体情况调整治疗方案。
-
具体实践:
- 定期评估:在治疗开始时和整个治疗过程中定期进行评估。
- 多维度评估:使用多种自评量表来全面评估来访的情绪效能。
- 个性化调整:根据评估结果,调整治疗方案以满足来访的具体需求。
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评估工具的选择
- 定义:选择合适的评估工具来测量来访的情绪效能、痛苦耐受性、情绪调节等指标。
-
重要性:
- 不同的评估工具可以提供不同方面的信息,帮助治疗师全面了解来访的情况。
- 选择合适的工具可以提高评估的有效性和准确性。
-
具体实践:
- 痛苦耐受性量表(DTS):评估来访忍受痛苦的能力。
- 情绪调节困难量表(DERS):评估来访在情绪调节方面的困难。
- 价值生活问卷(VLQ):评估来访是否能够按照价值观生活。
- 抑郁、焦虑和压力量表-21(DASS-21):评估来访的抑郁、焦虑和压力水平。
- 接纳与行动问卷(AAQ-2):评估来访对情绪的接纳程度和采取行动的能力。
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症状变化与情绪效能的关系
- 定义:即使症状没有显著减少,来访的情绪效能仍可能提高。
-
重要性:
- 帮助治疗师理解症状变化与情绪效能之间的关系。
- 避免仅依赖症状变化来判断治疗效果。
-
具体实践:
- 综合评估:不仅要关注症状的变化,还要关注来访的情绪效能和其他心理功能。
- 个体化分析:对每个来访进行个体化的分析,考虑他们的具体情况和背景。
- 灵活调整:根据评估结果,灵活调整治疗策略,以更好地满足来访的需求。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到在EET治疗中,定期评估来访的情绪效能和其他相关指标是非常重要的。这不仅有助于治疗师更好地了解来访的进展,还能帮助他们根据来访的具体情况调整治疗方案,从而提高治疗效果。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
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持续支持与技能巩固
- 定义:即使在EET八周协议结束后,仍需继续支持来访提高对EET技能的掌握。
-
重要性:
- 帮助来访持续应用和巩固所学技能。
- 提高来访在实际生活中的情绪管理能力。
-
具体实践:
- 定期练习:在会话中定期练习正念接纳。
- 回顾与反馈:每周回顾来访的进展,验证有效方法,解决无效问题。
- 心理教育:持续提供心理教育,强化技能理解和应用。
- 暴露练习:针对近期触发因素或预期情境进行暴露练习。
- 家庭作业:布置具体的家庭作业,促进技能的应用和巩固。
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日常练习的重要性
- 定义:强调日常练习对提高情绪效能的重要性。
-
重要性:
- 降低来访的焦虑水平。
- 保持较低的基础情绪状态,提高整体健康水平。
-
具体实践:
- 正念接纳:即使在没有情绪触发时,也进行正念接纳练习。
- 持续提醒:提醒来访情绪效能是一个长期过程,需要持续练习。
- 验证效果:让来访感受到练习带来的积极变化,增强其信心和动力。
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个体化治疗与评估
- 定义:根据来访的具体需求调整个体化的治疗方案,并使用评估工具进行跟踪。
-
重要性:
- 使治疗更加针对性和有效。
- 及时发现并解决来访在治疗过程中遇到的问题。
-
具体实践:
- 评估工具:使用多种评估工具(如DTS、DERS、VLQ等)来全面评估来访的情绪效能。
- 个性化调整:根据评估结果调整治疗方案,满足来访的具体需求。
- 暴露练习:对于高度反应性的来访,明确指导如何选择合适的暴露场景和如何进行接地。
-
团体治疗的注意事项
- 定义:在团体治疗中实施EET时需要注意的一些关键事项。
-
重要性:
- 保护来访的隐私和安全。
- 促进团体成员之间的信任和支持。
-
具体实践:
- 保密协议:制定明确的保密协议,确保所有成员都了解并遵守。
- 参与规则:设定清晰的参与规则,确保每个成员都能积极参与并从中受益。
- 暴露练习:在团体环境中进行暴露练习时,确保每个成员都有机会进行实际操作,并得到适当的指导和支持。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到在EET治疗中,持续的支持和技能巩固是非常重要的。这不仅有助于来访在治疗结束后继续应用所学技能,还能帮助他们在实际生活中更好地管理和调节情绪。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
Chapter 10 Pulling It All Together At this point we’ve covered all the EET components and their related skills: emotion awareness, mindful acceptance, values-based action, and mindful coping. Additionally, we’ve covered how to help your clients practice the skills in an emotionally triggered state to enhance learning, retention, and recall. You also know how to help clients consolidate what they’ve learned to create an ongoing emotion efficacy practice. In this chapter we: provide a client handout to facilitate consolidated learning; provide a brief outline and eight-session schedule for delivering EET; address potential treatment challenges and opportunities you may encounter; offer tips for using EET in a group format; and give suggestions for assessing your clients’ levels of emotion efficacy to inform treatment planning. Consolidating Learning The work from here on is to help clients to consolidate their learning and identify what skills work best for them. Knowing they have a toolbox of skills they can use in triggering situations, and having many written down, will give them something to refer to when they need to review their choices in triggering situations. You can use the Emotion Efficacy Therapy Skills handout and Personalized Emotion Efficacy Plan worksheet (available, as with all session materials in this book, in Appendix C and at http://www.newharbinger.com/34039) to facilitate this process. Clients can complete this worksheet after session and then bring it to the last session for review. Emotion Efficacy Therapy Skills You now have a whole new set of skills to use to help you make choices that are effective and consistent with your values when you get triggered. Use the following list to review the EET skills you’velearned and to complete the Personalized Emotion Efficacy Plan worksheet. Mindful Acceptance Sensation Acceptance Feeling Labeling Thought Watching Urge Noticing Emotion Surfing Mindful Coping Relaxation Self-Soothing Pleasurable Activities Coping Thoughts Distraction Time-Out Values-Based Action Identify your value and the corresponding action in the moment of choice Personalized Emotion Efficacy Plan Use this list of EET skills to remember what works for you when you get emotionally triggered. In addition, there is space for you to write down what else you have learned or want to remember about your relationship with your emotions. Mindful Acceptance Skills (O + A) When I am