第五部分 培训小组练习
培训小组练习
第五部分:处理特定问题
第29章:咨询受成瘾困扰的人
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矛盾心理练习 邀请培训小组组成三人组。要求每人安静地坐一两分钟,思考一件他们感到矛盾的事情(例如,有人可能对是否继续学业感到矛盾;另一个人可能对是否继续参加锻炼计划感到矛盾)。 指示培训人员简要地与三人群中的其他人分享他们感到矛盾的事情,并清楚地说明两个选择(例如,继续学习与停止学习)。接下来,三人组成员要决定哪位成员的矛盾心理将由其他两位参与者共同探讨(即,谁将是“矛盾的一方”)。 一旦三人组成员决定了“矛盾的一方”,其他两位组员可以自愿礼貌友好地争论,一人支持其中一个选择,另一人支持另一个选择。如果两位争论者愿意采取极端立场,即使在现实中他们可能不同意这些立场,这个练习效果会更好(例如,如果“矛盾的一方”对是否继续赌博犹豫不决,那么其中一位劝说者需要强烈支持赌博,即使他们个人不同意这一点)。然而,如果某个培训人员对此感到不舒服,他们的立场必须得到尊重,如果他们希望,可以选择退出练习。重要的是告诉培训人员,这个练习旨在夸张、有趣,最重要的是友好。练习可以进行几分钟,然后让感到矛盾的人有机会评论这次经历及其对他们做决定的影响。 接下来,培训人员可以在整个培训小组中讨论他们从这次经历中学到了什么。
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识别正负因素 两人一组工作,一人扮演“求助者”,另一人扮演“咨询师”。求助者要谈论他们感到矛盾的行为(例如,饮食或锻炼)。咨询师要协助求助者绘制一张类似于表29.1的表格,但与求助者感到矛盾的问题相关。填写与每一方相关的正面和负面因素。 然后邀请求助者对每个正面和负面因素进行评分,评分范围从1到10(10表示最重要,1表示最不重要)。然后可以计算每列的总分并进行比较。随后可以就参与此练习的经验进行讨论。
讨论变化阶段
在全体培训小组中讨论如何确定一个人在改变动机方面所处的阶段。尽量使用实际的轶事例子来说明讨论。
第30章:咨询因愤怒困扰的人
个人对愤怒的反应
个人练习: 单独工作,写下你目前对咨询愤怒者的感受和想法。在做这项练习时,考虑以下问题: a. 生气是可以接受的吗? b. 愤怒有不同的表达方式吗? c. 愤怒什么时候会变成问题? d. 你怎么知道一个人可能会变得暴力?
写下你认为在面对表达愤怒的人时可能有用的技能。
小组讨论: 完成上述练习后,与你的培训小组讨论你识别出的任何问题。特别提到个人安全的问题,并探讨如何促进咨询师的安全。
第31章:咨询因抑郁困扰的人
1. 咨询有消极态度的人
角色扮演: 两人一组,一人扮演寻求帮助的人,另一人扮演咨询师。寻求帮助的人在整个对话中针对每一个话题都要表现得一贯消极和抑郁。
2. 反思咨询体验
小组讨论: 完成对话后,在整个小组中讨论咨询师的体验,以及这种体验如何影响咨询关系,特别是咨询师所经历的情绪感受。 第32章:咨询因悲伤和失落困扰的人
1. 探讨各种失落
个人练习: 单独工作,列出你能想到的所有可能导致一个人经历失落的情境,并按严重程度排序。
小组讨论: 与你的培训小组讨论你的清单和排名。注意小组内的意见分歧,并讨论这些分歧如何影响你与你试图帮助的人的关系,以及他们对失落的感知。
2. 个人的失落体验
个人练习: 如果你觉得舒适,单独工作,列出你个人经历过的失落,并按它们对你个人的影响程度排序。决定你是否愿意与你的培训小组分享其中的一些体验。如果在做这项练习时,你发现自己因回忆某次失落而感到困扰,请与小组辅导员交谈或采取其他积极措施,例如寻求咨询帮助来处理你的悲伤。
小组讨论: 如果你认为适当,并且相信这对其他组员有帮助,讨论你的一次失落体验,解释你是如何处理这次失落并因此变得更加坚韧的。
第34章:应对自杀意图
1. 价值观讨论
小组讨论: 在你的培训小组中,讨论和分享你对自杀的看法和价值观,以及这些观点和价值观如何影响你与有自杀意图的人的工作。
2. 讨论合适的咨询策略
个人感受: 在你的培训小组中,讨论你会使用什么策略来应对自己在帮助有自杀意图的人时的感受。
启动对话: 接下来,在你的培训小组中讨论你如何与有自杀意图的人开始对话,特别是关于: a. 他们的矛盾心理 b. 你的职责
本章知识点阐述
进一步阐述知识点
1. 矛盾心理练习
- 目的:帮助培训人员理解和体验矛盾心理,以及如何通过辩论帮助当事人理清思路。
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步骤:
- 组成三人组:培训小组分成三人组。
- 思考矛盾事物:每个人安静地思考一件他们感到矛盾的事情,并明确两个选择。
- 分享矛盾:每个人简要分享他们的矛盾事物和两个选择。
- 选择“矛盾的一方”:三人组决定谁的矛盾心理将由其他两位参与者共同探讨。
- 辩论:其他两位参与者礼貌友好地争论,一人支持其中一个选择,另一人支持另一个选择。争论者应采取极端立场,即使他们个人不同意这些立场。
- 反馈:感到矛盾的人评论这次经历及其对他们做决定的影响。
- 讨论:全体培训小组讨论从这次经历中学到了什么。
- 重要性:通过这个练习,培训人员可以更好地理解当事人的矛盾心理,学会如何通过辩论帮助当事人理清思路,从而做出更明智的决定。
2. 识别正负因素
- 目的:帮助培训人员学会识别和评估行为的正负因素,从而帮助当事人做出更理智的选择。
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步骤:
- 两人一组:培训人员两人一组,一人扮演“求助者”,另一人扮演“咨询师”。
- 谈论矛盾行为:求助者谈论他们感到矛盾的行为。
- 绘制表格:咨询师协助求助者绘制一张表格,列出与每一方相关的正面和负面因素。
- 评分:求助者对每个正面和负面因素进行评分,评分范围从1到10。
- 计算总分:计算每列的总分并进行比较。
- 讨论:全体培训小组讨论参与此练习的经验。
- 重要性:通过这个练习,培训人员可以学会如何系统地评估行为的正负因素,帮助当事人更全面地看待问题,从而做出更理智的选择。
3. 讨论变化阶段
- 目的:帮助培训人员了解如何确定一个人在改变动机方面所处的阶段,从而提供更有效的支持。
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步骤:
- 全体讨论:在全体培训小组中讨论如何确定一个人在改变动机方面所处的阶段。
- 使用实例:尽量使用实际的轶事例子来说明讨论。
- 重要性:了解变化阶段理论可以帮助咨询师更好地理解当事人的心理状态,提供更合适的干预和支持。通过实际案例的讨论,培训人员可以更好地掌握这一理论的应用方法。
总结
通过这些培训小组练习,咨询师可以更好地理解和处理受成瘾困扰的人的矛盾心理。矛盾心理练习帮助培训人员体验和理解矛盾心理,通过辩论帮助当事人理清思路。识别正负因素练习帮助培训人员学会系统地评估行为的正负因素,从而帮助当事人做出更理智的选择。讨论变化阶段则帮助培训人员了解如何确定一个人在改变动机方面所处的阶段,从而提供更有效的支持。这些练习和讨论不仅提升了培训人员的专业技能,还增强了他们的实践能力。
进一步阐述知识点
第30章:咨询因愤怒困扰的人
个人对愤怒的反应
- 生气是可以接受的吗?:讨论生气是否是一种正常的情绪反应,以及社会和文化背景对这一观点的影响。
- 愤怒的不同表达方式:探讨愤怒可以通过言语、身体动作、沉默等多种方式表达,每种方式的优缺点。
- 愤怒什么时候会变成问题?:分析愤怒何时会演变为有害的行为,如攻击性或自毁行为。
- 识别暴力倾向:讨论如何通过言语和行为迹象识别一个人可能变得暴力。
- 有用的技能:列举在面对愤怒者时可能有用的技能,如倾听、共情、冷静应对等。
- 个人安全:讨论如何在咨询过程中确保咨询师的个人安全,如设置边界、寻求支持等。
第31章:咨询因抑郁困扰的人
1. 咨询有消极态度的人
- 角色扮演:通过角色扮演练习,帮助咨询师体验与消极和抑郁的求助者互动的挑战,增强应对技巧。
2. 反思咨询体验
- 小组讨论:通过小组讨论,帮助咨询师反思他们在咨询过程中的情感体验,以及这些体验如何影响咨询关系,特别是咨询师的情绪管理。
