第九章:分心与暂停
第九章
分心与暂停
前两章介绍了四种正念应对技巧——放松、自我安抚、应对思维和彻底接纳。来访将学习的最后两种正念应对技巧是分心和暂停。正如所有正念应对技巧一样,分心和暂停并不是正念接纳或基于价值观行动的替代品。相反,正念应对是一种选择,仅在来访即使在练习正念接纳和/或基于价值观行动后仍然情绪显著失调时使用。你需要不断向来访强调,有时仅仅练习正念接纳或基于价值观行动就足以忍受痛苦、调节情绪,并朝着自己的价值观方向前进。另一方面,当来访情绪上感到不知所措,甚至在选择正念接纳痛苦和/或选择基于价值观行动后仍然感到极度痛苦时,才会使用正念应对技巧。
EET技能目标: 观察 + 接纳 + 选择 正念应对 (分心/暂停)
分心
分心是在观察和接纳之后进行的。在选择的时刻,分心允许来访将注意力从触发情绪的刺激物上转移开:引发情绪的想法、感觉和情境。
正念和接纳社区的一些理论家认为分心是一种回避形式,因此不鼓励使用。然而,在EET中,分心被用来有意识地在观察和接纳情绪后,将注意力转移到其他当前的体验上。因为来访总是从正念接纳开始,所以分心不是用来避免他们的体验,而是以有效、适应情境且符合价值观的方式正念调节他们的情绪。此外,分心作为一种技能,仅在危机情况下作为最后手段来教授。例如,当来访有可能伤害自己或他人时,有时最好的也是唯一的选择就是通过分心来转移他们对情绪冲动的关注。
分心的正念应对协议与前几章描述的一样。达到目标SUDS水平(通常为5到7)后,来访会练习一个或多个预先选择的分心策略。理想情况下,他们将从五个分心类别中预先选择技术:
- 将注意力转移到他人身上:在这里,来访将注意力转移到他们关心的人身上,通常制定一个具体的计划来提供帮助或支持。思考基于价值观的行为可以为触发情境和认知提供有效的替代方案。
- 将注意力转移到其他事物上:这种技术的目标是利用记忆和想象力创造另一个焦点。祈祷、咒语和被动形式的娱乐也属于这一类。
- 专注于生产力:虽然来访可能不会在你的办公室里练习这一点,但有一份家务和个人护理任务清单可以在家中有效地应对情绪风暴。
- 使用自毁行为的替代方法:当来访面对危险或破坏性的由情绪驱动的冲动时,创造一种替代的身体感觉通常是最佳的分心策略(Linehan, 1993)。这些方法包括握住冰块、对着枕头尖叫、手腕上弹橡皮筋,甚至用红色马克笔或笔在身体上画画而不是割伤自己。
- 进行愉悦活动:愉悦的感觉可以迅速改变心情,帮助来访降低情绪强度。《分心策略》手册中列出的愉悦活动只是一个对话的起点。
你需要与来访一起制作一个更完整和个性化的清单,并选择一些可以在办公室使用的便携式愉悦活动。
以下的讲义(也可在 http://www.newharbinger.com/34049 和附录C中找到)将帮助来访识别正念应对策略,以便在他们已经尝试使用正念接纳和/或基于价值观行动后仍然感到被触发时分散注意力。
分心策略
以下讲义将帮助你识别正念应对的想法,以在你已经尝试使用正念接纳和/或基于价值观行动后仍然感到被触发时分散注意力。
关注他人
当你情绪被触发时,转移注意力的一个有效方法是将注意力放在别人身上。以下是一些你可以这样做的例子,以及一个空间供你记录自己的想法:
- 给朋友打电话,询问他们是否需要帮助做一些事情,如家务、购物或打扫卫生。
- 询问住在附近的家人是否需要你帮忙做些事情:跑腿、园艺工作、照看孩子、遛狗等。
- 致电当地的施粥所、无家可归者收容所、志愿者组织或倡导团体并报名参加帮助。
- 为邻居或同事烤饼干。
- 给一位久未联系的人寄一张“只是因为”的卡片。
- 给曾经对你做过好事的人写一封感谢邮件。
- 写一封手写信给改变了你生活的人,告诉他/她为什么。
- 列出你敬佩并希望成为像他们那样的人,并写下原因。
- 观察人群。去当地的商店、购物中心、书店或公园,注意其他人的行为、穿着。听他们的对话。尽可能多地观察他人的细节。
- 在观察人群时玩计数游戏,例如,计算看到的蓝眼睛人数与棕眼睛人数。
- 想想你在乎的人。想象他/她现在正在做什么。
- 在钱包或手提包里放一张你爱的人的照片。这些人可以是家人、朋友或你敬佩的公众人物。每当需要安慰时,看看这张照片。
- 想象与你深爱或敬佩的人进行一次治愈和平静的对话。想象他/她会说些什么来让你感觉更好?想象他/她在对你说这些话。
- 其他想法:
关注其他事物
我们的大脑是惊人的思考机器,每天会产生数百万个想法。我们的情绪跟随我们的思维,当你被触发时,你可以有意识地转移你的思维来减少情绪激活。以下是一些你可以这样做的例子,以及一个空间供你记录自己的想法:
- 关注周围的自然世界。尽可能仔细地观察花朵、树木、天空和风景。观察周围的动物。倾听周围的所有声音。或者,如果你住在一个没有太多自然的城市,观察你能看到和听到的东西。
- 随身携带一份你喜欢的祷文或格言。当你感到痛苦时,读给自己听。想象这些话语让你平静和舒缓。使用意象(如从天而降的白光)在阅读时安抚自己。
- 在你的社区或公园散步,注意周围的景色、颜色和环境的质地。
- 听你喜欢的音乐。也可以尝试听新的音乐:不同流派或来自其他国家的音乐。
- 听一本引人入胜的有声书。闭上眼睛,真正集中注意力。
- 看一部你知道能吸引你注意力并让你不再关注自己的电视节目或电影。思考一下你是否会写出不同的剧情或结局。
- 学习一门新语言。
- 学习如何演奏一种乐器。
- 给上帝或你的更高力量写一封信。
在你的日记中写点什么。
其他想法:
保持生产力
许多人没有安排时间来照顾自己或他们的生活环境。完成任务和家务可以是一种有效的方法,将注意力从困扰中转移出来。以下是一些例子,以及一个空间供你添加自己的想法:
- 制定待办事项清单。
- 洗碗。
- 给你不生气且想联系的人打电话。
- 清理你的房间或房子。
- 清理衣柜并捐赠旧衣服。
- 重新装饰家中的一个房间。
- 整理书籍、文件、抽屉等。
- 制定找工作或寻找更好工作的行动计划(如果你已经有工作的话)。
- 与各种人预约——医生、牙医、验光师、会计师等——并准时到达。
- 做一个新的发型或剪发。
- 做美甲或足疗。
- 做按摩。
- 洗车。
- 计划一些事情:聚会、活动、你的下一个假期。
- 割草。
- 种植花园,或者在自己的空间或社区花园里做园艺工作。
- 清理车库。
- 做家庭作业或其他工作。
- 清洁浴缸并泡澡。
- 去超市购物并为自己做一顿美味的晚餐。
- 支付账单。
