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41. 咨询师培训及监督的必要性

41 咨询师培训和监督的需要

为了成为一名专业的咨询师,个人需要完成认证的课程学习和培训;接受持续的监督,并满足所在国家相关咨询专业机构的要求。在澳大利亚,有两个专业机构。加入任何一个都可以获得全国注册咨询师的资格。这两个机构分别是澳大利亚心理治疗和咨询联合会(PACFA)和澳大利亚咨询师协会(ACA)。 我们认为,咨询师仅仅完成学术培训课程是不够的。此外,培训应包括个人治疗或体验小组活动,以及参加专业发展研讨会。

在培训期间和之后,所有咨询师都需要接受持续的监督,以便他们可以进行解压、讨论他们的工作、提高技能和解决因咨询他人而可能引发的个人问题。在监督过程中,咨询师常常发现自己处于类似寻求咨询帮助的人的位置,因为他们试图解决由其工作触发的个人问题。 咨询师需要通过参加专业发展活动来维持其当前的认证,以展示对持续培训和发展的承诺。最重要的是,他们必须按照所在州或国家的咨询师相关伦理守则进行实践。

为什么需要监督?

作为咨询师,我们必须重视那些寻求我们帮助的人,以便为他们提供最好的咨询服务。因此,除非新咨询师受到充分监督,否则让寻求帮助的人接受新咨询师的服务是不道德的。此外,我们的观点是,所有咨询师,无论是新手还是有经验的,都应该接受持续的监督。这有几个重要且不同的原因,包括以下几点:

  • 使咨询师能够处理自己的个人问题
  • 使咨询师能够提升技能
  • 提供对咨询过程的外部审查
  • 解决依赖和专业界限的问题。 我们现在将逐一考虑上述每一点。

使咨询师能够处理个人问题

你可能会对建议需要监督来使咨询师处理他们自己的个人问题感到惊讶。你可能会问:“如果咨询是为了寻求帮助的人的利益,而不是咨询师的利益,为什么咨询师需要使用咨询监督来处理他们自己的问题?”答案很简单:除非咨询师拥有并处理他们自己的问题,否则这些问题很可能会干扰他们有效咨询的能力。通常,当寻求帮助的人讨论与咨询师自己未解决的情感问题相似的问题时,咨询师会感到情感上的痛苦。因此,当讨论的问题因未解决的问题而对咨询师造成痛苦时,咨询师可能会在咨询过程中通过多种方式有意或无意地避免自己的痛苦:

  • 咨询师可能会通过鼓励对方谈论其他事情来避开痛苦的问题。
  • 咨询师可能会试图安慰对方,而不是帮助他们处理问题。
  • 咨询师可能会尝试鼓励对方采取某种行动,以某种方式满足咨询师自己的需求。例如,咨询师可能希望他们在自己的生活中采取某种特定的行动,并鼓励对方采取类似的行动。
  • 咨询师可能会通过未能认识到问题并潜意识地抑制它们来避免面对自己的问题和对方的问题。

一位敏锐的监督者会注意到咨询师表现出回避痛苦问题的行为,并会要求被监督者探索在回避发生时他们内心发生了什么情感。这意味着咨询师需要准备好持续地拥有和探索他们自己的问题,否则这些问题可能会降低咨询的有效性。

大多数人不会仔细审视自己的情感问题,除非这些问题给他们带来了极大的困扰。人类自然的防御机制是抑制不舒服的感觉,除非有充分的理由,否则不会深入探究。然而,咨询师必须深入探究不舒服的感觉,因为如果他们有一个无法面对的问题,那么他们就不可能帮助一个有类似问题的人。因此,作为咨询师,我们需要在这些问题进入我们的意识时探索和处理所有我们自己的痛苦问题。这样做的好处是,我们的个人成长会在这一过程中得到增强。

有效的咨询师会探索和解决他们自己的个人问题

使咨询师能够提升技能

每位有经验的咨询师都会发现从其他咨询师那里学习是有用和有价值的。我们每个人都有自己的一套技能,并在咨询时采用不同的风格。在我们的咨询生涯中,我们都发现自己的咨询风格一直在变化。这使我们能够将新技能融入工作中,并继续以新鲜的态度对待咨询,而不是陷入僵局,变得陈旧。

有效的咨询师永远不会停止学习

我们发现,有时从使用不同框架的咨询师那里获得输入是有用的。通过这样做,我们通常会学到一些新的想法,以增强我们的工作。

虽然讲授式学习对咨询师来说可能是有用的,但据我们观察,个人监督的经验在促进专业发展中更为有力。通过监督学习可以将技能培训与个人成长结合起来。此外,咨询师在监督中会被提醒什么是处于寻求帮助的人的位置的感受。这有助于咨询师始终以平等的价值对待每一位寻求帮助的人。

提供咨询过程的外部审查

通常,寻求帮助的人看不到咨询师认为显而易见的问题。这是因为寻求帮助的人在他们的情况中个人和深刻地卷入了。相比之下,咨询师在与他们合作并尝试以他们的方式看待世界后,可以退一步,采取更客观的视角,看得更清楚。当咨询师接受监督时,也会发生类似的过程。监督者能够以不同于咨询师的方式看待咨询过程和案件细节。监督者可能会识别出寻求帮助的人或咨询师身上发生的未被识别的问题。因此,监督者能够提供有关如何与特定的寻求帮助的人合作的有用建议。此外,有经验的监督者可以为被监督者提供有用的信息。

处理依赖和专业边界问题

如前所述,监督者可能会识别出咨询师未识别的问题。特别是依赖和尊重专业边界的议题。

  • 依赖问题:寻求帮助的人和咨询师都会经历依赖问题。
  • 新咨询师的挑战:对于新咨询师来说,有时很难识别何时应该结束一系列咨询会话。这可能是部分由于在某些咨询关系中不可避免地会发展出依赖关系(见第12章)。有时,咨询师很难判断寻求帮助的人是否真的需要进一步的咨询,或者是否存在寻求帮助的人或咨询师本人的依赖问题。
  • 延长关系:依赖咨询关系的人有时会在咨询过程接近结束时产生新的讨论材料。这可能是出于潜意识或有意识地延长关系的愿望。通过在监督中讨论案例,监督者可能能够识别依赖何时干扰了适当的终止过程。此外,监督者可以帮助咨询师制定管理依赖问题的合适策略。
  • 专业边界:一些咨询师难以识别他们对寻求帮助的人的个人感受可能导致的行为是否会不恰当地跨越专业边界,从而干扰咨询过程。此外,新咨询师有时不知道如何回应寻求帮助的人直接或间接的友谊和亲密邀请。再次,监督可以帮助咨询师识别正在发生的不适当过程,并开发适当的策略来处理这些过程。

监督涉及什么?

监督可以通过以下几种方式进行:

  1. 监督者在咨询室内的直接观察
  2. 通过单向镜进行直接观察
  3. 使用闭路电视进行观察
  4. 使用音频或DVD录制和分析
  5. 直接观察结合音频或DVD录制和分析
  6. 使用逐字报告。 这些方法将依次讨论。

监督者在咨询室内的直接观察

实习咨询师通常在最初的几次咨询会话中感到紧张。帮助他们适应咨询环境的一个好方法是让实习生旁听由他们的监督者进行的咨询会话。当然,需要征求寻求帮助的人的同意。允许这样做的人需要理解他们的监督者对他们的期望。我们更希望我们的学生保持低调,安静地坐在寻求帮助的人视线之外。这减少了寻求帮助的人同时与咨询师和学生互动的可能性,让我们可以自由地按我们选择的方式进行会话,并使实习生能够在不感到压力的情况下观察。随着实习生的舒适度增加,他们可以逐渐参与其中。采用这种方法可以使他们直接观察咨询过程,并在咨询环境中感到自在。这种方法使实习生能够逐步从被动观察者过渡到在监督下的主动咨询师。

直接观察方法对于初学者非常有效,尤其是那些没有先前咨询经验的人。但是,让实习生和监督者同时在房间内可能会有一些问题。显然,咨询关系的一些亲密感会丧失,结果,寻求帮助的人可能会觉得难以公开处理敏感问题。