第32章:咨询因悲伤和失落困扰的人
1. 探讨各种失落
- 个人练习:通过个人练习,帮助咨询师识别和理解不同的失落情境及其严重程度。
- 小组讨论:通过小组讨论,探讨不同人对失落的不同感知,以及这些差异如何影响咨询关系。
2. 个人的失落体验
- 个人练习:通过个人练习,帮助咨询师处理自己的失落体验,增强自我反思和自我照顾的能力。
- 小组讨论:通过小组讨论,分享个人的失落体验,增强组员之间的支持和理解。
第34章:应对自杀意图
1. 价值观讨论
- 小组讨论:通过小组讨论,帮助咨询师了解自己的价值观如何影响他们与有自杀意图的人的工作,增强价值观的自我认知。
2. 讨论合适的咨询策略
- 个人感受:通过讨论,帮助咨询师应对自己在帮助有自杀意图的人时的感受,增强情感管理能力。
- 启动对话:通过讨论,帮助咨询师学会如何与有自杀意图的人开始对话,特别是探讨他们的矛盾心理和咨询师的职责。
通过上述内容,作者希望帮助读者更好地理解在咨询过程中处理愤怒、抑郁、悲伤和失落以及应对自杀意图的关键点。这些知识点不仅有助于咨询师更好地支持当事人,还能提高咨询的效果,确保当事人的安全和福祉。
TRAINING GROUP EXERCISES RELATING TO PART 5: DEALING WITH PARTICULAR PROBLEMS Chapter 29: Counselling those troubled by addiction 1 Ambivalence exercise Invite the training group to form triads. Ask each person in the triad to sit quietly for a minute or two and to think of something they feel ambivalent about (for example, someone may feel ambivalent about whether or not to continue in a course of study; another may be ambivalent about continuing to engage in an exercise program). Instruct the trainees to briefly share with the others in their triad what it is that they feel ambivalent about and to clearly state what the two alternatives are (e.g. continue to study versus stop studying). Next the members of the triad are to decide whose ambivalence' the other two participants will work with (that is, who will be the ambivalent one'). Once the triad members have decided on an ambivalent one' the other two group members can volunteer to argue with each other, in a polite and friendly way, with one arguing for one of the alternatives and the other arguing for the other alternative. This exercise will work best if the two arguers are willing to take extreme positions, even though in reality they may not personally agree with these positions (for example, if the 'ambivalent one' is in two minds about continuing to gamble, then one of the persuaders needs to take a strong position in favour of gambling even if they don't personally agree with it). However, if a trainee is not comfortable in doing this, their position must be respected and if they wish they may choose to withdraw from the exercise. It is important to tell the trainees that the exercise is meant to be exaggerated, fun and above all friendly. The exercise can be allowed to go for a few minutes and then the person who was ambivalent is to be given an opportunity to comment on the experience and any effect it has had with regard to them making a decision. Next, the trainees can discuss what they've learnt from the experience in the whole training group. 2 Identifying positives and negatives Work in pairs with one person acting as the 'person seeking help' and the other as the counsellor'. The person seeking help is to talk about a behaviour of theirs that they feel ambivalent about (e.g. diet or exercise). _he counsellor is to assist the person seeking help to draw a table similar to that shown in Table 29.1 but related to the issue that the person seeking help is ambivalent about. The form is to be completed by filling in the positives and negatives relating to each side. The person seeking help is then invited to rate each positive and negative comment on a score from 1 to 10 (10 is most important, 1 is least important). The scores can then be totalled in each column and the totals compared. Discussion can then follow with regard to the experience of participating in this exercise.