- 其他想法:
进行愉悦活动
- 给朋友打电话或发短信。
- 去拜访朋友或邀请朋友来家里。
- 锻炼:举重;练瑜伽、太极或普拉提,或参加相关课程学习;伸展肌肉;骑自行车;游泳或徒步;玩一些可以独自进行的运动,如篮球、保龄球、手球、迷你高尔夫、台球。
- 离开家开车兜风,或乘坐公共交通工具出行。
- 计划一次去一直想去的地方的一日游。
- 睡觉或小憩。
- 吃你喜欢的东西。
- 做你最喜欢的饭菜。
- 看电视或在网上看节目。
- 去观看体育赛事。
- 玩电子游戏。
- 加入在线约会服务。
- 创建自己的博客或网站。
- 购物。
- 去书店阅读。
- 去你的宗教场所。
- 唱歌或学习如何唱歌。
- 拍照。
- 加入俱乐部或参加聚会小组。
- 用手机制作一部电影或视频。
- 去花店闻你喜欢的花香。
- 编织、钩针或缝纫,或学习这些技能。
- 制作一本剪贴簿。
- 当你感觉良好时,给自己写一封充满爱意的信,并在情绪低落时读它。
- 画画或学习如何绘画。
- 列出一份遗愿清单,列出你想在死前做的事情。
- 列出十件你擅长的事情或你喜欢自己的地方。
- 自慰或与你在乎的人发生性关系。
- 加入公共演讲小组并写一篇演讲稿。
- 祈祷或冥想。
其他想法:替代自毁行为
一些人在面对难以承受的情绪时,会使用自毁行为来暂时缓解痛苦。与其继续伤害自己,不如考虑使用一些工具来转移你的情绪,而不是采取行动。以下是一些例子,以及一个空间供你添加自己的想法:
- 用一只手握着冰块并挤压它,而不是伤害自己。冰块的冷感会使你麻木并分散注意力。
- 用红色记号笔在自己身上画,而不是割伤自己。画在你原本想割的地方。可以使用红色颜料或指甲油让它看起来像是在流血。然后用黑色记号笔画上缝合线。如果需要更多的分心,同时用另一只手挤压冰块。
- 每当你有伤害自己的冲动时,在手腕上弹橡皮筋。这非常痛苦,但比割伤、烧伤或其他自残行为造成的永久性伤害要小得多。
- 用指甲掐手臂,但不要弄破皮肤。
- 尽可能用力地将泡沫球、卷起的袜子或枕头扔向墙壁。
- 尽可能大声地对着枕头尖叫,或者在不会引起注意的地方尖叫,比如在车里或嘈杂的音乐会上。
- 哭泣。有时人们不哭是因为害怕一旦开始就停不下来。实际上,哭泣会让你感觉更好,因为它释放了压力荷尔蒙。
其他想法:
正念应对中的分心技巧
当你的来访准备好学习熟练的分心技巧时,你可以采取以下步骤:
第一步:关于分心的心理教育
与来访一起复习《行动前先分心》讲义。强调分心并不是为了逃避体验——来访已经在暴露过程中面对了自己的感受。分心仅仅是一种工具,用于增加行为选择——基于价值观的行为而不是情绪驱动的冲动。
突出分心的作用方式:情绪反映我们关注的事物。如果我们关注让我们生气或不安的人、事或感觉,我们的感受就会反映这一点。而这些情绪的强度可能会使我们难以按照价值观行事。如果我们把注意力转移到其他事物上,我们的感受就会反映出我们选择的新体验。
通过将注意力转移到其他当前时刻的体验上,有几个潜在的好处:
- 来访不太可能被卷入破坏性的情绪驱动行为中。
- 来访更有可能愿意并能够根据价值观行事。
- 来访将增强忍受痛苦的能力。
- 来访将学会,如果你观察并接受情绪,它们会消退。
这是一个好消息,因为这意味着我们可以通过改变注意力来控制情绪的转移。
如果可能的话,你可以在上一次会话中给来访布置作业,让他们阅读《分心策略》和《行动前先分心》两份讲义,以便他们选择一种或多种适合他们的策略。
第二步:选择分心策略
与来访讨论,确定他们在生活中和暴露练习中想要使用的分心策略。你需要与来访详细讨论如何使用这些策略。同样重要的是,要检查来访所选择的策略是否在他们想象需要的情况下有效。
第三步:观察 + 接纳 + 选择分心
选择一个最近的情感触发事件进行想象暴露。让来访专注于这个场景,直到情绪达到5到6级SUDS(主观不适度量表),或者持续五分钟。
在暴露过程中,指导来访观察并接纳所有情绪的部分,并为出现的任何内容留出空间。
接下来,擦除场景并开始使用来访选择的分心技巧进行正念应对。支持来访保持分心,如果有效,或者选择另一种方法。在大约五分钟左右的正念应对期间和结束时检查SUDS。SUDS的小幅下降是理想的,但不是必需的。即使没有减轻痛苦,练习正念应对仍然会增加对痛苦的容忍度。
最后,与来访讨论他们的体验,以巩固学习成果。
以下对话示例可用于指导你和来访在完成《分心策略》工作表后,掌握作为正念应对技巧的分心艺术。
治疗师-来访对话示例:正念应对中的分心技巧
治疗师:让我们看看哪些分心策略对你有吸引力[查看来访勾选的策略列表]。你勾选了“为他人做点什么”。你能具体说说吗?
来访:我想通过计划我女儿的生日派对来关注其他事情。我还想通过帮助我哥哥申请残疾补助来关注其他人。
治疗师:这些事情在这里可以做吗?
来访:当然可以。我带了纸来列出生日派对需要的东西清单。我还带来了残疾申请的文件。
治疗师:很好。你还选择了其他的分心策略吗?
来访:是的,我带了一段佩玛·丘卓的小和平冥想。我还列了一个小家务清单,我觉得如果我能尝试做一些有成效的事情会有所帮助。不过,这些事情在这里没法做。
治疗师:非常好。还有别的吗?
来访:当我感到不安时,我不会真的伤害自己,所以我跳过了那些想法。至于有成效的事情,我带了我的刺绣项目。
治疗师:你打算做什么?
来访:一个沙发靠垫。
治疗师:有没有愉快的活动?
来访:嗯,现在正是桃子的季节,所以我带了一个来吃(从包里拿出一个桃子)。
治疗师:太好了。你已经掌握了这个概念。你能选择两到三个我们现在可以练习的分心策略吗?
[来访选择了计划女儿的生日派对、佩玛·丘卓的和平冥想和吃桃子。想象暴露集中在对她父亲的伤害和愤怒感上。在暴露于场景五分钟后,并试图接纳这些感受,来访的SUDS评分为4。虽然有点低,但还是继续进行正念应对。]
治疗师:很好。现在放下那个场景,我们将使用分心技巧将你的注意力转移到其他事物上。你觉得现在哪个分心策略最好?凭直觉选择。
来访:我会试试吃桃子[咬了几口,汁液丰富的果肉让她的舌头感受到甘甜,然后滑下喉咙,发出轻轻的呻吟声]。
治疗师:你的SUDS评分是多少?
来访:大约3。
治疗师:你想继续吃桃子,还是做些别的?
来访:我会读一下佩玛·丘卓的冥想[找到它,然后开始默默地阅读]……我喜欢这个,我要再读一遍[闭上眼睛]……我能感受到它。
治疗师:你的SUDS评分呢?
来访:2或2.5。
治疗师:很好。我们一会儿再练习一次。这对你来说感觉怎么样?