triggered, I can practice the following mindful acceptance skills:Sensation acceptance: Identify any sensations, describe them to myself, make room for them to be exactly as they are, without reacting or judging. Feeling labeling: Identify any feeling labels, sit with the feeling, allow it to be exactly as it is without reacting or judging. Thought watching: Watch my thoughts as they arise, and then let them go. Notice any “sticky” thoughts and let them be exactly as they are, without reacting or judging. Urge noticing: Notice any urges to do something or not to do something. Notice what it’s like not to act on the urge. Values-Based Action (O + A + Choose Values- Based Action) When I’ve practiced mindful acceptance (observe + accept) and want to choose to move toward my values, I can choose the following values-based actions: Situation VBA Situation VBA Situation VBA Situation VBA Situation VBA Mindful Coping (O + A + Choose Mindful Coping) When I have practiced mindful acceptance and/or have tried to use values-based action and still feel at risk of acting on destructive urges, I can choose the following skills: Relaxation: Use diaphragmatic breathing, relaxation without tension, cue-controlled breathing, or the five-senses exercise to downshift emotion. Self-soothing: Stimulate each of my five senses to downshift emotion. Coping thoughts: Use a coping thought to reframe the situation and downshift emotion.Radical acceptance: Practice radical acceptance to allow difficult situations instead of resisting them, to downshift emotion. Distraction: Shift my attention to alternative present-moment experiences to downshift emotion. Time-out: Remove yourself from situations that are triggering where you risk making a difficult situation worse. Other: I want to remember the following about my relationship with my emotions: EET 8-Week Protocol Schedule The following schedule covers all the EET skills in eight sessions. Modifications can be made depending on whether treatment is being delivered in a group or individual format. For a step-by-step protocol, see Appendix C. Session 1: Emotion Awareness (chapter 2) Session 2: Mindful Acceptance with Emotion Surfing (chapters 3 and 4) Session 3: Values-Based Action, Part 1 (chapter 5) Session 4: Values-Based Action, Part 2 (chapter 6) Session 5: Mindful Coping Through Relaxation and Self-Soothing (chapter 7) Session 6: Mindful Coping Through Coping Thoughts and Radical Acceptance (chapter 8) Session 7: Mindful Coping with Distraction and Time- Out (chapter 9) Session 8: Consolidating, Troubleshooting, and Wrap- Up (chapter 10) Potential Treatment Challenges and OpportunitiesFollowing are guidelines and suggestions for working with common issues that may come up when doing EET with clients. Difficulty with Specific Skills When clients encounter difficulty with a skill, there may be valuable lessons for them. In other words, the skills that are more difficult may be the skills that can offer them the most emotion efficacy when mastered. For example, clients with a diagnosis of panic disorder may struggle with sensation acceptance. Given their propensity to interpret sensations as messages of danger, clients can experience alarm in the absence of an actual threat. Given this vulnerability, they may tend to avoid observing and accepting physical sensations even though this skill could be the most effective strategy when they get triggered. Helping your clients become attuned to this paradox can serve to increase their willingness to engage in the skills they find more difficult. Sensation acceptance can also be challenging for clients who struggle with chronic pain. The key, as with all clients, is to assess whether the skill can be effective for them when they are emotionally triggered. For clients with high levels of chronic pain, it may be more effective to choose an EET skill that doesn’t focus attention on their bodies, which can be triggering and further fuel the emotion wave. Similarly, clients who tend to ruminate may struggle with watching their thoughts. You should work with clients to help them see that their difficulty with thought watching is a sign that they may benefit even more over time from learning to observe and let go of their thoughts. In the short term, you’ll want to help clients learn to evaluate what works best for them in the moment of choice. Increased Awareness and DemoralizationNow that your clients have increased their emotion awareness, they are more likely to notice the times they choose to act on maladaptive