Discussion on stages of change In the whole training group discuss how you would determine the stage that a person had reached with regard to their motivation to change. Try to use practical anecdotal examples to illustrate the discussion. Chapter 30: Counselling those troubled by anger Personal responses to anger Working individually, write down your current feelings and thoughts with regard to counselling an angry person. In doing this, take account of your responses to the questions: a Is it OK to be angry? b Are there different ways to express anger? c When does anger become a problem? d How would you know if a person might become violent? Write down any skills you think might be useful when in the presence of someone who is expressing anger. When you have completed the above exercise, discuss any issues you have identified with your training group. In particular, make reference to the issue of personal safety and explore ways that counsellor safety can be promoted. Chapter 31: Counselling those troubled by depression 1 Counselling a person with negative attitudes Work in pairs with one person acting as the person seeking help and the other as counsellor. The person seeking help is to role-play being consistently negative and depressed throughout the conversation with regard to every topic that is discussed. 2 Reflecting on the counselling experience On completion of the conversation and in the whole group discuss the counsellors experience of the conversation and how this experience might impact on the counselling relationship, in particular with regard to the emotional feelings experienced by the counsellor. Chapter 32: Counselling those troubled by grief and loss 1 Exploring a range of losses Working individually, write down a list of as many situations as you can think of where a person might experience loss. Rank these in order of severity. Next, discuss your list and rankings with your training group. Notice differences of opinion in your group and discuss these differences with regard to how they might impact on your relationship with the people you are trying to help and their perceptions of their loss. 2 Personal experiences of loss Working individually, if you feel comfortable in doing so, write down a list of personal losses that you have suffered and put these in order of severity with regard to the effect they had on you personally. Decide whether you are willing to share any of these experiences with your training group, if while doing this exercise you recognise that you are becoming troubled by remembering a loss, taLk with your group facilitator or take other positive action, such as seeking counselling help to address your grief. Next, if you think it appropriate and believe that it would be helpful for the other members of the group, discuss one of your experiences of Loss and explain how you were able to deal with this loss and become more resilient as a consequence. Chapter 34: Responding to suicidal intentions 1 Values discussion In your training group, discuss and share your beliefs and values with regard to suicide and how these beliefs and values might influence your work with a suicidal person. 2 Discussion of suitable counselling strategies when working with a person who has suicidal intentions In your training group, discuss what strategies you would use to cope with your own feelings when seeking to help a person who has suicidal intentions. Next, in your training group discuss how you might initiate a conversation with a suicidal person with regard to: a their ambivalence b your duty of care.