通过单向镜进行直接观察

图41.1所示的单向镜系统提供了直接观察的替代方案。许多咨询中心为此设置了相邻的两个房间,用于培训和家庭治疗。单向镜允许观察室中的人看到咨询室中发生的事情,而不被看到。麦克风、放大器和扬声器系统为观察者提供声音,使他们能够看到和听到发生的事情。从伦理上讲,必须提前告知寻求帮助的人有观察者存在,并获得他们同意以这种方式进行会话。

单向镜系统最初可以用于让实习生或多名实习生观看有经验的咨询师工作。后来,实习生可以在监督者的观察下工作,可能还有其他实习生也在观察。该系统的优点是监督者不在咨询室内,因此不会干扰咨询过程。然而,他们可以在必要时接管实习生的工作,并在会话结束后提供客观的反馈。

使用闭路电视进行观察

类似于单向镜系统的方法是在咨询室内安装摄像头,连接到另一个房间的电视监视器。然而,这种方法提供的视觉细节不如单向镜系统多。如果摄像头使用广角镜头以捕捉大部分房间的画面,通常很难看清面部表情。

图41.1 咨询和观察室布局

使用音频或DVD录制和分析

使用DVD录制是监督的最佳方法之一。虽然也可以使用音频录制,但其用途有限,因为非言语行为无法观察。DVD录制的咨询会话是一个丰富的信息来源。不仅可以反复观看会话的选定段落,还可以冻结画面以便研究非言语行为。监督者和咨询师可以一起回顾和分析录制的部分。通常,咨询师单独回顾额外的录制内容以识别不满意的过程并改进他们的咨询技巧也是有益的。无论何时制作音频或DVD录制,都必须事先获得寻求帮助的人的书面同意,并告知他们谁将有权访问录制内容以及何时删除录制内容。许多机构为此目的有标准的同意表格。明智的做法是检查这些表格的法律和伦理有效性。

直接观察结合音频或DVD录制和分析

单向镜系统与音频或DVD录制相结合是一种非常强大的咨询师培训安排。实习生在练习期间可以直接被观察,并且稍后可以通过分析和回顾音频或DVD录制内容与他们的监督者详细处理他们的工作。

DVD录制可以是一个有价值的学习工具

使用逐字报告

另一种监督方法是使用逐字报告。逐字报告是一份书面报告,逐字记录寻求帮助的人的陈述和咨询师的回应。它可以凭记忆编写,也可以是音频录制的转录。以下是一个逐字报告的例子。请注意,这个例子是虚构的,不涉及真实的人或咨询师。

逐字报告

咨询师姓名:Fiona Smith
寻求帮助的人姓名:Simon Anonymous
咨询会话日期:2011年1月19日
背景信息:Simon 36岁,曾两次结婚,有两个孩子:一个12岁的女孩和一个10岁的男孩。两个孩子都与Simon的第二任妻子生活在一起。他独自生活。

这是Simon第二次来看我。一周前他感到紧张和抑郁。他告诉我,他担心自己无法与女性建立持久的关系,而且他不明白原因。

我在会话前的感受和态度:我感觉很好,期待再次与Simon合作。我相信在上次会话中已经建立了良好的关系,这将使他能够自由地与我交谈。

在以下回应之前发生的情况:当Simon来到这次会话时,他看起来脸色苍白,非常沮丧。在我们共处的前15分钟里,他的身体显得紧张,似乎不愿意说话。经过几分钟的沉默,我觉得他在我和他之间筑起了一道屏障,于是我开口说话。

F1 似乎我们之间有一道障碍。[轻声说道] S1 啊……你是什么意思?[听起来他在为自己辩护] F2 就像我们被一道障碍隔开了。[我用手势示意一道障碍] S2 被隔开了?[带有不相信和质疑的非言语行为。现在我感觉非常被Simon排斥] F3 是的,我感觉被一道无形的障碍隔开了。有时候你会打开它一点……[Simon激动地打断了] S3 不,不,那是一堵砖墙,上面有一扇门。门通常是关着的,因为这样能保护我。 F4 那堵砖墙对你很重要! S4 确实如此! F5 它保护你。[Simon开始自由而轻松地说话] S5 是的,它确实……[他继续解释如果没有那堵墙他会有多脆弱,然后开始哭泣。我等待着]……你看,过去我受过太多的伤,我害怕如果我做真实的自己,敞开心扉,我会再次被拒绝。

F6 障碍保护你免受被拒绝的痛苦。[长时间停顿] S6 它也阻止我建立关系,我不确定我是否喜欢这一点。[小心、缓慢而坚定地说] F7 你听起来不确定你是否想要那个障碍。 S7 拆除它会很困难。我现在已经习惯了。你知道,那堵墙已经存在很长时间了。天知道如果没有它会发生什么。 F8 拆除它会有风险。

S8 会有风险。[他停顿了很长时间思考。我很难保持沉默,因为我希望告诉他他自己发现的东西]……你知道,我肯定会受伤,更糟糕的是,我不得不为我伤害亲近的女人负责。[他笑了]更糟的是!我不能忍受伤害我爱的人。

F9 接近他人会带来很多痛苦。[幸运的是,在我建议接近他人也可以带来快乐之前,他打断了我。我差点脱口而出!] S9 是的,对我来说就是这样……[然后他详细地告诉我失去妻子的痛苦。他不明白为什么离开她后他还会这么痛苦]……这还没有结束。这么久之后我怎么还在受伤? F10 我感觉你还在哀悼。 S10 我早就该放下她了![绝望地说] F11 哀悼需要时间。你能给自己一些时间吗?

(从这里开始,随着他处理自己的哀悼,过程自然地流动。我强烈感觉到,随着他处理哀悼,他的障碍会逐渐消失。) 会后我的感觉很好,因为Simon向前迈出了一步,对自己的认识和行为有了更全面的理解。此外,我意识到自己被他的一些悲伤所感染。 从这次会话中学到的东西(或下次会不同的地方):

  • 我了解到当我和Simon分享我的感受(分离感,见F1、F2和F3)时对他有帮助。因为他打断了我(F9和S9),我发现跟随他的思路更好。如果我把重点放在接近他人带来的快乐上,我会让他更难面对他哀悼的根本问题。我学会了,我想要“让他感觉好”可能会适得其反。我很高兴他打断了我,阻止了我这样做。

逐字报告的结构

如您从逐字报告的示例中看到的,报告首先包含关于寻求帮助的人的背景信息、他们的问题和情感状态。报告的第一部分还可能总结前几次咨询会话的过程和结果。

报告的下一节涉及咨询师在咨询会话之前的感受和态度。这一信息是必需的,因为咨询师的行为和表现往往受到他们的情绪、对寻求帮助的人的情感以及对他们及其行为的预设观念和态度的影响。

逐字报告的核心部分包含寻求帮助的人的陈述和咨询师的回应。这部分通常只包含每个人大约10到20个回应。写出大量咨询互动的逐字稿是非常费力的,而且这是不必要的。最好是实习咨询师选择会话的一部分,这部分展示了某些重要的学习或突显了一些困难。通常,新的咨询师会发现互动的一部分莫名其妙地“出错”。这样的片段为逐字报告和随后的监督讨论提供了理想的材料。注意,每个陈述都编号并用人的名字首字母标识,例如,陈述F7是Fiona在报告中的第七个陈述。在每个陈述之后,括号中记录了其他重要信息,包括非言语行为、沉默和咨询师的感受和想法。在逐字记录对话之前,有一段描述会话早期部分发生的情况;在对话记录之后,有一段简要描述会话剩余部分发生的情况。这些描述是必需的,以便记录的逐字陈述能在整个会话的背景下被理解。

逐字报告以描述咨询师会后的感觉和他们对未来学到的东西的章节结束。然后签字。

逐字报告的价值

逐字报告使监督者能够发现阻碍实习咨询师有效帮助寻求帮助的人解决问题的问题。这些报告还使监督者能够识别不满意的过程和不适当的咨询师回应,并帮助实习咨询师发现更好的方法。