来访:很平静。我已经差不多放下了与我父亲的事情;我对它没有那么激动了。桃子不错,但特别是佩玛·丘卓的冥想帮助我重新聚焦并转移到了其他地方。[双手合十,看着它们] 我能理解这样做是有帮助的。
正念应对中的分心技巧
遵循以下步骤进行正念分心:
第一步:选择一个触发事件
- 想象一个令人不安的事件,直到你达到目标的唤醒水平(通常是5到6级SUDS)。
第二步:观察和接纳
- 至少观察和接纳5分钟内出现的所有感觉、情绪和冲动。为所有体验留出空间。
第三步:选择分心
- 开始使用你选择的分心技巧至少5分钟。如果需要,你也可以选择额外的分心策略。
记住,如果你在日常生活中经历了强烈而痛苦的情绪,你可以做两件事之一:你可以留在这种感觉中,注意到选择的时刻,并以基于价值观的行为作出回应;或者,如果痛苦强烈地推动你走向情绪驱动的行为,而你无法做出基于价值观的回应时,你可以有意识地选择分心(或其他任何正念应对技巧)。
休息时间
最后一种正念应对技巧称为“休息时间”。当来访处于触发环境或情境中时,有时最好的选择是离开,或采取“休息时间”。特别是当他们面临因情绪驱动行为可能导致关系受损或失去工作的风险时。通过帮助来访预先确定哪些情况可以安全地离开以及如何离开(即,具体的脚本说明要说的话,以及如何处理对方的反对),来指导来访应对。
以下讲义将帮助来访识别何时应采取休息时间。
采取休息时间
有时当你被情绪触发时,你能做的最好的事情就是离开,或采取“休息时间”。如果你发现自己处于极其困扰的情境中,与某人或某事有关,并且在尝试了正念接纳或实施基于价值观的行为后仍然非常不安,通常最好远离触发源,将注意力转移到更积极的当前体验上。
试着记住,如果你已经被情绪压倒,那么以健康的方式解决问题会更加困难。如果你留在情境中,可能会使问题变得更糟。如果你能在自己和情境之间保持一定距离,并给自己时间平复情绪,就能更好地思考下一步该做什么。 预先排练这样做,或提前写好简短的剧本,这样你就知道自己应该如何从情境中脱身。如果你觉得没有时间解释,有时只是走开就是你能做的最好的事情,以避免让困难的情况变得更糟。
正念应对中的休息时间
使用以下步骤向你的来访介绍休息时间的技巧:
第一步:关于休息时间的心理教育
- 与来访一起复习《采取休息时间》讲义。强调在极端情况下,最好的选择可能是与触发者或情境保持距离。作为一种工具,休息时间可以让来访有机会增加行为选择——通过在情况恶化之前离开,从而执行基于价值观的行为,而不是情绪驱动的行为。
提醒来访,他们可以通过改变注意力的焦点来控制自己的情绪。通过将注意力转移到不同的当前体验上,有以下几个潜在的好处:
- 来访不太可能被卷入破坏性的情绪驱动行为。
- 来访更有可能愿意并能够根据价值观行事。
- 来访将增强忍受痛苦的能力。
- 来访将学会,如果你观察并接受情绪,它们会消退。
如果可能的话,你可以在上一次会话中给来访布置作业,让他们选择一种或多种他们认为适合自己的策略。
第二步:选择休息时间策略
与来访讨论他们如何从一个压倒性的体验中脱身。讨论如何离开一个情境——如果必要的话,他们会做什么和/或说什么。
第三步:观察 + 接纳 + 选择休息时间
选择一个最近的情感触发事件用于想象暴露。让来访专注于这个场景,直到唤醒水平达到5到6级SUDS,或者持续五分钟。在暴露过程中,指导来访观察并接纳所有情绪的部分,并为出现的任何内容留出空间。
接下来,擦除场景,并开始按照来访计划的方式进行休息时间的可视化。在大约五分钟左右的正念应对期间和结束时检查SUDS。SUDS的小幅下降是理想的,但不是必需的。即使没有减轻痛苦,练习正念应对仍然会增加对痛苦的容忍度。
最后,与来访讨论他们的体验以巩固学习成果。
以下对话示例可用于指导你和来访掌握作为正念应对技巧的休息时间艺术。
治疗师-来访对话示例:正念应对中的休息时间
治疗师:你已经想出了很多关于如何使用分心作为正念应对技巧的好主意,但在某些情况下,比如你父亲的情况,当你似乎总是会被卷入争吵时,该怎么办?
来访:是的,我在这方面确实有困难。
治疗师:有时即使你在练习正念接纳或尝试基于价值观的行为之后,情绪仍然太强烈以至于无法避免被卷入?
来访:是的。而且有时候我会使情况变得更糟。
治疗师:那么这时你可以采取休息时间……
来访:那具体是怎么做的呢?
治疗师:在选择休息时间时,你只需离开那个情境。并且你可以通过一些规划来提高成功做到这一点的机会。你可以找出在你被触发到可能会采取情绪驱动行为的情况下如何离开情境的方法。
来访:就像那天晚上他喝醉了回家,想要讨论他和我妈之间的离婚问题……?
治疗师:对。那么让我们看看这种情况。在这种情况下,你怎么能采取休息时间?
来访:我可以告诉他我当时太生气了,不能谈话,我会在第二天给他打电话。
治疗师:很好。你已经掌握了这个概念。你离开那个情境,等到你觉得情绪不那么激动时再回来,那时你可以更好地练习正念接纳和基于价值观的行为。
来访:是的,但如果他一直对我大喊大叫怎么办?
治疗师:你觉得你能做些什么?
来访:在那种情况下,最好的选择可能是直接离开。因为我知道当他喝醉且愤怒时,不会有什么好事发生。无论我多么努力地试图保持理智或使用正念接纳,他都会让我越来越生气,直到我爆发。
治疗师:对。这正是使用休息时间的时候。
现在你的来访已经通过暴露练习了分心和休息时间技巧,你需要帮助他们明确在会话之外何时使用分心或休息时间。作为复习,使用正念应对的条件是:
- 当来访面临失去行为控制并可能采取破坏性、情绪驱动的反应时。
- 当来访被痛苦压倒,并且即使在练习正念接纳后仍然陷入不断加深的情绪危机中。
- 当来访的痛苦程度过高,以至于无法根据价值观行事。
应鼓励来访不要在以下情况下使用分心——或其他任何形式的正念应对:
- 如果他们还没有首先进行暴露(观察+接纳+选择)并找到他们的选择时刻。
- 如果主要动机是避免而不是因为已经用尽了所有可用的选择(如与情绪共处或根据价值观行动)。
以下示例对话是一种你可以用来进行这种讨论的方式。
治疗师-来访对话示例:日常生活中的正念应对
治疗师向来访解释如何在日常生活中使用正念应对。
治疗师:这周,当强烈的情绪出现时,你有一些新的选择。首先要做的是为这种感觉留出空间——观察它并接受它。然后试着找出你可以选择的基于价值观的行为,而不是由情绪驱动的行为。有时——经常这样——这样做就足够了。但有时你的情绪可能会非常强烈,以至于感到无法承受……也许基于价值观的行为似乎不可能,而你即将做一些有害的事情。这时就需要正念应对了。
来访:为什么只有在这种情况下?我们已经练习了很多次,难道我不应该在每次感到不安时都使用它吗?
治疗师:正念应对适用于那些你感到如此压倒性的情绪,以至于有失去控制的风险的情况。否则,你应该继续观察、接纳和选择——O+A+C。只是允许情绪存在,然后选择一个基于价值观的行为。
来访:所以只有在我完全崩溃的时候才使用正念应对?
治疗师:[点头]如果你感到被压倒并且有可能做出伤害性的行为时。
来访:我怎么才能判断这种情况呢?
治疗师:记得我们之前做的关于觉察选择时刻的工作——那个你可以做旧的破坏性行为或根据价值观行动的时刻?同样的正念意识可以帮助你决定是否使用应对技巧。只需观察正在发生的事情——你能思考在这个情境中你重视什么,还是那根本不在你的考虑范围内?现在做出一个正念的选择——如果你感到被压倒并且无法根据价值观行动,选择一个正念应对策略。
来访:怎么做?