emotion-driven behaviors. While they may actually be making fewer maladaptive choices when they get triggered, it’s possible for clients to feel frustrated and demoralized about how often they let their emotions drive their behavior. You may need to reassure clients that increasing emotion efficacy is a process. Remind them that not acting on their emotions will feel unnatural—especially in the beginning— but every time they choose mindful acceptance, values-based action, or mindful coping, it will get easier. In the same way it takes time to break old habits, it takes time to form new ones. They are building their emotion efficacy muscle. Tailoring Treatment for Clients, aka “The Stretch” The intention in each session should be to empower clients to engage with the skills to the fullest extent possible. The level of emotion efficacy clients come in with, and achieve during treatment, will vary greatly depending on their vulnerabilities, schemas, and coping patterns. In addition, clients come to treatment at varying levels of intellectual and cognitive ability, and social support, which can impact their ability to learn and, ultimately, the outcome of treatment. As with any intervention, EET will be most effective if clients set realistic goals that are challenging enough to yield new learning without overwhelming them. Finding this sweet spot requires regular inquiry around their emotional process and what’s possible. We refer to this possibility zone as a “stretch” in EET. For some clients, just learning to be present with their emotions will feel like a big stretch; for others, engaging in values-based action with their partners when they are triggered will be a stretch. Some clients will easily learn and assimilate EET skills; they will experience incredible breakthroughs in emotion efficacy during treatment. For others, the process of increasing emotion efficacy may be slower, more challenging, and morepainful. The key is to work with clients where they are while facilitating new learning opportunities through exposure and daily homework practice. You’ll want to check in weekly with clients to help them assess how they can “stretch” in their daily practice using one or more EET skills. Inducing Emotion Activation While most clients who seek treatment for emotion problems are able to access the difficult emotions that go with triggering thoughts or situations, some clients aren’t easily activated during exposure. They may struggle to reach emotion activation unless they experience an in vivo trigger. There are several possible reasons for this. They may not allow themselves to become emotionally activated because they fear getting overwhelmed and not being able to recover. Or they may be less vulnerable to internal triggers but are very sensitive to external triggers, which makes it difficult to induce distress during emotion or imaginal exposure. In the former case, the fear of overwhelm would likely improve during the course of treatment, especially as clients learn new ways of relating to their emotions. In the latter case, the exposure benefit may be more likely to come outside of session, when clients can seek out in vivo triggers to practice using the skills. Either way, you’ll become aware of their experience by assessing their SUDS level and working with them to achieve an optimal level of arousal. Assessment If you plan to track your clients’ progress during treatment (and we recommend that you do), you will want to administer outcome measures at the beginning of treatment and then regularly throughout. In addition to your own observations and experience with clients, you can also use a variety of self- report scales to track clients’ emotion efficacy by measuring distress tolerance, experiential avoidance, emotion dysregulation, values-based living, and related tracking measures.Gathering data will help you tailor ongoing treatment to meet the needs of your clients. For example, if you notice that clients are struggling with emotion avoidance, you can take extra time to review this with them. Or you may have clients who are improving but still suffer from a lack of confidence in their ability to use EET skills. You might take time to review and validate the ways clients are making better choices for themselves when they get triggered. If you have completed treatment, then you probably also have a good sense of what skills your clients have mastered and which are more difficult. This may be a good time to stop and do a more formal assessment if you