保密性

音频录制、DVD录制和逐字报告需要与其他有关寻求帮助的人的记录一样受到保护,以确保保密性(见第40章)。必须确保咨询对话和报告的电子记录不会被未经授权的人获取。

结论

通过使用本章中描述的任何方法,监督者可以帮助新的咨询师提高他们的技能,并理解特定咨询会话中发生的过程。本章讨论了作为新的咨询师可能接受的监督方式。您的初步培训只是开始,持续的培训需求永无止境。一个好的咨询师永远不会停止从自己的经验和他人的教导中学习。为了提高,即使是有经验的咨询师也需要继续接受监督。

持续的监督是良好咨询的关键

本书中描述的咨询策略是基本的。一旦您掌握了它们,您可能希望继续从具有高级技能或专门咨询技术的有经验的咨询师那里学习。我们认为,持续的培训最好通过在研讨会和研讨会上的经验培训以及在合格和有经验的从业者监督下的实践来完成。

学习总结

咨询师需要完成一项经过认证的学习和培训课程,进行持续的监督,并满足所在州或国家的相关咨询机构的要求(在澳大利亚为PACFA或ACA)。 咨询师受相关专业机构制定的职业道德规范约束。 新咨询师必须有足够的监督。 咨询师自身未解决的问题可能对咨询过程产生负面影响。 常见的监督方法包括直接观察、使用闭路电视观察、音频或DVD录制和分析,以及使用逐字报告。

进一步阅读

Bor, K. & Watts, M. 2010, 《培训生手册:咨询与心理治疗培训指南》,第3版,SAGE出版社,伦敦。 Cotey, G., Corey, M.S., Corey, C. & Callman, P. 2015, 《助人职业中的伦理》,第9版,Cengage Learning出版社,康涅狄格州斯坦福德。 McMahon, M. & Patton, W. (编) 2002, 《助人职业中的监督:实用方法》,Pearson Education出版社,澳大利亚弗伦奇斯森林。 Walker, M. & Jacobs, M. 2004, 《监督:咨询师和治疗师的问题与答案》,Whurr出版社,伦敦。

本章知识点阐述

进一步阐述知识点

咨询师培训和监督的需要

1. 资格要求

  • 认证课程:为了成为一名专业的咨询师,个人需要完成认证的课程学习和培训。这些课程通常涵盖理论知识和实践技能,确保咨询师具备必要的专业能力。
  • 持续监督:咨询师需要接受持续的监督,以确保他们的服务质量。监督不仅可以帮助咨询师解压和讨论工作,还可以帮助他们提升技能和解决因咨询他人而可能引发的个人问题。
  • 专业机构:在澳大利亚,有两个主要的专业机构:澳大利亚心理治疗和咨询联合会(PACFA)和澳大利亚咨询师协会(ACA)。加入这些机构可以确保咨询师符合国家认可的标准,并获得全国注册咨询师的资格。

2. 培训内容

  • 个人治疗:培训应包括个人治疗,这有助于咨询师处理自己的心理问题,从而更好地帮助他人。
  • 体验小组活动:体验小组活动可以让咨询师在实践中学习和成长,增强他们的同理心和沟通技巧。
  • 专业发展研讨会:参加专业发展研讨会可以确保咨询师不断更新知识和技能,跟上行业发展的步伐。

3. 持续监督的重要性

  • 处理个人问题:在监督过程中,咨询师常常发现自己处于类似寻求咨询帮助的人的位置,因为他们试图解决由其工作触发的个人问题。这有助于咨询师保持心理健康,避免职业倦怠。
  • 提升技能:监督提供了一个平台,让咨询师可以讨论和反思他们的工作,从而不断提升专业技能。
  • 外部审查:监督可以提供对咨询过程的外部审查,确保咨询师的工作符合专业标准和伦理要求。
  • 解决依赖和专业界限问题:监督有助于咨询师识别和解决潜在的依赖问题,确保咨询关系的健康和专业。

4. 为什么需要监督?

  • 重视求助者:作为咨询师,我们必须重视那些寻求我们帮助的人,以便为他们提供最好的咨询服务。因此,除非新咨询师受到充分监督,否则让寻求帮助的人接受新咨询师的服务是不道德的。
  • 适用对象:我们的观点是,所有咨询师,无论是新手还是有经验的,都应该接受持续的监督。这不仅有助于新咨询师的成长,也有助于有经验的咨询师保持专业水平。
  • 多个原因:监督有多个重要且不同的原因,包括处理个人问题、提升技能、提供外部审查和解决依赖及专业界限问题。

总结

咨询师的培训和监督是确保咨询质量和服务效果的重要环节。通过完成认证课程、接受持续监督和参加专业发展活动,咨询师可以不断提升自己的专业能力和心理健康。监督不仅有助于咨询师处理个人问题和提升技能,还能提供外部审查,确保咨询过程的伦理性和专业性。未来,随着社会的发展和变化,咨询师需要不断更新自己的知识和技能,以更好地应对新的挑战,服务于求助者。

进一步阐述知识点

使咨询师能够处理个人问题

1. 监督的必要性

  • 个人问题的影响:你可能会对建议需要监督来使咨询师处理他们自己的个人问题感到惊讶。你可能会问:“如果咨询是为了寻求帮助的人的利益,而不是咨询师的利益,为什么咨询师需要使用咨询监督来处理他们自己的问题?”答案很简单:除非咨询师拥有并处理他们自己的问题,否则这些问题很可能会干扰他们有效咨询的能力。
  • 情感痛苦:通常,当寻求帮助的人讨论与咨询师自己未解决的情感问题相似的问题时,咨询师会感到情感上的痛苦。这种情感痛苦可能导致咨询师在咨询过程中通过多种方式有意或无意地避免自己的痛苦:
    • 转移话题:咨询师可能会通过鼓励对方谈论其他事情来避开痛苦的问题。
    • 过度安慰:咨询师可能会试图安慰对方,而不是帮助他们处理问题。
    • 投射需求:咨询师可能会尝试鼓励对方采取某种行动,以某种方式满足咨询师自己的需求。例如,咨询师可能希望他们在自己的生活中采取某种特定的行动,并鼓励对方采取类似的行动。
    • 回避问题:咨询师可能会通过未能认识到问题并潜意识地抑制它们来避免面对自己的问题和对方的问题。

2. 监督的作用

  • 敏锐的监督者:一位敏锐的监督者会注意到咨询师表现出回避痛苦问题的行为,并会要求被监督者探索在回避发生时他们内心发生了什么情感。这意味着咨询师需要准备好持续地拥有和探索他们自己的问题,否则这些问题可能会降低咨询的有效性。
  • 个人成长:大多数人不会仔细审视自己的情感问题,除非这些问题给他们带来了极大的困扰。人类自然的防御机制是抑制不舒服的感觉,除非有充分的理由,否则不会深入探究。然而,咨询师必须深入探究不舒服的感觉,因为如果他们有一个无法面对的问题,那么他们就不可能帮助一个有类似问题的人。因此,作为咨询师,我们需要在这些问题进入我们的意识时探索和处理所有我们自己的痛苦问题。这样做的好处是,我们的个人成长会在这一过程中得到增强。

3. 有效咨询师的特点

  • 探索个人问题:有效的咨询师会探索和解决他们自己的个人问题。这不仅有助于他们更好地帮助寻求帮助的人,还能促进他们自身的个人成长。

使咨询师能够提升技能

1. 终身学习

  • 持续学习:每位有经验的咨询师都会发现从其他咨询师那里学习是有用和有价值的。我们每个人都有自己的一套技能,并在咨询时采用不同的风格。在我们的咨询生涯中,我们都发现自己的咨询风格一直在变化。这使我们能够将新技能融入工作中,并继续以新鲜的态度对待咨询,而不是陷入僵局,变得陈旧。
  • 不同框架:我们发现,有时从使用不同框架的咨询师那里获得输入是有用的。通过这样做,我们通常会学到一些新的想法,以增强我们的工作。

2. 监督在技能提升中的作用

  • 讲授式学习 vs. 个人监督:虽然讲授式学习对咨询师来说可能是有用的,但据我们观察,个人监督的经验在促进专业发展中更为有力。通过监督学习可以将技能培训与个人成长结合起来。
  • 换位思考:此外,咨询师在监督中会被提醒什么是处于寻求帮助的人的位置的感受。这有助于咨询师始终以平等的价值对待每一位寻求帮助的人。