治疗师:看看你能否凭直觉做出选择——当时感觉最好的策略。这是另一种形式的正念。我们也可以列出你已经练习过的正念应对策略,你可以随身携带这个清单。当你感到被压倒时,可以查看清单,看看哪种策略在那一刻感觉最好。
摘要
以下是第9章内容的概要:
- 分心和休息时间是正念应对技巧,可以用来转移注意力并降低情绪强度。将注意力从触发刺激上移开会降低情绪强度,使来访在如何回应上有更多选择。
- 无论是分心还是休息时间,都不应作为逃避策略使用。像所有正念应对技巧——放松、自我安抚、应对思维和彻底接纳一样,分心或休息时间是在观察并接受情绪的四个部分之后有意识地选择的。
- 分心和休息时间仅用于“危机”情境,即当来访感到被情绪淹没,无法继续进行正念接纳或选择基于价值观的行为时。
- 分心技巧包括:关注其他人或其他事物、改变思维内容、利用生产性任务或家务活,以及替代自毁行为。
- 休息时间用于离开情境是最好的方式来防止困难情况变得更糟的情况。
- 通过想象暴露和实际生活中的练习来演练使用分心和休息时间的正念应对技巧,以增强学习、回忆和记忆。
本章知识点阐述
知识点阐述
-
分心与暂停的概念
- 定义:分心和暂停是正念应对技巧的一部分,用于在来访情绪高度失调时帮助其管理情绪。
-
重要性:
- 分心和暂停不是正念接纳或基于价值观行动的替代品,而是在这些方法无效时使用的补充技巧。
- 这些技巧有助于来访在情绪失控时暂时转移注意力,从而更好地管理情绪。
-
具体实践:
- 分心:通过将注意力转移到其他事物上来减少情绪强度。
- 暂停:暂时停止当前活动,给自己一些时间冷静下来。
-
分心的应用
- 定义:分心是指在观察和接纳情绪后,有意识地将注意力转移到其他事物上,以调节情绪。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访在情绪激动时快速缓解情绪。
- 通过分心,来访可以避免采取有害行为,如自伤或伤害他人。
-
具体实践:
- 转移注意力:将注意力转移到他人、其他事物、生产力活动、替代自毁行为的方法或愉悦活动上。
- 选择合适的分心策略:根据具体情况选择最适合的分心策略,确保其有效性和适用性。
-
分心策略的分类
- 定义:分心策略分为五类,每类都有不同的方法来帮助来访转移注意力。
-
重要性:
- 通过多样化的分心策略,来访可以选择最适合自己的方法来管理情绪。
- 每种策略都有其独特的优势,可以根据不同的情境和需求进行选择。
-
具体实践:
- 关注他人:通过帮助和支持他人来转移注意力。
- 关注其他事物:利用记忆和想象力创造新的焦点。
- 提高生产力:通过完成家务或个人护理任务来转移注意力。
- 替代自毁行为:使用安全的方法来替代有害行为。
- 进行愉悦活动:通过参与愉悦活动来迅速改变心情。
-
分心与正念的关系
- 定义:分心是在正念接纳的基础上进行的,旨在通过转移注意力来调节情绪。
-
重要性:
- 分心不是逃避现实,而是在正念接纳的基础上进行的一种情绪调节方法。
- 通过分心,来访可以更有效地管理情绪,同时保持正念的态度。
-
具体实践:
- 结合正念:在分心之前先进行正念接纳,确保情绪得到充分识别和接受。
- 适时使用:在情绪高度激动且无法通过正念接纳或基于价值观行动来管理时使用分心技巧。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到分心和暂停不仅有助于来访在情绪高度失调时管理情绪,还能促进情绪调节和心理健康。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
-
分心策略的重要性
- 定义:分心策略是一种正念应对技巧,用于在来访已经尝试了正念接纳和基于价值观行动后仍然感到情绪被触发时,帮助他们管理情绪。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访在情绪激动时快速缓解情绪。
- 通过分心,来访可以避免采取有害行为,如自伤或伤害他人。
-
具体实践:
- 关注他人:通过帮助和支持他人来转移注意力。
- 关注其他事物:利用记忆和想象力创造新的焦点。
- 提高生产力:通过完成家务或个人护理任务来转移注意力。
- 替代自毁行为:使用安全的方法来替代有害行为。
- 进行愉悦活动:通过参与愉悦活动来迅速改变心情。
-
关注他人作为分心策略
- 定义:关注他人是指将注意力转移到他人身上,通过帮助或关心他人来转移自己的情绪。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访从自我中心的思维模式中解脱出来,从而减少情绪困扰。
- 通过帮助他人,来访可以获得积极的情感体验,提升自我价值感。
-
具体实践:
- 提供帮助:主动联系朋友或家人,提供帮助或支持。
- 志愿服务:参与社区服务或志愿活动。
- 表达感激:向他人表达感激之情,如写感谢信或送小礼物。
- 想象对话:想象与你深爱或敬佩的人进行一次治愈和平静的对话。
-
关注其他事物作为分心策略
- 定义:关注其他事物是指通过观察周围的自然环境、艺术作品或其他感兴趣的物体来转移注意力。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访从当前的情绪困扰中暂时解脱出来,获得片刻的宁静。
- 通过观察和欣赏周围的美好事物,来访可以提升心情,减少负面情绪。
-
具体实践:
- 观察自然:花时间在自然环境中,观察花草树木、天空和风景。
- 听音乐:听喜欢的音乐或尝试新的音乐风格。
- 阅读和学习:阅读书籍、听有声书或学习新的知识。
- 艺术创作:参与艺术创作活动,如绘画、写作或演奏乐器。
- 冥想和祈祷:进行冥想或祈祷,使用正面的意象来安抚自己。
-
分心策略的个性化应用
- 定义:分心策略需要根据来访的个人喜好和需求进行个性化定制。
-
重要性:
- 个性化的分心策略更能有效地帮助来访管理情绪。
- 来访可以根据自己的兴趣和偏好选择最适合自己的方法。
-
具体实践:
- 制定个性化清单:与来访一起制定一个包含多种分心策略的个性化清单。
- 选择便携式活动:选择一些可以在办公室或其他场合使用的便携式愉悦活动。
- 定期更新:定期回顾和更新分心策略清单,确保其持续有效。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到分心策略不仅有助于来访在情绪高度失调时管理情绪,还能促进情绪调节和心理健康。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
-
保持生产力的重要性
- 定义:保持生产力是指通过完成任务和家务来转移注意力,从而减少情绪困扰。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访从当前的情绪困扰中暂时解脱出来,获得成就感和满足感。
- 通过完成任务,来访可以提升自我效能感,增强对生活的掌控感。
-
具体实践:
- 制定计划:制定待办事项清单,确保任务有序进行。
- 整理环境:清理房间、整理物品,创造一个整洁的生活空间。
- 个人护理:做一些个人护理活动,如理发、美甲、按摩等。
- 规划未来:制定职业发展计划或未来的旅行计划。
-
进行愉悦活动的意义
- 定义:进行愉悦活动是指通过参与自己喜欢的活动来转移注意力,从而减轻情绪压力。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访从负面情绪中解脱出来,享受当下的快乐。
- 通过愉悦活动,来访可以获得积极的情感体验,提升心情。
-
具体实践:
- 社交互动:与朋友交流、聚会或共同参与活动。
- 身体锻炼:进行各种形式的锻炼,如瑜伽、跑步、游泳等。
- 艺术创作:参与艺术创作活动,如绘画、写作、摄影等。
- 放松身心:进行放松活动,如冥想、祈祷、听音乐等。
- 个人爱好:从事个人喜欢的爱好,如编织、园艺、烹饪等。
-
个性化分心策略的应用
- 定义:个性化分心策略是指根据来访的个人喜好和需求定制的分心方法。
-
重要性:
- 个性化的分心策略更能有效地帮助来访管理情绪。
- 来访可以根据自己的兴趣和偏好选择最适合自己的方法。
-
具体实践:
- 制定个性化清单:与来访一起制定一个包含多种分心策略的个性化清单。
- 定期更新:定期回顾和更新分心策略清单,确保其持续有效。
- 灵活调整:根据来访的具体情况和反馈,灵活调整分心策略,确保其适应性和有效性。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到保持生产力和进行愉悦活动不仅有助于来访在情绪高度失调时管理情绪,还能促进情绪调节和心理健康。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
-
替代自毁行为的重要性
- 定义:替代自毁行为是指通过使用安全的方法来代替有害的自毁行为,从而减少身体上的伤害。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访避免身体上的自我伤害,减少永久性损伤的风险。
- 通过替代行为,来访可以找到更健康的方式来管理情绪。
-
具体实践:
- 使用冰块:用冰块的冷感来分散注意力。
- 标记身体:用记号笔在身体上画,而不是割伤自己。
- 弹橡皮筋:在手腕上弹橡皮筋,产生疼痛感。
- 物理活动:通过投掷物品、尖叫等方式释放情绪。
-
正念应对中的分心技巧
- 定义:分心技巧是指通过转移注意力来管理情绪,从而减少情绪驱动的冲动行为。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访从负面情绪中解脱出来,更好地管理情绪。
- 通过分心,来访可以增加行为选择,更容易按照价值观行事。
-
具体实践:
- 心理教育:向来访解释分心的目的和作用。
- 选择策略:与来访一起选择适合他们的分心策略。
- 实施分心:在暴露练习中使用分心技巧,观察和接纳情绪,然后选择合适的分心方法。
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分心技巧的应用步骤
- 定义:分心技巧的应用包括心理教育、选择策略和实际应用三个步骤。
-
重要性:
- 通过系统化的步骤,帮助来访更好地理解和应用分心技巧。
- 逐步引导来访从理论到实践,确保分心技巧的有效性。
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具体实践:
- 心理教育:解释分心的目的和作用。
- 选择策略:与来访讨论并选择适合他们的分心策略。
- 实施分心:在暴露练习中使用分心技巧,观察和接纳情绪,然后选择合适的分心方法。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到替代自毁行为和正念应对中的分心技巧不仅有助于来访管理情绪,还能促进情绪调节和心理健康。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
-
分心技巧的选择
- 定义:分心技巧是指通过转移注意力来管理情绪,从而减少情绪驱动的行为。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访从负面情绪中解脱出来,更好地管理情绪。
- 通过分心,来访可以增加行为选择,更容易按照价值观行事。
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具体实践:
- 选择合适的策略:根据来访的兴趣和需求选择适合他们的分心策略。
- 实际应用:在治疗过程中,引导来访实际应用分心技巧,观察其效果。
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分心技巧的应用步骤
- 定义:分心技巧的应用包括心理教育、选择策略和实际应用三个步骤。
-
重要性:
- 通过系统化的步骤,帮助来访更好地理解和应用分心技巧。
- 逐步引导来访从理论到实践,确保分心技巧的有效性。
-
具体实践:
- 心理教育:解释分心的目的和作用。
- 选择策略:与来访讨论并选择适合他们的分心策略。
- 实施分心:在暴露练习中使用分心技巧,观察和接纳情绪,然后选择合适的分心方法。
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避免逃避情绪
- 定义:有时很难判断是否正在使用正念应对来逃避情绪,而不是朝着价值观的方向前进。
-
重要性:
- 通过提问“我是在用这个技巧朝着我的价值观前进,还是在逃避我的情绪?”可以帮助来访区分这两种情况。
- 在情绪高涨且需要“降档”时,使用分心技巧是一种改善生活、符合价值观的选择。
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具体实践:
- 自我反思:鼓励来访在使用分心技巧前先观察和接纳自己的情绪体验。
- 保持平衡:确保分心技巧的使用是为了更好地管理情绪,而不是完全逃避情绪。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到正念应对中的分心技巧不仅有助于来访管理情绪,还能促进情绪调节和心理健康。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
-
正念分心技巧的应用
- 定义:正念分心技巧是指通过转移注意力来管理情绪,从而减少情绪驱动的行为。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访从负面情绪中解脱出来,更好地管理情绪。
- 通过分心,来访可以增加行为选择,更容易按照价值观行事。
-
具体实践:
- 选择触发事件:想象一个令人不安的事件,直到达到目标的唤醒水平。
- 观察和接纳:观察和接纳至少5分钟内出现的所有感觉、情绪和冲动。
- 选择分心:开始使用选择的分心技巧至少5分钟,可以选择多个策略。
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休息时间技巧的应用
- 定义:休息时间技巧是指在情绪高涨时,暂时离开触发情境,以便冷静下来并重新评估情况。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访避免在情绪激动时做出冲动的行为,减少可能造成的伤害。
- 通过暂时离开,来访可以获得时间来平复情绪,从而更好地思考和决策。
-
具体实践:
- 心理教育:向来访解释休息时间的目的和作用。
- 确定情境:帮助来访识别哪些情境适合采取休息时间。
- 制定计划:与来访一起制定具体的计划,包括如何离开情境和如何处理对方的反应。
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正念应对中的平衡
- 定义:正念应对中的平衡是指在面对强烈情绪时,既能接纳和观察情绪,又能采取适当的行动来管理情绪。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访在情绪波动时保持冷静和理智。
- 通过平衡接纳和行动,来访可以更好地管理情绪,促进心理健康。
-
具体实践:
- 自我反思:鼓励来访在采取行动前先观察和接纳自己的情绪体验。
- 灵活应用:根据具体情况灵活选择正念应对技巧,如分心或休息时间。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到正念应对中的分心技巧和休息时间技巧不仅有助于来访管理情绪,还能促进情绪调节和心理健康。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
-
注意力转移的力量
- 定义:通过改变注意力的焦点,人们可以控制自己的情绪反应。
-
重要性:
- 有助于减少情绪驱动的冲动行为。
- 促进基于价值观的行为。
- 增强对痛苦的容忍度。
- 通过观察和接纳情绪,使其自然消退。
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具体实践:
- 选择合适的策略:帮助来访识别并选择适合他们的注意力转移策略。
- 实际应用:在实际情境中应用这些策略,如想象暴露和休息时间。
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休息时间策略的选择
- 定义:休息时间策略是指在情绪高涨时暂时离开触发情境,以便冷静下来并重新评估情况。
-
重要性:
- 有助于避免在情绪激动时做出冲动的行为,减少可能造成的伤害。
- 通过暂时离开,来访可以获得时间平复情绪,从而更好地思考和决策。
-
具体实践:
- 心理教育:向来访解释休息时间的目的和作用。
- 制定计划:帮助来访预先确定如何在特定情境下离开,并准备具体的脚本。
- 实际演练:在治疗过程中模拟这些情境,确保来访能够熟练应用。
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观察、接纳与选择休息时间
- 定义:在情绪高涨时,通过观察和接纳情绪,然后选择休息时间来管理情绪。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访更好地理解自己的情绪,并学会管理它们。
- 通过实际演练,来访可以增强对痛苦的容忍度。
-
具体实践:
- 想象暴露:选择一个近期的情感触发事件,让来访经历并观察情绪。
- 正念应对:引导来访观察和接纳所有情绪的部分,然后选择休息时间。
- 反馈与讨论:与来访讨论他们的体验,巩固学习成果。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到注意力转移和休息时间技巧不仅有助于来访管理情绪,还能促进情绪调节和心理健康。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
-
正念应对的使用条件
- 定义:正念应对是在特定条件下使用的技巧,旨在帮助来访管理强烈的情绪。
-
重要性:
- 有助于防止来访在情绪高涨时做出冲动行为。
- 促进来访在情绪压倒性的情况下保持冷静,避免进一步的伤害。
-
具体实践:
- 观察和接纳:始终首先要观察和接纳情绪。
- 选择基于价值观的行为:如果可能,选择基于价值观的行为。
