43. 术语表
本章知识点阐述
Glossary ABODE model Underlies REST. An activating event (A) triggers an irrational belief (B) leading to emotional and behavioural consequences (C). Disputing (D) this irrational belief and replacing it with a more constructive belief w ll hopefully, bring the effect (E) of more helpful emotions and behaviours. action plan Steps that can be helpful in supporting a person seeking help to take action to achieve goals. addiction A behaviour that is difficult for a person to stop engaging in, and when the behaviour is ceased results in physical, emotional or psychological consequences that often impact on their ability to lead a satisfying and fulfilling life. alter ego strategy Counselling strategy in which the counsellor takes on the role of the person seeking help and expresses what they feel the person might be thinking and feeling. ambivalence Presence of two opposing ideas, attitudes or emotions within a person that decreases their readiness to change. avatar An electronic character chosen by an individual to represent themselves online. beliefs Those ideas in which we believe or that we accept as truth. biases One-sided or closed-minded approaches, blocks Internal emotional and psychological constraints that prevent the person seeking help from moving forward. 374 boundaries Appropriate limits put in place to ensure the counselling relationship remains professional. burnout A state characterised by feeling emotionally drained and overworked as a result of providing counselling support. career questions Questions that highlight the choices, and consequences of those choices, that a person seeking help has now regarding their future life path. catharsis A healing process of emotional, release. cheerleading questions Questions designed to highlight positive changes in behaviour. choice questions Questions that invite the person to think about and consider alternative choices. Choice Theory Please refer to Reality Therapy. circular questions Questions that explore someone else's feelings, thoughts, beliefs or attitudes, rather than those of the person seeking help. closed questions Questions that lead to a specific answer. Cognitive Behavioural Counselling Approach to counselling with a focus on changing thoughts and behaviours in order to help people to feel better and behave more adaptively. common factors Factors common to all counselling approaches that have a positive influence on the experience of the person seeking counselling and on the effectiveness of counselling.confidentiality Responsibility of the counsellor to keep personal information of the person seeking help private. confrontation A micro-counselling skill used to raise the awareness of the person seeking help by presenting (often unpalatable) information that they are overlooking or failing to identify. congruent Being genuine, integrated and a whole person as a counsellor. constructive belief A belief associated with helpful or adaptive emotions and behaviours, contracting The process of creating a counselling contract. counselling contract An agreement between the counsellor and the person seeking help outlining expectations of counselling such as confidentiality, goals, the counselling process, counselling methods and concerns to be discussed. counselling micro-skills Verbal counselling behaviours that have been found to enhance the effectiveness of the counselling process. counter-transference Process during which the counsellor falls into playing the role in which the person seeking help sees them, for example, feeling and behaving like a father or mother. crisis An event of high risk during which the person's sense of safety is threatened and that may result in physical, emotional or psychological damage. Crises can fall into the categories of natural disaster, accidental, medical, emotional, relationship and developmental. culture Distinct collection of attitudes, customs, beliefs and behaviour of a particular group of people. cyber-culture Cultural context of online settings and how these settings are perceived by computer-users. debriefing The process by which a counsellor releases any distressing emotions or thoughts associated with the counselling process by talking with an experienced colleague or supervisor. defence mechanisms Unconscious mechanisms that provide some protection for a person against current pain but block the person from dealing with underlying causes of distress. dependency When the person seeking help becomes dependent on the counsellor and/or vice versa. depression Feeling sad or low; becomes a serious mental health issue when experienced intensely over an extended period of time. Related symptoms may include loss of interest, lack of energy and sleep difficulties. disinhibition effect The lowering of inhibitions often experienced when engaging with other individuals over the internet linked to an increased sense of anonymity. duty of care Responsibility held by the counsellor to limit the risk of harm towards the person seeking help or others. Glossary 375ego The part of Freud's model, of the human psyche which mediates between the instinctual impulses of the id and the external world through problem-solving. empathic Joining with the person seeking help so that there is a feeling of togetherness, empty chair Approach from Gestalt Therapy in which an empty chair is used to represent someone with whom the person seeking help has an issue with. ethnicity Group of people sharing common cultural characteristics. exception-oriented questions Questions that aim to promote change by drawing attention to times or situations where an undesirable behaviour did not or does riot occur. Existential Humanistic Counselling Approaches to counselling with the underlying bel ef that a person has within them the potential to solve their own problems. The counsellor is a facilitator of change. The person seeking help is the expert. experiential counselling skills Skills, such as role-play, used during counselling that are designed to support the person seeking help to experience their bodily sensations, emotional feelings and thoughts more fully. externalising Counselling skill originating in Narrative Therapy, with the goal of separating the troubling problem from the person seeking help. externalising interview Approach developed