总结

咨询师的个人问题和技能提升是确保咨询质量和效果的关键因素。通过接受监督,咨询师可以有效地处理自己的个人问题,避免这些问题影响他们的咨询效果。同时,持续的学习和监督帮助咨询师不断提升技能,保持专业水平。未来,随着社会的发展和变化,咨询师需要不断更新自己的知识和技能,以更好地应对新的挑战,服务于求助者。

进一步阐述知识点

提供咨询过程的外部审查

1. 个人视角与客观视角

  • 个人卷入:通常,寻求帮助的人看不到咨询师认为显而易见的问题。这是因为寻求帮助的人在他们的情况中个人和深刻地卷入了。
  • 客观视角:相比之下,咨询师在与他们合作并尝试以他们的方式看待世界后,可以退一步,采取更客观的视角,看得更清楚。

2. 监督者的角色

  • 不同视角:当咨询师接受监督时,监督者能够以不同于咨询师的方式看待咨询过程和案件细节。监督者可能会识别出寻求帮助的人或咨询师身上发生的未被识别的问题。
  • 有用建议:因此,监督者能够提供有关如何与特定的寻求帮助的人合作的有用建议。此外,有经验的监督者可以为被监督者提供有用的信息。

处理依赖和专业边界问题

1. 依赖问题

  • 普遍现象:寻求帮助的人和咨询师都会经历依赖问题。
  • 新咨询师的挑战:对于新咨询师来说,有时很难识别何时应该结束一系列咨询会话。这可能是部分由于在某些咨询关系中不可避免地会发展出依赖关系(见第12章)。有时,咨询师很难判断寻求帮助的人是否真的需要进一步的咨询,或者是否存在寻求帮助的人或咨询师本人的依赖问题。

2. 延长关系

  • 新讨论材料:依赖咨询关系的人有时会在咨询过程接近结束时产生新的讨论材料。这可能是出于潜意识或有意识地延长关系的愿望。
  • 监督的作用:通过在监督中讨论案例,监督者可能能够识别依赖何时干扰了适当的终止过程。此外,监督者可以帮助咨询师制定管理依赖问题的合适策略。

3. 专业边界

  • 个人感受:一些咨询师难以识别他们对寻求帮助的人的个人感受可能导致的行为是否会不恰当地跨越专业边界,从而干扰咨询过程。
  • 应对策略:此外,新咨询师有时不知道如何回应寻求帮助的人直接或间接的友谊和亲密邀请。再次,监督可以帮助咨询师识别正在发生的不适当过程,并开发适当的策略来处理这些过程。

监督涉及什么?

监督可以通过以下几种方式进行:

  1. 直接观察:监督者在咨询室内的直接观察。
  2. 单向镜:通过单向镜进行直接观察。
  3. 闭路电视:使用闭路电视进行观察。
  4. 音频或DVD录制:使用音频或DVD录制和分析。
  5. 结合观察和录制:直接观察结合音频或DVD录制和分析。
  6. 逐字报告:使用逐字报告。

方法详解

  • 直接观察:监督者在咨询室内直接观察咨询过程,提供即时反馈。
  • 单向镜:通过单向镜进行观察,可以在不干扰咨询过程的情况下提供观察。
  • 闭路电视:使用闭路电视进行远程观察,适合需要远程监督的情况。
  • 音频或DVD录制:录制咨询过程,便于事后分析和讨论。
  • 结合观察和录制:结合直接观察和录制,提供全面的监督。
  • 逐字报告:详细记录咨询过程,便于深入分析和讨论。

总结

监督在咨询过程中起着至关重要的作用。通过提供外部审查,监督者可以帮助咨询师更客观地看待咨询过程,识别未被识别的问题,并提供有用的建议。此外,监督者还可以帮助咨询师处理依赖问题和专业边界问题,确保咨询过程的顺利进行。未来的咨询师需要充分利用监督资源,不断提升自己的专业水平,更好地服务于求助者。

进一步阐述知识点

监督者在咨询室内的直接观察

1. 实习生的紧张情绪

  • 初期紧张:实习咨询师通常在最初的几次咨询会话中感到紧张。这是因为他们缺乏实际操作的经验,对咨询环境还不够熟悉。
  • 适应方法:帮助他们适应咨询环境的一个好方法是让实习生旁听由他们的监督者进行的咨询会话。这可以帮助他们了解咨询过程,减少紧张感。

2. 观察注意事项

  • 征求同意:当然,需要征求寻求帮助的人的同意。这是伦理上的基本要求,确保透明和尊重。
  • 保持低调:允许这样做的人需要理解他们的监督者对他们的期望。我们更希望我们的学生保持低调,安静地坐在寻求帮助的人视线之外。这减少了寻求帮助的人同时与咨询师和学生互动的可能性,让我们可以自由地按我们选择的方式进行会话,并使实习生能够在不感到压力的情况下观察。

3. 逐步参与

  • 逐步过渡:随着实习生的舒适度增加,他们可以逐渐参与其中。采用这种方法可以使他们直接观察咨询过程,并在咨询环境中感到自在。这种方法使实习生能够逐步从被动观察者过渡到在监督下的主动咨询师。

4. 问题与挑战

  • 亲密感丧失:直接观察方法对于初学者非常有效,尤其是那些没有先前咨询经验的人。但是,让实习生和监督者同时在房间内可能会有一些问题。显然,咨询关系的一些亲密感会丧失,结果,寻求帮助的人可能会觉得难以公开处理敏感问题。

通过单向镜进行直接观察

1. 单向镜系统

  • 设置:图41.1所示的单向镜系统提供了直接观察的替代方案。许多咨询中心为此设置了相邻的两个房间,用于培训和家庭治疗。
  • 功能:单向镜允许观察室中的人看到咨询室中发生的事情,而不被看到。麦克风、放大器和扬声器系统为观察者提供声音,使他们能够看到和听到发生的事情。
  • 伦理要求:从伦理上讲,必须提前告知寻求帮助的人有观察者存在,并获得他们同意以这种方式进行会话。

2. 应用场景

  • 观察有经验的咨询师:单向镜系统最初可以用于让实习生或多名实习生观看有经验的咨询师工作。这有助于实习生学习和模仿有经验的咨询师的技巧和方法。
  • 监督下的实践:后来,实习生可以在监督者的观察下工作,可能还有其他实习生也在观察。这有助于实习生在实际操作中获得反馈和指导。

3. 优点与缺点

  • 优点:该系统的优点是监督者不在咨询室内,因此不会干扰咨询过程。然而,他们可以在必要时接管实习生的工作,并在会话结束后提供客观的反馈。
  • 缺点:尽管单向镜系统减少了对咨询过程的干扰,但仍然需要确保观察者的存在不会影响寻求帮助的人的开放性和信任感。

使用闭路电视进行观察

1. 闭路电视系统

  • 设置:类似于单向镜系统的方法是在咨询室内安装摄像头,连接到另一个房间的电视监视器。
  • 功能:这种方法提供的视觉细节不如单向镜系统多。如果摄像头使用广角镜头以捕捉大部分房间的画面,通常很难看清面部表情。

2. 优缺点

  • 优点:闭路电视系统可以用于远程监督,适用于需要远程监控的情况。它减少了对咨询环境的干扰,使寻求帮助的人更加放松。
  • 缺点:然而,这种方法提供的视觉细节较少,可能会影响观察的准确性。特别是在需要观察细微表情和非语言信号时,闭路电视系统的效果可能不如单向镜系统。

总结

监督在咨询培训中起着至关重要的作用。通过在咨询室内的直接观察、单向镜系统和闭路电视系统,监督者可以帮助实习生逐步适应咨询环境,提高他们的专业技能。这些方法各有优缺点,需要根据实际情况灵活选择。未来的咨询师需要充分利用这些监督资源,不断提升自己的专业水平,更好地服务于求助者。