- 正念应对:仅在情绪过于强烈,难以继续正念接纳或选择基于价值观的行为时使用。
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避免使用正念应对作为逃避手段
- 定义:正念应对不应作为逃避情绪的手段。
-
重要性:
- 避免将正念应对变成一种逃避现实的方式。
- 确保来访在面对情绪时能够真正处理和解决问题。
-
具体实践:
- 暴露练习:确保来访已经进行了暴露练习(观察+接纳+选择)。
- 动机检查:确认来访的主要动机不是逃避,而是已经用尽了其他选择。
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分心和休息时间的具体应用
- 定义:分心和休息时间是正念应对技巧,用于转移注意力和调节情绪。
-
重要性:
- 有助于来访在情绪高涨时有更多的选择。
- 通过转移注意力来减少情绪的强度。
-
具体实践:
- 分心技巧:包括关注其他人或事物、改变思维内容、从事生产性任务或家务活,以及替代自毁行为。
- 休息时间:在离开情境是防止情况恶化的最佳方式时使用。
- 练习:通过想象暴露和实际生活中的练习来增强学习、回忆和记忆。
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正念应对的综合应用
- 定义:正念应对结合了多种技巧,包括放松、自我安慰、应对思维和彻底接纳。
-
重要性:
- 提供了一套全面的工具,帮助来访在不同情境下管理情绪。
- 通过综合应用这些技巧,来访可以更好地处理各种情绪挑战。
-
具体实践:
- 制定计划:与来访一起制定具体的应对计划。
- 实际演练:在实际生活中反复练习这些技巧,以增强其效果。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到正念应对技巧不仅有助于来访管理情绪,还能促进情绪调节和心理健康。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
知识点阐述
-
分心和休息时间的作用
- 定义:分心和休息时间是正念应对技巧,旨在帮助个体转移注意力并降低情绪强度。
-
重要性:
- 有助于减少由特定触发因素引起的情绪反应。
- 提供了更多的应对选择,使个体能够更好地管理情绪。
-
具体实践:
- 分心:可以通过关注其他事物、改变思维内容、从事生产性活动等方式实现。
- 休息时间:在情绪高涨且可能做出冲动行为时,暂时离开情境,给自己时间冷静下来。
-
避免使用分心和休息时间作为逃避手段
- 定义:分心和休息时间不应作为逃避情绪的手段。
-
重要性:
- 避免将这些技巧变成一种逃避现实的方式。
- 促进来访真正面对和处理情绪问题。
-
具体实践:
- 观察和接纳:在使用分心或休息时间之前,首先要观察和接纳情绪。
- 有意识的选择:确保这些技巧是在深思熟虑后选择的,而不是简单的逃避。
-
分心和休息时间的应用情境
- 定义:分心和休息时间仅适用于“危机”情境,即当个体感到被情绪淹没,无法继续进行正念接纳或选择基于价值观的行为时。
-
重要性:
- 在极端情况下提供了一种有效的应对机制。
- 避免因情绪失控而导致进一步的伤害。
-
具体实践:
- 分心技巧:包括关注其他人或事物、改变思维内容、从事生产性任务或家务活,以及替代自毁行为。
- 休息时间:在离开情境是防止情况恶化的最佳方式时使用。
-
通过练习巩固正念应对技巧
- 定义:通过想象暴露和实际生活中的练习来演练使用分心和休息时间的正念应对技巧。
-
重要性:
- 增强学习效果,提高应对技巧的记忆和应用能力。
- 通过反复练习,使来访能够在实际生活中更有效地应用这些技巧。
-
具体实践:
- 想象暴露:通过想象暴露练习,让来访在安全的环境中体验和处理强烈情绪。
- 实际生活中的练习:鼓励来访在日常生活中应用这些技巧,并在治疗过程中进行反馈和调整。
通过以上知识点的阐述,我们可以看到分心和休息时间技巧不仅有助于来访管理情绪,还能促进情绪调节和心理健康。希望这些信息能为您提供有价值的见解,并在实践中有所帮助。
Chapter 9 Distraction and Time-Out The previous two chapters covered four mindful coping skills—relaxation, self-soothing, coping thoughts, and radical acceptance. The last two mindful coping skills clients will learn are distraction and time-out. As with all the mindful coping skills, distraction and time-out are not substitutes for mindful acceptance or values-based action. Rather, mindful coping is a choice that is only used when clients are still significantly emotionally dysregulated, even after practicing mindful acceptance and/or values-based action. You’ll want to keep emphasizing to clients that sometimes just practicing mindful acceptance or values-based action is all it takes to tolerate distress, regulate emotions, and move in the direction of one’s values. Mindful coping, on the other hand, is used when clients get emotionally overwhelmed, and are still in too much pain, even after choosing to mindfully accept the pain and/or choose a values-based action. EET Skill Objective: Observe + Accept + Choose mindful coping (distraction/time-out) Distraction Distraction follows the exposure of observing and accepting. In the moment of choice, distraction allows clients to shift attention away from stimuli that trigger emotion: provoking thoughts, sensations, and situations. Some theorists in the mindfulness and acceptance community view distraction as a form of avoidance and therefore discourage it. In EET, however, distraction is used mindfully—to intentionally shift attention to alternative present-moment experiences after observing and acceptingemotions. Because clients always begin with mindful acceptance, distraction is not used to avoid their experience but rather to mindfully regulate their emotions in an effective, contextually adaptive, and values-consistent manner. Moreover, distraction is taught as a skill to use only in crisis situations, as a last resort. For example, when clients are in danger of harming themselves or others, sometimes the best and only choice is to distract themselves from the urge to act on their emotions. The mindful coping protocol for distraction is the same as described in previous chapters. After reaching the target SUDS level (typically 5 to 7), clients practice one or more previously chosen distraction strategies. Ideally, they will have preselected techniques from each of the five distraction categories: Shifting attention to someone else. Here clients shift attention to those they care for, often making a specific plan to provide help or support. Thinking about values- based behavior can provide an effective alternative to triggering situations and cognitions. Shifting attention to something else. The goal of this technique is to use memory and imagination to create an alternative focus. Prayer, mantras, and passive forms of entertainment are also part of this mix. Focusing on productivity. While clients probably won’t practice this in your office, having a list of house- and self-care tasks can offer an effective response to emotional storms at home. Using alternatives to self-destructive behaviors. When clients struggle with emotion-driven urges that are dangerous or destructive, creating an alternative physical sensation is often the best distraction strategy (Linehan, 1993). Such approaches include holding an ice cube, screaming into a pillow, snapping a rubber band on the wrist, or even using a red marker or pen to draw on the body instead of cutting.Doing pleasurable activities. Pleasure sensations can rapidly shift mood and help clients downregulate. The list of pleasurable activities included in the Distraction Strategies handout is merely a conversation starter. You’ll need to make a more complete and customized list with your clients, and then choose some portable pleasures that you can use in the office. The following handout (also available at http://www.newharbinger.com/34049 and in Appendix C) will help clients identify mindful coping strategies to distract themselves when they have already tried to use mindful acceptance and/or values-based action and are still feeling triggered. Distraction Strategies The following handout will help you identify mindful coping ideas to distract yourself when you have already tried to use mindful acceptance and/or values-based action and are still feeling triggered. Pay Attention to Someone Else One effective way to shift your attention when you are emotionally triggered is to place your attention on someone else. Following are some examples of how you might do this, as well as a space for your own ideas: Call your friends and ask if they need help doing something, such as a chore, grocery shopping, or housecleaning. Ask any family members who live nearby if you can assist them with something: running errands, yard work, babysitting, walking the dog, etc. Call your local soup kitchen, homeless shelter, volunteer organization, or advocacy group and sign up to help. Bake cookies for a neighbor or coworker. Send a “just because” card to someone you haven’t talked to in a while. Write a thank-you email to someone who did something kind for you.Write a handwritten letter to someone who has changed your life for the better and tell him or her why. Make a list of people you admire and want to be like and write down why. People-watch. Go to a local store, shopping center, bookstore, or park and notice what other people do, how they dress. Listen to their conversations. Observe as many details about other people as you can. Play counting games while people-watching, for example, count the number of blue-eyed people versus brown-eyed people you see. Think about someone you care about. What do you imagine he or she is doing right now? Keep a picture of those you love in your wallet or purse. These people can range from family members to friends to public figures you admire. Look at the photo whenever you need comfort. Imagine having a healing, peaceful conversation with someone you deeply care about or admire. What would he or she say to you that would help you feel better? Imagine him or her saying this to you. Other ideas: Pay Attention to Something Else