by Roth and Epston. in which the problem is 376 Glossary externalised and then role-played by the person seeking help. feedback Respectful reflection on a person's behaviour that is interfering with the counselling process. feeling mode of awareness Experiencing and interpreting the environment through kinaesthetic senses. Also known as kinaesthetic mode of awareness. foundation skills Counselling processes and micro-skills that provide a foundation on which to build more specialised skills. Gestalt awareness circle Gestalt counselling approach that describes how raising a persons awareness can support them in clarifying problems, exploring options and making decisions. Gestalt Therapy Counselling approach developed by Frederick Peris that has the goal of raising a person's awareness by helping them to integrate information from bodily sensations, thoughts and emotional feelings. Emphasis is placed on encouraging a person to take personal responsibility and to stay in the current 'here and now' experience. goal-oriented questions Direct questions that invite exploration of ways in which things could be different and so support the person seeking help to identify changes that they might like to make. grief Response to a loss. guru questions Questions that encourage the person seeking help to give themselves some advice as if they were an expert or guru.guru strategy Counselling strategy where the person seeking help is invited to step into a guru role in order to give themselves advice. hearing mode of awareness Experiencing and interpreting the environment through auditory senses. Also known as auditory mode of awareness. 'here and now' One of the central concepts of Gestalt Therapy in which behaviours, thoughts and feelings in the present are the focus of counselling. iceberg model Model of human personality that illustrates the opposites of an individual's personality and the fact that some aspects of personality can remain hidden 'below the waterline'. id The part of Freud's model of the human psyche which represents a person's instinctual impulses. informed consent Process of obtaining the agreement of the person seeking help to engage in the process of counselling with full knowledge of the advantages and possible consequences of doing so. integrative approach Counselling approach that involves integrating skills from different theoretical and practical sources. internet counselling A counselling relationship taking place over the internet, rather than face to face, and includes contact via email, real time chat, video-calling technology or a virtual setting. introjects Values and beliefs which have been accepted and incorporated unquestioningly by an individual usually during childhood. irrational beliefs Unhelpful or self-destructive beliefs associated with uncomfortable emotions and/or maladaptive behaviours. □ohari window Model developed by Luft and Ingham to illustrate the process of self-discovery, joining The process of engaging and connecting with the person seeking help. kinaesthetic mode of awareness Please refer to Feeling mode of awareness. metaphor Describing one thing in terms of something else. Milan Model of Family Therapy Approach to family therapy developed by Mara SeLvini Palazzoli, Luigi Boscolo, Gianfranco Cecchin and Builiana Prata that focuses on the systemic context of the family rather than the behaviour and/ or individual. seen to be the problem. minimal responses Verbal or non-verbal behaviours used to show that the counsellor is listening to the person seeking help and, at times, to communicate a message. miracle questions Questions that support the person seeking help to identify what would be different if their situation changed for the better and so begin to find hypothetical solutions. Motivational Interviewing A counselling approach drawing on principles and strategies from Person- Centred Counselling and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy with the aim of increasing a person's motivation to change. Glossary 377Narrative Therapy Counselling approach developed by David Epston and Michael White that places emphasis on separating the problem from the person. It encourages the person to reconstruct their story so that, the problem does not dominate their life. Neuro-Linguistic Programming Approach to helping people developed by Richard Bandler and John Grinder that recognises the need for a counsellor to match the person's way of experiencing the world through the use of particular senses and the usefulness of reframing. non-verbal behaviour Communication behaviours including facial expressions, body language and gestures that are not speech. normalising Counselling skill that supports the person seeking help to recognise that their emotions, behaviour or experiences are normal and appropriate for the situation or their developmental stage. online counselling Please refer to Internet counselling. open questions Questions that give the person seeking help scope in order to disclose the information that they fee! is relevant, paraphrasing Please refer to Reflection of content, physiological cues Changes in bodily sensations that are linked to changes in emotional feelings. polarities model Model of personality from Gestalt Therapy that emphasises the concurrent existence of polarities in the 'here and now' which are to be fully accepted and integrated so they can be accessed freely as a person chooses. post-traumatic stress Emotional and psychological after-effects that result following a severe crisis. prejudices Preconceived opinions, often negative, without a firm base of reason or experience. primary counselling skills Core counselling skills, including joining, Listening, paraphrasing content and reflection of feeling, which can be useful at any point within a counselling session, privacy Right of the person seeking help to keep their personal information protected, projection Process during which a person projects characteristics of significant others from the past onto people in their current life. personal identity Self-understanding of what makes a person who they are.Provocative Therapy Brief psychotherapy approach developed by Frank FarreLly, which makes use of reverse psychology and humour in order to support the person seeking help to develop insight into their behaviour and make choices about this behaviour. Person-Centred Counselling Approach developed by Carl Rogers, initially called Client-Centred Counselling, during which emphasis isPsychoanalytic Psychotherapy Approach developed by Sigmund Freud during which the counsellor encourages the person to talk freely while they parroting Repeating word for word what a person has said to you. 378 placed on the counselling relationship and on reflecting back to the person what they have said. Glossaryprovide their undivided attention. Emphasis is placed on the person's past and on childhood experiences. The counsellor is seen as the expert who interprets what the person shares, with the goal of helping them to gain insight and; in turn, change. race Group of people sharing similar physical characteristics from a common ancestry. Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) A model of counselling based on Albert Ellis' idea of supporting a client to challenge irrational beliefs and replace them with more constructive beliefs, so as to relieve uncomfortable emotions and/or change maladaptive behaviours. REBT is based on the ABCDE model. readiness to change Measure of a person's level of motivation to change that can be represented by a stage model developed by Prochaska et al. including precontemplation, contemplation, determination, action, maintenance and relapse. Reality Therapy Counselling approach developed by William Glasser, later called Choice Theory, that encourages a person to take responsibility for their behavioural choices and to get their own needs met without infringing on the rights of others, real-time chat A synchronous form of text-based communication available online. reflection of content A counselling micro-skill in which the counsellor paraphrases or reflects back to the person what they have said. reflection of feelings A counselling micro-skill in which the counsellor reflects back the emotional feelings expressed by the person seeking help. reflective practice The process of actively reflecting on the counselling process in order for a counsellor to learn from and improve upon their practice. reframing Counselling skill used to encourage a change in the way a person seeking help perceives events or situations. relaxation techniques Strategies designed to support people to relax, releasing any tension or anxiety. resistance Apparent lack of cooperation with the therapeutic process by the person seeking help. risk factors Factors that increase the risk of suicide. Rogerian counselling skills Counselling skills identified and extensively used by Carl Rogers that provide a foundation onto which other skills can be added. scaling questions Asking the person seeking help to rate a particular concept on a scale, usually from 1 to 10. seeing mode of awareness Experiencing and interpreting the environment through visual senses. Also know as visual mode of awareness. self-destructive beliefs Unhelpful beliefs associated with uncomfortable emotions and/or maladaptive behaviours. self-disclosure Disclosing a limited amount of personal information in order to support the counselling relationship. Glossary 379self-efficacy A persons belief in their own capacity to learn to cope and survive. social system Organisation of the relationships between individuals within various groups. Solution-Focused Therapy Brief counselling approach that focuses on strengths, resources and competencies, rather than on problems, deficits and limitations. Based on ideas proposed by Milton Erickson and further developed by Steve de Shazer. spiritual beliefs Faith in a supernatural dimension and/or power. stages of grief Process of grieving including shock, denial, psychological and somatic symptoms, depression, guilt, anger, idealisation, realism, acceptance, readjustment and personal growth. storying Approach used in narrative therapy in which a new and preferred alternative story is created to replace an existing story in which a problem is influencing a persons life. suicidal thoughts Thoughts about killing oneself. suicide Act of taking one's own life. suicide attempt Attempt to end ones own life that was not successfully completed. summarising Counselling micro-skill during which the counsellor reflects back a summary of the overall content of what the person seeking help has said. 380 Glossary super-ego The part of Freuds model of the human psyche which attempts to control the instinctual impulses of the id, encouraging the ego to fall in line with the values and morals internalised from society. supervision The process during which a counsellor's practice is supervised. supervisor Counsellor who provides supervision. telephone counselling A counselling relationship taking place over the telephone, rather than face to face. termination The process of bringing a counselling session or the counselling relationship to an end. therapeutic alliance A collaborative working relationship developed between the counsellor and the person seeking help that recognises the persons ability to self-heal and bring about change. thought-stopping Strategy in which a person silently says 'STOP' to themselves in order to interrupt unwanted thoughts. transference Process during which the person seeking help behaves towards a counsellor as though the counsellor were a significant person from their past, usually the person's mother or father. transitional question A question that returns the focus of the conversation to an earlier part of the discussion.unconditional positive regard Accepting the person seeking help non- judgementally as someone of value, regardless of strengths and weaknesses,counsellor, events leading up to and following the verbatim section and the counsellor's reflection on what they Learned. values Personally held principles that determine what an individual defines as important and which guide decision-making and behaviour.video conferencing A synchronous video messaging service available online. verbatim report Written report that records what was said word for word during a counselling session. The report can also include background information, feelings of the virtual setting An electronic environment available online in which individuals, represented by avatars, meet. Communication between avatars can be via text or microphone.