进一步阐述知识点

使用音频或DVD录制和分析

1. 录制的优势

  • 丰富信息:使用DVD录制是监督的最佳方法之一。DVD录制的咨询会话是一个丰富的信息来源,不仅可以反复观看会话的选定段落,还可以冻结画面以便研究非言语行为。
  • 详细分析:监督者和咨询师可以一起回顾和分析录制的部分,这有助于识别咨询过程中的问题和改进点。
  • 自我反思:通常,咨询师单独回顾额外的录制内容以识别不满意的过程并改进他们的咨询技巧也是有益的。这种自我反思有助于咨询师不断提高自己的专业能力。

2. 法律和伦理要求

  • 书面同意:无论何时制作音频或DVD录制,都必须事先获得寻求帮助的人的书面同意,并告知他们谁将有权访问录制内容以及何时删除录制内容。这是保护隐私和确保伦理的重要步骤。
  • 标准表格:许多机构为此目的有标准的同意表格。明智的做法是检查这些表格的法律和伦理有效性,确保所有程序合法合规。

直接观察结合音频或DVD录制和分析

1. 强大的培训工具

  • 单向镜系统:单向镜系统与音频或DVD录制相结合是一种非常强大的咨询师培训安排。实习生在练习期间可以直接被观察,并且稍后可以通过分析和回顾音频或DVD录制内容与他们的监督者详细处理他们的工作。
  • 综合评估:这种组合方法可以提供全面的评估,既包括直接观察,也包括详细的录像分析,有助于实习生全面了解自己的表现和需要改进的地方。

2. 学习工具

  • 价值:DVD录制可以是一个有价值的学习工具。通过反复观看和分析,实习生可以更好地理解咨询过程中的各种技术和策略,提高自己的专业水平。

使用逐字报告

1. 逐字报告的定义

  • 定义:逐字报告是一份书面报告,逐字记录寻求帮助的人的陈述和咨询师的回应。它可以凭记忆编写,也可以是音频录制的转录。
  • 详细记录:逐字报告提供了详细的记录,有助于监督者和咨询师回顾和分析咨询过程中的每一个细节。

2. 逐字报告的应用

  • 示例:以下是一个逐字报告的例子。请注意,这个例子是虚构的,不涉及真实的人或咨询师。

逐字报告

咨询师姓名:Fiona Smith
寻求帮助的人姓名:Simon Anonymous
咨询会话日期:2011年1月19日
背景信息:Simon 36岁,曾两次结婚,有两个孩子:一个12岁的女孩和一个10岁的男孩。两个孩子都与Simon的第二任妻子生活在一起。他独自生活。

这是Simon第二次来看我。一周前他感到紧张和抑郁。他告诉我,他担心自己无法与女性建立持久的关系,而且他不明白原因。

我在会话前的感受和态度:我感觉很好,期待再次与Simon合作。我相信在上次会话中已经建立了良好的关系,这将使他能够自由地与我交谈。

在以下回应之前发生的情况:当Simon来到这次会话时,他看起来脸色苍白,非常沮丧。在我们共处的前15分钟里,他的身体显得紧张,似乎不愿意说话。经过几分钟的沉默,我觉得他在我和他之间筑起了一道屏障,于是我开口说话。

3. 逐字报告的优点

  • 详细记录:逐字报告提供了详细的记录,有助于监督者和咨询师回顾和分析咨询过程中的每一个细节。
  • 自我反思:咨询师可以通过阅读逐字报告,反思自己的回应是否恰当,是否有改进的空间。

总结

监督在咨询培训中起着至关重要的作用。通过使用音频或DVD录制和分析、直接观察结合音频或DVD录制和分析,以及使用逐字报告,监督者可以帮助实习生逐步适应咨询环境,提高他们的专业技能。这些方法各有优缺点,需要根据实际情况灵活选择。未来的咨询师需要充分利用这些监督资源,不断提升自己的专业水平,更好地服务于求助者。

进一步阐述知识点

逐字报告中的对话分析

1. 初始阶段

  • 建立联系:咨询师Fiona试图建立与Simon的联系,指出他们之间似乎有一道障碍(F1)。Simon对此表示不解(S1),这表明他可能还没有准备好开放自己。
  • 非言语行为:Fiona通过手势表示障碍(F2),Simon的非言语行为显示出不相信和质疑(S2)。这进一步强调了他内心的防御机制。

2. 防御机制

  • 砖墙比喻:Simon用砖墙和门的比喻来形容他的心理防御机制(S3)。这表明他有一层保护自己的心理屏障。
  • 保护作用:Fiona确认了砖墙的重要性(F4),Simon表示认同(S4)。Fiona进一步解释砖墙的保护作用(F5),Simon开始自由地表达自己的感受(S5)。

3. 深层情感

  • 过去的伤害:Simon解释了他过去的伤害和恐惧(S5),Fiona倾听并确认了他的感受(F6)。
  • 矛盾心理:Simon表达了对砖墙的矛盾心理(S6),Fiona指出他的不确定(F7)。Simon承认拆除砖墙的困难(S7),Fiona强调拆除砖墙的风险(F8)。

4. 哀悼与痛苦

  • 痛苦的根源:Simon提到他过去的伤害和对未来的恐惧(S8),Fiona确认接近他人会带来痛苦(F9)。Simon详细描述了失去妻子的痛苦(S9),Fiona确认他仍在哀悼(F10)。
  • 时间和空间:Simon表示绝望(S10),Fiona建议他给自己时间(F11)。

5. 反思与学习

  • 咨询师的反思:Fiona在会后反思了自己的感受,认为Simon向前迈了一步,对自己的认识和行为有了更全面的理解。她还意识到自己被Simon的悲伤所感染。
  • 学习与改进:Fiona从这次会话中学到了几个重要的点:
    • 分享自己的感受有助于建立联系(F1、F2、F3)。
    • 跟随来访者的思路比强加自己的观点更好(F9和S9)。
    • 关注来访者的根本问题比关注表面的快乐更重要。
    • 想要“让来访者感觉好”可能会适得其反。

总结

逐字报告是监督和自我反思的重要工具。通过详细记录咨询过程中的对话,咨询师可以更好地理解来访者的内心世界,发现自己的不足之处,并不断改进自己的咨询技巧。在这次会话中,Fiona通过倾听、确认和引导,帮助Simon逐渐打开了心扉,面对自己的哀悼和痛苦。她的反思和学习也为未来的咨询工作提供了宝贵的参考。

进一步阐述知识点

逐字报告的结构

1. 背景信息

  • 个人信息:逐字报告首先包含关于寻求帮助的人的背景信息,包括他们的基本信息、问题和情感状态。
  • 历史总结:报告的第一部分还可能总结前几次咨询会话的过程和结果,帮助监督者了解来访者的整体情况。

2. 咨询师的感受和态度

  • 前期准备:报告的下一节涉及咨询师在咨询会话之前的感受和态度。这一信息是必需的,因为咨询师的行为和表现往往受到他们的情绪、对寻求帮助的人的情感以及对他们及其行为的预设观念和态度的影响。
  • 情感影响:咨询师的情绪和态度会影响咨询效果,因此记录这些信息有助于监督者更好地理解咨询过程。

3. 逐字记录

  • 核心内容:逐字报告的核心部分包含寻求帮助的人的陈述和咨询师的回应。这部分通常只包含每个人大约10到20个回应,避免过于冗长。
  • 选择片段:最好是实习咨询师选择会话的一部分,这部分展示了某些重要的学习或突显了一些困难。通常,新的咨询师会发现互动的一部分莫名其妙地“出错”,这样的片段为逐字报告和随后的监督讨论提供了理想的材料。
  • 记录细节:每个陈述都编号并用人的名字首字母标识,例如,陈述F7是Fiona在报告中的第七个陈述。在每个陈述之后,括号中记录了其他重要信息,包括非言语行为、沉默和咨询师的感受和想法。

4. 会话前后的情况描述

  • 会话前期:在逐字记录对话之前,有一段描述会话早期部分发生的情况。
  • 会话后期:在对话记录之后,有一段简要描述会话剩余部分发生的情况。这些描述是必需的,以便记录的逐字陈述能在整个会话的背景下被理解。