Our brains are amazing thinking machines. They produce millions of thoughts every day. Our emotions follow what we think about, and you can intentionally shift your thoughts when you’re triggered to decrease your emotional activation. Following are some examples of how you might do this, as well as a space for your own ideas: Pay attention to the natural world around you. Observe the flowers, trees, sky, and landscape as closely as possible. Observe any animals that are around. Listen to all the sounds around you. Or, if you live in a city without much nature, observe what you can see and hear. Keep a copy of your favorite prayer or saying with you. When you feel distressed, read it to yourself. Imagine the words calming and soothing you. Use imagery (such as white light coming down from the sky) to soothe you as you read the words.Walk around your neighborhood or a park and notice the scenery, the colors, the textures of your surroundings. Listen to music that’s pleasing to you. Also try listening to new music: from a different genre or from another country. Listen to an engaging audiobook. Close your eyes and really try to pay attention. Watch a TV show or movie you know will hold your attention and take your focus off yourself. Think about whether you would have written a different plot or ending. Learn a new language. Learn how to play a musical instrument. Write a letter to God or your higher power. Write in your journal. Other ideas: Be Productive Many people don’t schedule time to take care of themselves or their living environments. Doing tasks and chores can be an effective way to shift your attention away from your distress. Following are some examples, and a place for you to add your own ideas: Make a to-do list. Wash the dishes. Make phone calls to people with whom you are not angry and want to catch up with. Clear your room or house. Clean out your closet and donate old clothes. Redecorate a room in your house. Organize your books, files, drawers, etc. Make a plan of action for finding a job, or for finding a better job if you already have one.Make appointments with various people—doctor, dentist, optometrist, accountant, etc.—and arrive on time. Get a new hairstyle or haircut. Get a manicure or pedicure. Get a massage. Wash your car. Plan something: a party, event, your next vacation. Mow the lawn. Plant a garden, or do gardening work in your own space or in a community garden. Clean out your garage. Do homework or other work. Clean your bathtub and take a bath. Go grocery shopping and cook a nice dinner for yourself. Pay bills. Other ideas: Do a Pleasurable Activity Call or text a friend. Visit a friend or invite a friend to come over. Exercise: lift weights; do yoga, tai chi, or Pilates, or take classes to learn how; stretch your muscles; ride your bike; go swimming or hiking; play something you can do by yourself, such as basketball, bowling, handball, miniature golf, billiards. Get out of your house and go for a drive in your car, or ride public transportation. Plan a daytrip to somewhere you’ve always wanted to go. Sleep or take a nap. Eat something you really like.Cook your favorite meal. Watch TV or stream shows on the Internet. Go to a sporting event. Play video games. Join an Internet dating service. Create your own blog or website. Go shopping. Go to a bookstore and read. Go to your place of worship. Sing or learn how to sing. Take pictures. Join a club or attend a meet-up group. Make a movie or video with your phone. Go to a flower shop and smell your favorite flowers. Knit, crochet, or sew, or learn how. Make a scrapbook. Write a loving letter to yourself when you’re feeling good, and read it when you’re feeling upset. Draw or paint a picture, or learn how. Make a bucket list of things you want to do before you die. Make a list of 10 things you’re good at or that you like about yourself. Masturbate or have sex with someone you care about. Join a public-speaking group and write a speech. Pray or meditate. Other ideas:Alternatives to Self-Destructive Behaviors Some people who struggle with overwhelming emotions use self- destructive behaviors to temporarily relieve their distress. Instead of continuing to hurt yourself, consider using some tools to help shift your emotions rather than acting on them. Following are some examples, and a place for you to add your own ideas: Instead of hurting yourself, hold an ice cube in one hand and squeeze it. The sensation from the cold ice will be numbing and distracting. Write on yourself with a red felt-tip marker instead of cutting. Draw exactly where you would cut. Use red paint or nail polish to make it look like you’re bleeding. Then draw stitches with a black marker. If you need more distraction, squeeze an ice cube in the other hand at the same time. Snap a rubber band on your wrist each time you feel like hurting yourself. This is very painful, but it causes less permanent damage than cutting, burning, or otherwise mutilating yourself. Dig your fingernails into your arm without breaking the skin. Throw foam balls, rolled up socks, or pillows against the wall as hard as you can. Scream as loud as you can into a pillow or scream someplace where you won’t draw attention, like your car or at a loud concert. Cry. Sometimes people don’t cry because they’re afraid that if they start they’ll never stop. This never happens. In fact, the truth is that crying can make you feel better because it releases stress hormones. Other ideas: Mindful Coping with Distraction When you feel that your clients are ready to be introduced to skillful distraction, you can take the following steps: Step 1: Psychoeducation on distraction. Review the Before You Act, Distract handout with your clients. Emphasize that distraction isn’t about avoidingexperience—your clients have already faced their feelings during exposure. Distraction is merely a tool to increase behavioral choices—values-based behavior instead of emotion-driven urges. Highlight the way distraction works: Emotions mirror what we pay attention to. If we pay attention to people, things, or sensations that anger or upset us, our feelings will reflect that. And the intensity of those emotions can make it hard to act on our values. If we switch attention to something else, our feelings will reflect the new experience we’ve chosen. By shifting our attention to alternative present- moment experience, there are several potential benefits: • Clients will be less likely to be swept into destructive emotion-driven behaviors. • Clients will be more likely to be willing and able to act on values. • Clients will build their ability to tolerate distress. • Clients will learn that emotions subside if you observe and accept them. This is good news because it means we have some power over shifting our emotions by changing our attention. If possible, you’ll want to give both handouts—Distraction Strategies and Before You Act, Distract—to your clients as homework in the previous session so they can select one or more strategies they think will work for them. Step 2: Choosing distraction strategies. Talk with your clients to determine what distraction strategiesthey want to use in both their lives and the exposure practice. You’ll want to discuss them with your clients, being very specific about how they will be used. It’s also important to do a reality check about whether the strategies they’ve chosen will work for them in situations in which they imagine they might be needed. Step 3: Observe + Accept + Choose distraction. Select a recent emotionally triggering experience to use in imaginal exposure. Keep clients focused on the scene until arousal reaches 5 to 6 SUDS, or five minutes have elapsed. During exposure, coach clients to observe and accept all parts of the emotion, and make room for whatever shows up. Next, erase the scene and commence mindful coping with a