haven’t been tracking outcomes throughout treatment. The following outcome measures are included in Appendix A for your use: Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) (Simons & Gaher, 2005) Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (Gratz & Roemer, 2004) Valued Living Questionnaire (VLQ) (Wilson, Sandoz, Kitchens, & Roberts, 2010) Emotion Efficacy Scale (EES) Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale–21 (DASS–21) (S. H. Lovibond & P. F. Lovibond, 1995) Acceptance & Action Questionnaire (AAQ-2) (Bond et al., 2011) Keep in mind when using a symptom inventory, such as the DASS—or any symptom inventory for assessment of emotion efficacy—that sometimes symptoms may not significantly decrease. This isn’t necessarily an indication that clients are not benefiting from treatment. For example, clients with chronic pain may experience significant stress symptoms on a daily basis, and this may or may not change duringtreatment. However, emotion efficacy can still increase those clients’ ability to tolerate distress, make values-consistent choices, and regulate their emotions even when they’re triggered. Or clients may experience a reduction in symptoms during treatment but still choose emotion avoidance in very distressing situations. On a case-by-case basis, you’ll want to assess and think carefully about how to tailor treatment to best target growth edges for each of your clients. EET and Beyond If treatment with clients goes past the eight-week EET protocol timeline, you’ll want to continue to support them in increasing their mastery with EET skills. Practicing regular mindful acceptance in session will allow you to continue to track how your clients are working with their emotional experiences. You’ll also want to keep track of how effectively your clients are responding to emotional triggers outside of session, using a check-in to review how the week went, what triggers occurred, and how they were handled. In addition, validate and highlight what worked, and troubleshoot what didn’t. Keep coming back to the psychoeducation and skills practice, using exposure to practice a recent trigger or a future feared situation. Be sure to emphasize the benefits of daily practice. Remind clients that they are more vulnerable to emotional triggers when they are in a state of constant activation. One way clients can bring down their level of anxiety is to practice mindful acceptance, moment to moment, even when they aren’t emotionally triggered. Maintaining a lower baseline will have mental, physical, and social health benefits, in addition to lowering their vulnerability to become emotionally triggered. You can create a structure for your sessions to ensure that clients are using the skills both in and outside the session: Mindfulness practice Week in review: validate and highlight what worked; troubleshoot what was difficult or ineffectiveReview psychoeducation and an EET skill to practice in exposure Exposure practice with an identified past trigger or anticipated situation Homework planning with specific intentions and assignments It may also be helpful to remind your clients that emotion efficacy is a lifelong practice. The more they practice, the less their emotions will feel overwhelming—and the more fulfilling and meaningful their lives will be. Summary Following is a synopsis of content covered in chapter 10: Increases in emotion awareness can initially result in demoralization in clients who realize how often they are driven by their emotions. They may need reassurance that it takes time to build their emotion efficacy muscle. Sometimes the skills that are most difficult for clients are those that will be most beneficial for them. Each client will need to learn to identify what constitutes a “stretch,” or how far to push into the pain. Some clients struggle to become emotionally activated during imaginal and emotion exposure; they may need to focus on in vivo exposure practice outside of session. When conducting exposure with clients who are highly reactive, you’ll want to clearly outline how they can identify optimal scenes to work with in exposure as well as how they can ground when they come out of exposure.Using assessment during and after EET can help tailor treatment to meet a client’s specific needs. Conducting exposure in a group format requires having clear guidelines around confidentiality, disclosure, and participation. EET was designed to be delivered in an eight-session protocol, which can be modified for group or individual formats.