5. 结论和反思

  • 会后感受:逐字报告以描述咨询师会后的感觉和他们对未来学到的东西的章节结束。
  • 签字确认:报告最后签字确认,确保其真实性和完整性。

逐字报告的价值

  • 发现问题:逐字报告使监督者能够发现阻碍实习咨询师有效帮助寻求帮助的人解决问题的问题。
  • 识别不足:这些报告还使监督者能够识别不满意的过程和不适当的咨询师回应,并帮助实习咨询师发现更好的方法。
  • 促进成长:通过逐字报告,实习咨询师可以更好地反思自己的表现,发现改进的空间,从而不断提高自己的咨询技能。

保密性

  • 保护记录:音频录制、DVD录制和逐字报告需要与其他有关寻求帮助的人的记录一样受到保护,以确保保密性。
  • 防止泄露:必须确保咨询对话和报告的电子记录不会被未经授权的人获取,确保来访者的隐私和安全。

结论

  • 监督的重要性:通过使用本章中描述的任何方法,监督者可以帮助新的咨询师提高他们的技能,并理解特定咨询会话中发生的过程。
  • 持续培训:本章讨论了作为新的咨询师可能接受的监督方式。您的初步培训只是开始,持续的培训需求永无止境。
  • 不断学习:一个好的咨询师永远不会停止从自己的经验和他人的教导中学习。为了提高,即使是有经验的咨询师也需要继续接受监督。
  • 关键因素:持续的监督是良好咨询的关键。本书中描述的咨询策略是基本的。一旦您掌握了它们,您可能希望继续从具有高级技能或专门咨询技术的有经验的咨询师那里学习。我们认为,持续的培训最好通过在研讨会和研讨会上的经验培训以及在合格和有经验的从业者监督下的实践来完成。

进一步阐述知识点

学习总结

1. 认证培训

  • 必要性:咨询师需要完成一项经过认证的学习和培训课程,以确保他们具备必要的专业知识和技能。
  • 机构要求:咨询师还需要满足所在州或国家的相关咨询机构的要求,例如在澳大利亚的PACFA(Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia)或ACA(Australian Counselling Association)。

2. 职业道德

  • 职业道德规范:咨询师受相关专业机构制定的职业道德规范约束,确保他们在咨询过程中遵循高标准的职业行为。
  • 伦理要求:这些规范通常包括保密性、尊重来访者、避免利益冲突等方面,确保咨询过程的专业性和安全性。

3. 新咨询师的监督

  • 监督的重要性:新咨询师必须有足够的监督,以确保他们能够在实践中不断学习和改进。
  • 监督内容:监督不仅包括技术指导,还包括对咨询师个人情感和态度的指导,帮助他们更好地应对咨询过程中的挑战。

4. 未解决的问题

  • 潜在影响:咨询师自身未解决的问题可能对咨询过程产生负面影响,例如个人的情感问题可能干扰咨询师的判断和反应。
  • 自我反思:咨询师需要通过自我反思和监督,及时发现并解决这些问题,以确保咨询的有效性。

5. 监督方法

  • 直接观察:监督者直接观察咨询师的咨询过程,提供即时反馈和指导。
  • 闭路电视观察:使用闭路电视系统进行远程观察,适用于多地点或多房间的观察。
  • 音频或DVD录制和分析:录制咨询过程,供监督者和咨询师事后分析和讨论。
  • 逐字报告:记录咨询过程中的逐字对话,帮助监督者详细了解咨询的具体内容和过程。

进一步阅读

1. Bor, K. & Watts, M. 2010, 《培训生手册:咨询与心理治疗培训指南》

  • 内容概述:这本书为咨询和心理治疗的培训生提供了全面的指导,涵盖了理论知识、实践技能和职业道德等方面。
  • 适用对象:适合初学者和中级咨询师,帮助他们系统地掌握咨询和心理治疗的基本技能。

2. Cotey, G., Corey, M.S., Corey, C. & Callman, P. 2015, 《助人职业中的伦理》

  • 内容概述:这本书详细探讨了助人职业中的伦理问题,包括保密性、边界设置、多元文化敏感性等。
  • 适用对象:适合所有从事助人职业的专业人士,帮助他们理解和遵守职业道德规范。

3. McMahon, M. & Patton, W. (编) 2002, 《助人职业中的监督:实用方法》

  • 内容概述:这本书提供了助人职业中监督的实用方法,包括监督的理论基础、具体操作技巧和案例分析。
  • 适用对象:适合监督者和被监督者,帮助他们在监督过程中更加有效地沟通和合作。

4. Walker, M. & Jacobs, M. 2004, 《监督:咨询师和治疗师的问题与答案》

  • 内容概述:这本书以问答形式解答了咨询师和治疗师在监督过程中常见的问题,提供了实用的解决方案和建议。
  • 适用对象:适合所有需要监督的咨询师和治疗师,帮助他们解决实际工作中遇到的问题。

总结

通过完成认证培训、遵循职业道德规范、接受持续的监督、解决自身未解决的问题以及采用多种监督方法,咨询师可以不断提高自己的专业水平,更好地服务来访者。进一步阅读推荐的书籍将为咨询师提供更多的理论支持和实践指导,帮助他们在职业生涯中不断进步。

41 Counsellor training and the need for supervision In order to qualify as a professional counsellor, a person needs to complete an accredited course of study and training; have ongoing supervision, and meet the requirements of the relevant counselling professional body in their country of residence. In Australia there are two professional bodies. Membership of either of these can lead to national registration as a counsellor. The two bodies are the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia (PACFA) and the Australian Counsellors Association (ACA). We believe that it is not sufficient for counsellors just to complete an academic training course. Additionally, it is desirable that training should include either personal therapy or experiential groupwork, and also attendance at professional development workshops.

Both during and subsequent to training all counsellors need to undergo ongoing supervision so that they can debrief, discuss their work, improve their skills and address personal issues that might be triggered as a consequence of counselling others. When m supervision counsellors often find themselves in a position similar to that of a person seeking counselling help, as they seek to resolve their own personal issues which may have been triggered by the work they are doing, or have done, as a counsellor. Counsellors are required to maintain their current accreditation by undergoing professional development activities to demonstrate a commitment to ongoing training and development. Most importantly they are required to practise in accordance with the relevant code of ethics for counsellors in their state or country of residence.

WHY IS SUPERVISION NEEDED? As counsellor’s we must value the people who seek our help so that we offer them the best possible counselling service. It is therefore not ethical for a person seeking help to be seen by a new counsellor unless that counsellor is being adequately supervised. Additionally, our belief is that all counsellors, new and experienced, should have ongoing supervision. There are several important and quite different reasons for this, including the following: • to enable the counsellor to work through their own personal issues • to enable the counsellor to upgrade their skills • to provide an external review of the counselling process • to address issues concerning dependency and professional boundaries. We will now consider each of the above.

TO ENABLE THE COUNSELLOR TO WORK THROUGH PERSONAL ISSUES You may be surprised at the suggestion that supervision is required to enable a counsellor to work through their own personal issues. You may be asking, 'If counselling is for the benefit of the person seeking help and not the counsellor, why should the counsellor use counselling supervision in order to deal with their own issues?’ The answer is simple: unless a counsellor owns and deals with their own issues, these issues are quite likely to interfere with their ability to counsel effectively. Frequently, a counsellor will feel emotional pain when a person seeking help discusses issues similar to the counsellor’s own unresolved emotional issues. Consequently, when issues are discussed that are painful for the counsellor as a result of unresolved issues, the counsellor may consciously or unconsciously avoid their own pain in a number of ways during the counselling session: • The counsellor might deflect away from the painful issue by encouraging the person to talk about something else. • The counsellor might try to comfort the person rather than help them deal with the issue. • l ire counsellor might attempt to encourage the person to pursue a course of action that in some way satisfies the counsellor's own needs, bhe counsellor may wish, for example, that they had taken a particular course of action in their own life and may encourage the person to take a similar course. • bhe counsellor may avoid facing both their own issue and the person’s by failing to recognise the issues and subconsciously suppressing them. A perceptive supervisor will spot counsellor behaviour that demonstrates avoidance of painful issues and will ask the supervisee to explore whatever was happening emotionally within them when the avoidance occurred. 1 his means that counsellors need to be prepared to own and explore their own issues on an ongoing basis, otherwise these issues are likely to diminish the effectiveness of counselling. Most people don’t look closely at their own emotional problems unless they are causing them considerable distress. It is a natural human defence to suppress uncomfortable feelings and not to delve into them without good reason. However, a counsellor must delve into uncomfortable feelings, because if they have a problem that they can t face, then it will be quite impossible for them to help a person with a similar problem. As counsellors, therefore, we need to explore and deal with all of our own painful issues as they come into our awareness, bhe spin-off for us is that our personal growth is enhanced when we do this.