distraction technique chosen by the clients. Support the clients to stay with the distraction, if effective, or choose another one. Check for SUDS both during the five or so minutes of mindful coping and at the end. A small reduction in SUDS is desirable but not necessary. Practicing mindful coping, even without a drop in distress, will still increase distress tolerance. Finally, talk to your clients about their experience to consolidate learning. The following dialogue sample can be used to guide you and your clients through the art of distraction as a mindful coping skill after clients have completed the Distraction Strategies worksheet. Therapist-Client Dialogue Example: Mindful Coping with Distraction Therapist: Let’s see what distraction strategies appeal to you [looks over the list to see which strategies the client checked]. You checked, “Do something for someone else.” Can you say more about that? Client: I’d like to pay attention to something else by planning my daughter’s birthday party. And I’d like to payattention to someone else by helping my brother with his disability claim. Therapist: Could you do either of those things here? Client: Sure. I have paper to make a list of things I’ll need for the party. And I brought the disability application papers. Therapist: Great. Did you choose any other distractions? Client: Yes. I brought a little peace meditation from Pema Chödrön. I also made a list of small chores I want to get done in the house—I think it would help if I tried to do something productive. ’Course, I can’t do that stuff here. Therapist: Very good. Anything else? Client: When I’m upset, I don’t really do anything to hurt myself, so I skipped over those ideas. In terms of being productive, I brought my needlepoint project. Therapist: What do you plan to make? Client: A pillow for the couch. Therapist: Any pleasurable activities? Client: Well, peaches are in season so I brought one to eat (pulls a peach out of her bag). Therapist: Perfect. You’ve got the idea. Could you choose two or three distraction strategies that we can practice right now? [The client chooses planning her daughter’s birthday party, the Pema Chödrön peace meditation, and eating a peach. Imaginal exposure focuses on feelings of hurt and anger at her father. After five minutes of exposure to the scene, and trying to make room for the feelings, the client is at a 4 on the SUDS scale. It’s a little low, but mindful coping proceeds anyway.] Therapist: Good. Let go of the scene now, and we’ll use distraction to shift your attention to something else.Which of the distraction strategies would feel best now? Just use your intuition. Client: I’ll try the peach [takes a few bites, piercing the juicy sweet flesh, letting the nectar caress her tongue and slide down the back of her throat, letting out a soft moan]. Therapist: Where are your SUDS? Client: Around 3. Therapist: Want to stick with eating the peach, or do something else? Client: I’ll read the Pema Chödrön meditation [looks for it, then settles in to read silently]… I like this, I’m gonna read it again [closes her eyes]… I can feel it. Therapist: Your SUDS? Client: A 2 or 2½. Therapist: Good. We’ll practice again in a minute. What was that like for you? Client: It was calming. I was already pretty over that thing with my father; I couldn’t get too worked up about it. The peach was good, but particularly the Pema Chödrön meditation helped me refocus and go somewhere else. [Folds her hands and looks at them] I can see how this helps. Use the following handout to help your clients understand when to use distraction as a mindful coping skill in the moment of choice. Before You Act, Distract Emotions mirror what we pay attention to. If we pay attention to people, things, or situations that anger or upset us, our feelings will reflect that. And the intensity of those emotions can make it hard to act on our values. If we switch attention to something else, our feelings will reflect the new experience we’ve chosen. We have the power to shift how we feel by shifting our attention. There are several benefits from using distraction:You’re less likely to be swept into destructive, emotion-driven behaviors. Your upset is likely to subside more quickly than if you act on your emotion. You’re more likely to feel able to act on your values. Avoiding Avoidance Sometimes it’s hard to tell if you’re using mindful coping to avoid your emotions or to move in the direction of your values. If you’re not sure, you can ask yourself this basic question: “Am I using this skill to move toward my values or to avoid my emotion?” Using distraction after you observe and accept your emotional experience can be a life- improving, values-consistent choice in situations when you’re getting overwhelmed and need to “downshift” an emotion wave. Mindful Coping with Distraction Follow these steps for mindful distraction: Step 1: Select a triggering event. Visualize an upsetting event until you are at the target level of arousal (usually 5 to 6 SUDS). Step 2: Observe and accept. Observe and accept the sensations, emotions, and urges that come up for at least 5 minutes. Make room for all the experience. Step 3: Choose distraction. Begin using a distraction technique of your choice for at least 5 minutes. You may also choose additional distraction strategies, if you want. Remember, if you experience a strong, painful emotion in the course of daily life, you can do one of two things: You can stay with the feeling, noticing the moment of choice, and responding with a values- based action. Or, if the pain is pushing you hard toward emotion- driven behavior and you can’t muster a values-based response, you can mindfully choose distraction (or any of the other mindful coping skills). Time-Out The last mindful coping skill is called time-out. When clients are in triggering environments or situations, sometimes thebest choice is to leave, or to take a “time-out.” This is particularly true if they are at risk of acting on emotion-driven urges that might damage a relationship or result in losing a job. Guide clients in coping ahead by helping them determine which situations they can safely walk away from and how to do it (i.e., a short script for exactly what to say, and how to handle resistance from the other person). The following handout will help clients identify when to take a time-out. Take a Time-Out Sometimes when you get emotionally triggered, the best thing you can do is leave, or take a “time-out.” If you find yourself in an extremely distressing situation with someone or something, and, after trying to practice mindful acceptance or enact a values-based action, you’re still very upset, it’s often best to distance yourself and shift your attention away from the trigger to a more positive present-moment experience. Try to remember that if you’re already overwhelmed by your emotions, it will be more difficult to resolve your problem in a healthy way. If you stay in the situation, you may make it worse than it is already. If you can put some distance between you and the situation, and give yourself time to calm your emotions, you can better think about what to do next. It may be helpful to rehearse doing this, or to write a short script ahead of time, so that you’ll know exactly how you want to excuse yourself from the situation. If you don’t feel you have time to excuse yourself, sometimes just walking away is the best you can do to keep from making a difficult situation worse. Mindful Coping with Time-Out Use the following steps to introduce your clients to the skill of time-out: Step 1: Psychoeducation on time-out. Review the Take a Time-Out handout with your clients. Emphasize that, in extreme cases, the best choice can be to put distance between the triggering person or situation. Asa tool, time-out gives clients a chance to increase behavioral choices—to