Effective counsellors explore and resolve their own personal issues

TO ENABLE THE COUNSELLOR TO UPGRADE THEIR SKILLS Everi experienced counsellors find it useful and valuable to learn from other counsellors. We all have a different range of skills and use differing styles when counselling. During our counselling careers we have both discovered that our own counselling styles have continued to change. This has enabled us to integrate new skills into our work and to continue to take a fresh approach to counselling, rather than sink into a rut and become stale.

Effective counsellors never stop learning

We find that it is sometimes useful for us to receive input from counsellors who use different frameworks from ours. By doing this we usually find that we learn some new ideas for enhancing our work.

Although didactic learning can be useful for counsellors, it seems to us that the experience of personal supervision is more powerful in promoting professional development. Learning through supervision can integrate skill training with personal growth. Additionally, the counsellor is reminded in supervision of what it is like to be in the position of a person seeking help. This can be helpful in enabling a counsellor to continually meet with each person seeking help as a person of equal value.

TO PROVIDE AN EXTERNAL REVIEW OF THE COUNSELLING PROCESS Often a person seeking help will not see what seems obvious to the counsellor, This is because the person is personally and deeply involved in their situation. In comparison, the counsellor, after joining with them and trying to see the world in the way they do, can stand back to take a more objective view and see more clearly. A parallel process happens when a counsellor is being supervised. The supervisor is able to view the counselling process and the case details in a different way from the counsellor. I he supervisor may recognise processes that are occurring for the person seeking help or the counsellor that have been unrecognised. Therefore, a supervisor is able to provide useful input on ways of working with particular people who are seeking help. Additionally, helpful supervisors have the benefit of experience, which can be a source of useful information for the supervisee.

TO ADDRESS ISSUES CONCERNING DEPENDENCY AND PROFESSIONAL BOUNDARIES As discussed in the previous paragraph, a supervisor may recognise processes that have not been recognised by the counsellor. Of specific importance are issues of dependency and respect for professional boundaries.

Both people seeking help and counsellors experience dependency issues

It can sometimes be hard for new Counsellors to recognise when the time for terminating a series of counselling sessions has been reached. I his may be partly due to issues of dependence that inevitably will develop in some counselling relationships (see Chapter 12). Sometimes it is hard for a counsellor to recognise whether the person seeking help really does have a need for further counselling or whether dependency is occurring on the part of the person or the counsellor themselves. People who become dependent on the counselling relationship sometimes produce new material for discussion when the counselling process is moving towards closure. This may be as a consequence of a subconscious or conscious desire to prolong the relationship. By discussing cases in supervision, a supervisor may be able to recognise when dependency is interfering with appropriate termination processes. Additionally, a supervisor may be able to help a counsellor devise suitable strategies for managing dependency issues. Some counsellors have difficulty in recognising when their own personal feelings towards a person seeking help could result in behaviours that would inappropriately transgress professional boundaries, and consequently interfere with the counselling process. Additionally, new counsellors sometimes have difficulty in knowing how to respond to direct or indirect invitations for friendship and closeness from people seeking their help. Once again, supervision can help a counsellor to recognise inappropriate processes that are occurring and to develop appropriate strategies to deal with these processes.

WHAT DOES SUPERVISION INVOLVE? There are a number of ways in which supervision can occur: 1 by direct observation with the supervisor in the counselling room 2 by direct observation through a one-way mirror 3 by obseivation using a closed-circuit TV 4 by use of audio or DVD recording and analysis 5 by direct obseivation together with audio- or DVD-recording and analysis 6 by use of a verbatim report. These methods will be discussed in turn.

DIRECT OBSERVATION WITH THE SUPERVISOR IN THE COUNSELLING ROOM Trainee counsellors are usually apprehensive during their first few counselling sessions. A good way to help them adjust to the counselling environment is for trainees to sit in on counselling sessions conducted by their supervisors. Naturally, the permission of the person seeking help is required. Student counsellors who are allowed to do this need to understand what their supervisor expects of them. We prefer our students to take a low profile and to sit quietly out of the line of vision of the person seeking help. This reduces the likelihood of the person feeling the need to interact with both the counsellor and the student simultaneously, leaves us free to conduct the session in the way that we choose, and enables the trainee to observe without feeling pressured to participate. As the trainee's level of comfort increases, some participation by them can occur. Adopting this approach allows them to directly observe the counselling process, and to feel at ease while being in a situation where counselling is occurring. The method allows the trainee to gradually make the transition from being a passive observer to being an active counsellor under supervision. The process just described is excellent for beginners who have had no previous counselling experience, but there can be problems connected with having both the trainee and the Supervisor in the room together. Obviously* some of the intimacy of the counselling relationship is lost, and as a consequence the person seeking help may find it difficult to deal openly with sensitive issues.

DIRECT OBSERVATION THROUGH A ONE-WAY MIRROR I he one-way mirror system as shown in Figure 41.1 provides an alternative to direct Observation^ Many counselling centres have a pair of adjacent rooms set up like this for training purposes and for family therapy. The one-way mirror allows a person in the observation room to watch what is happening in the counselling room without being seen. A microphone, an amplifier and a speaker system provide sound for the observer, so that they are able to see and hear what is happening. Ethically, it is imperative that a person seeking help who is being observed from behind a one-way mirror should be informed in advance about the presence of the observer or Observers, and that consent is obtained for the session to proceed in this way. I he one-way mirror system can initially be used to enable a trainee or trainees to watch an experienced counsellor at work. Later, the trainee can work as a counsellor while being observed by their supervisor and possibly by other trainees also. I he system has the advantage that the supervisor is not present in the counselling room and therefore does not intrude on the counselling process. However, they are available to take over from the trainee if that becomes necessary, and they can give objective feedback after the session is completed.

OBSERVATION USING A CLOSED-CIRCUIT TV A similar method to the one-way mirror system is to have a camera in the counselling room connected to a TV monitor in another room. However, this method doesn’t provide as much visual detail as is obtained with the one-way mirror system. It is often difficult to see facial expressions if the camera has a wide-angle lens to enable most of the room to be in the picture.

Figure 41.1 Counselling and observation rooms PERSON SEEKING HELP COUNSELLOR INTERCOM PHONE X CEILING MICROPHONE COUNSELLING ROOM VIDEO CAMERA ONE WAY MIRROR BENCH AT DESK HEIGHT INTERCOM PHONE


AMPLIFIER SUPERVISOR . 1 SPEAKER VIDEO RECORDER OTHER TRAINEES / OBSERVATION ROOM MONITOR

USE OF AUDIO- OR DVD-RECORDING AND ANALYSIS One of the best methods of supervision is by use of DVD recordings. Audio recordings can also be used, although their usefulness is more limited because non-verbal behaviour cannot be observed. DVD recordings of counselling sessions are a rich source of information. Not only may selected segments of a session be viewed repeatedly, but it is also possible to freeze the picture so that non-verbals may be studied. The supervisor and the counsellor can then review and analyse parts of the recordings. Often it can be useful for the counsellor to review additional recordings on their own in order to recognise unsatisfactory processes and to improve their counselling techniques. Whenever an audio or DVD recording is to be made, it is essential to obtain the prior written consent of the person seeking help, and to tell them who will have access to the recording and when it is to be erased. Many agencies have standard consent forms for this purpose. It is sensible to have such forms checked for their legal and ethical validity.

DIRECT OBSERVATION TOGETHER WITH AUDIO- OR DVD- RECORDING AND ANALYSIS

A combination of a one-way mirror system together with audio- or DVD-recording is a very powerful arrangement for counsellor training. Trainees can be directly observed during practice sessions, and may later process their work in detail with their supervisors by analysing and reviewing the audio or DVD recordings.

DVD recordings can be a valuable learning tool

USE OF A VERBATIM REPORT Another method of supervision is by use of the verbatim report. A verbatim report is a written report that records, word for word, the statements made by the person seeking help and the counsellor’s responses, it may be produced from memory, or as a transcript of an audio recording. Here is an example of a verbatim report. Note that this example is invented and does not relate to a real person or counsellor.

VERBATIM REPORT Name of counsellor: Fiona Smith Name of person seeking help: Simon Anonymous Date of counselling session: 19.01.11 Background information about the person: Simon is 36 years old, has been married twice and has two children: a girl 12, and a boy, 10. Both children are Living with Simon's second wife. He lives alone.

This was Simon's second visit to see me. He came a week ago feeling tense and depressed. He told me that he was worried about his inability to build lasting relationships with women, and he couldn't understand why. My feelings and attitudes prior to the session: I was feeling good and was looking forward to working with Simon again. I believed that I had built a good relationship with him during the previous session and that this would enable him to talk freely with me. l/l/hat occurred prior to the responses given below: When Simon arrived for this session he looked pale and was very subdued. During the first 15 minutes of our time together his body looked tense and he seemed reluctant to talk. After a few minutes of silence, I felt as though he had put a barrier between us and I spoke. Fl Seems like there's a barrier between us. [Said quietly] 51 Ah what... what da ya mean? [/ thought he sounded defensive] F2 Like we're separated by a barrier. [I used my hands to suggest a barrier] 52 Separated? [Said with non-verbals that suggested disbelief and questioning. I felt very shut out from Simon now] F3 Yes, I feel shut out by an invisible barrier. Sometimes you open it up a ... [Simon interrupted heatedly] 53 No, no, it's a double brick wall with a door in it. The door is usually closed and that's because it keeps me safe. F4 That brick wall's important to you! 54 It sure is! F5 It protects you. [Simon started to talk freely and easily after this] 55 Yes, it does ... [He went on to explain how vulnerable he would feel without the waif and then started to cry. I waited] ... You see, I've been hurt too much in the past, and !m scared that if !m me, if I'm really me, and open up, then I'll be rejected again.

F6 The barrier protects you from the pain of rejection. [Long pause] 56 It also prevents me from getting into a relationship and I'm not sure that I like that. [Said carefully, slowly and firmly] F7 You don't sound sure about whether you want the barrier or not. 57 Well, it would be hard to tear it down. I'm so used to it now. You know, I realise that the barrier's been there for a long time now. Goodness knows what might happen if I didn't have it there. F8 It would be risky to tear it down.

58 It would. [He paused to think for what seemed a long time. I had difficulty staying silent because I wanted to tell him what he was discovering for himself] ... You know, I would get hurt for sure, and what's worse, I'd have to take responsibility for the ways I hurt the women I get close to. [He laughed] That's worse. That's worse! I can't bear it when I hurt someone I love.

F9 Getting close involves lots of hurt. [He interrupted, fortunately, before I was able to take him off track by suggesting getting close could also involve pleasure. I was bursting to tell him!] S9 Yes, it seems like that to me ... [He then told me in detail about his pain at losing his wife. He couldn't understand how he hurt so much when he had left her] ... It's not over yet. How can I still be hurting after so long? F10 I get the impression that you're still grieving. S10 I should be over her by now! [Sa/d despairingly] Fll It takes time to grieve. Can you give yourself time? (From here on the process flowed naturally as he dealt with his grief ! got the strong feeling that his barrier would gradually disintegrate as he worked through his grief.) My feelings after the session felt good because Simon had moved forward to a fuller awareness of himself and his behaviour. Additionally, I realised that I had been infected by some of his sadness. What I have learnt from the session (or things I would do differently another time) I Learnt that it was helpful for Simon when I shared with him my own feelings (of separation, see Fl, F2 and F3). Because he interrupted (F9 and $©), I discovered that it was better to follow his path. If I had brought the focus onto the pleasure associated with closeness, then I would have made it more difficult for him to address the underlying issue of his grief. I learnt that my desire 'to make him feel good' could have been counterproductive.. I'm pleased he interrupted and prevented me from doing this.

Structure of the verbatim report As you will see from the example of a verbatim report, the report begins with background information about the person seeking help, their problems and their emotional state. The first part of the report may also summarise the process and outcome of previous counselling sessions.

1 he next section of the report concerns the counsellor s own feelings and attitudes prior to the counselling session. This information is required because a counsellor’s behaviour and performance are often influenced by their mood, feelings generally, and feelings towards the person seeking help, and their preconceived ideas and attitudes concerning them and their behaviour.

A central component of the verbatim report is the section containing statements made by the person seeking help and the counsellor responses. This section usually contains only about 10 to 20 responses from each person. It would be very laborious to write out a transcript of a substantial part of a counselling interaction and this is unnecessary. Preferably the trainee counsellor will select a portion of the session that demonstrates some important learning or highlights some difficulties. Often a new counsellor will find that a part of the interaction seems to ‘go wrong’ inexplicably. Such a segment provides ideal material for a verbatim report and subsequent discussion in supervision. Notice that responses are numbered and identified by the initial letter of the person’s name, for example, statement F7 is Fiona’s seventh in the report. After each statement other significant information is recorded, in parentheses, including non-verbal behaviour, silences and the feelings and thoughts of the counsellor. Immediately before the verbatim record of the conversation is a description of what occurred in the earlier part of the session, and immediately after the record of rhe conversation is a brief description of what occurred in the remaining part of the session. These descriptions are required so that the statements that are recorded verbatim are seen in the context of the whole session.

The verbatim report concludes with sections that describe the counsellor’s feelings after the session and what they have learnt for the future. It is then signed. The value of verbatim reports Verbatim reports enable a supervisor to tap into trainee issues that might have blocked them from satisfactorily helping a person to work through their issues. Such reports also enable the supervisor to identify unsatisfactory processes and inappropriate counsellor responses, and to help the trainee discover better ones.

CONFIDENTIALITY Audio recordings, DVD recordings and verbatim reports require the same level of protection as other records concerning people seeking help, in order to ensure that confidentiality is preserved (see Chapter 40). It is essential that electronic records of counselling conversations and reports are not left in places where they might fall into the hands of unauthorised persons.

IN CONCLUSION By using any of the methods described in this chapter, a supervisor can help a new counsellor to improve their skills and to understand the process that occurred during a particular counselling session. This chapter has discussed ways in which you may be supervised as a new counsellor. Your initial training is just the beginning, and there is no end to the ongoing need for further training. A good counsellor never stops learning from their own experiences and from what others can teach them. In order to improve, it is essential to continue in supervision even as an experienced counsellor.

Ongoing supervision is the key to good counselling

The counselling strategies described in this book are the basic ones. Once you have mastered them, you may wish to continue to learn from experienced counsellors who have advanced skills or who are skilled in specialised counselling techniques. We believe that ongoing training can best be carried out through experiential training in workshops and seminars, together with hands-on experience under the supervision of a qualified and experienced practitioner.

Learning summary Counsellors need to complete an accredited course of study and training, have ongoing supervision and meet the requirements of the relevant counselling body in their state or country (PACFA or ACA in Australia). Counsellors are bound by a code of ethics determined by the relevant professional body. It is essential for new counsellors to have adequate supervision. A counsellor's own unresolved issues may adversely affect the counselling process. Common supervision methods involve direct observation, observation using a closed-circuit TV, audio- or DVD-recording and analysis, and use of verbatim reports. Further reading Bor. K. & Watts, M. 2010, The Trainee Handbook: A Guide for Counselling & Psychotherapy Trainees* 3rd edn, SAGE, London. Cotey, G., Corey, M.S., Corey, C. & Callman, P. 2015, and Ethics in the Helping Professions, 9th edn, C'engage Learning, Stamford, CT. McMahon, M. & Patton, W. (eds) 2002, Supervision in the Helping Professions: A Practical Approach, Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest, Australia. Walker, M. & Jacobs, M. 2004, Supervision: Questions and Ansivers for (Counsellors and Therapists, Whurr, London.