enact values-based behavior instead of emotion-driven urges—by walking away from a situation before making it worse. Remind clients that they have some power over shifting their emotions by changing where they focus their attention. By shifting attention to a different present-moment experience, there are several potential benefits: • Clients will be less likely to be swept into destructive emotion-driven behaviors. • Clients will be more likely to be willing and able to act on values. • Clients will build their ability to tolerate distress. • Clients will learn that emotions subside if you observe and accept them. If possible, you’ll want to give the handout to your clients as homework in the previous session so they can select one or more strategies they think will work for them. Step 2: Choosing a time-out strategy. Talk with your clients to determine how they might excuse themselves from an overwhelming experience. Discuss how to walk away from a situation—what they would do and/or say—if necessary. Step 3: Observe + Accept + Choose time-out. Select a recent emotionally triggering experience to use in imaginal exposure. Keep clients focused on the scene until arousal reaches 5 to 6 SUDS, or five minutes have elapsed.During exposure, coach clients to observe and accept all parts of the emotion, and to make room for whatever shows up. Next, erase the scene and commence visualization of the time-out in the way the clients have planned it. Check for SUDS both during the five or so minutes of mindful coping and at the end. A small reduction in SUDS is desirable but not necessary. Practicing mindful coping, even without a drop in distress, will still increase distress tolerance. Finally, talk to your clients about their experience to consolidate learning. The following dialogue sample can be used to guide you and your clients through the art of time-out as a mindful coping skill. Therapist-Client Dialogue Example: Mindful Coping with Time-Out Therapist: You’ve come up with great ideas for how you might use distraction as a mindful coping skill, but what about a situation, like the one with your father, when you seem to get consistently hooked into a fight? Client: Yeah, I really have trouble with that. Therapist: Sometimes even after you practice mindful acceptance or try to do a values-based action, the emotions are still just too powerful not to get sucked in? Client: Yes. And sometimes I end up making the situation worse. Therapist: So that’s when you could take a time-out… Client: So how does that work? Therapist: To choose a time-out in the moment of choice, you would simply leave the situation. And you can improve your chances of successfully doing that with some planning. You can figure out how to leavea situation when you’re so triggered that you might act on emotion-driven urges. Client: Like the night he came home drunk and wanted to get into the whole situation around the divorce between him and my mom…? Therapist: Right. So let’s look at that. How could you have taken a time-out in that situation? Client: I could have told him I was too upset to have a conversation, and that I’d call him the next day. Therapist: Perfect. You’ve got the idea. You walk away from the situation and come back to it later when you feel that you’re not so emotionally triggered that you can’t practice mindful acceptance and values-based action. Client: Yeah, but what if he just keeps yelling at me? Therapist: What do you think you could do? Client: At that point, the best choice is probably just to leave. ’Cause I know nothing good can happen when he is drunk and angry like that. No matter how hard I try to be reasonable, or use mindful acceptance, he will just piss me off until I explode. Therapist: Right. That’s exactly the time to use a time-out. Now that your clients have practiced distraction and time- out using exposure, you will want to help them be clear about when to use distraction or time-out out of session. As a review, the criteria for using mindful coping are: When clients are in danger of losing behavioral control and engaging in destructive, emotion-driven responses. When clients are overwhelmed with pain and seem stuck in a deepening emotional crisis, even after practicing mindful acceptance. When clients are in too much pain to act on their values.Clients should be encouraged not to use distraction—or any other form of mindful coping—if: they haven’t first done exposure (O+A+C) and located their moment of choice, or the primary motivation is avoidance as opposed to having exhausted available choices (sitting with the feeling or acting on values). The following sample dialogue is one way you might approach this conversation. Therapist-Client Dialogue Example: Mindful Coping in Vivo The therapist explains to the client how to use mindful coping in daily life. Therapist: This week, when strong emotions come up, you have some new choices. The first thing is always to make room for the feeling—observe it and accept it. Then try to figure out what valued action you can choose, rather than actions driven by your emotions. Sometimes—often—that will be enough. But sometimes your feelings could be so strong that they seem overwhelming…maybe values-based action seems impossible and you’re about to do something harmful. That’s when mindful coping comes in. Client: Why only then? We’ve practiced it a lot, shouldn’t I use it whenever I’m upset? Therapist: Mindful coping is for situations when you’re so overwhelmed that you’re at risk of losing control. Otherwise, stay with observing, accepting, and choosing—O+A+C. Just allow the emotion, and then choose a values-based action. Client: So I only do mindful coping if I’m in total meltdown? Therapist: [Nodding] If you’re overwhelmed and in danger of doing something hurtful. Client: How am I supposed to figure that out? Therapist: Remember the work we did on being mindful of the moment of choice—the moment when you could do old, destructive behaviors or act on your values?That same mindful awareness can help you decide whether to use coping skills. Just watch what’s happening—can you think about what you value in this situation, or is that the last thing on your mind? Now make a mindful choice—if you’re overwhelmed and can’t act on your values, select a mindful coping strategy. Client: How? Therapist: See if you can make the choice intuitively—the strategy that would feel best right then. That’s another form of mindfulness. We could also make a list of the mindful coping strategies you’ve already practiced, and you could keep it with you. When you’re overwhelmed, you could look at it and see what would feel best for that moment. Summary Following is a synopsis of content covered in chapter 9: Distraction and time-out are mindful coping skills that can be used to shift attention and downregulate emotion. Shifting attention away from the triggering stimuli will downregulate emotion, giving clients more choices in how to respond. Neither distraction nor time-out is used as an avoidance strategy. Like all mindful coping skills— relaxation, self-soothing, coping thoughts, and radical acceptance—distraction or time-out is chosen mindfully, after observing and accepting the four parts of emotion. Distraction and time-out is only for use in “crisis” situations, when clients become flooded and are too emotionally triggered to continue mindful acceptance or to choose a values-based action.Distraction skills include: paying attention to someone or something else, shifting thought content, using productivity tasks or chores, and alternatives to self- destructive behaviors. Time-out is used in situations when leaving is the best way to prevent a difficult situation from becoming worse. Mindful coping using distraction and time-out is rehearsed through imaginal exposure and in vivo practice to enhance learning, recall, and retention.