17. 正常化
正常化
当我们坐下来写这一章时,大卫提到了一个情绪困扰的人来找他。他说:
“不久前,一个人来找我,非常痛苦。‘我觉得我要疯了,’她说。‘我的脑袋里充满了进进出出的想法。我连一两分钟都无法集中注意力,日常生活也什么都没做成。’” 我很担心。这个人真的要疯了吗?她需要药物治疗或专业的精神科帮助吗?
我用本书中描述的基本咨询技能和过程倾听她的故事。随着咨询会话的进行,她在感受到悲伤时哭泣,我开始理解了。她再次问我:“你觉得我要疯了吗?”这次我能够说:“不,我不认为你要疯了。如果我经历了你刚刚描述的创伤,我想我也会有同样的感觉。”我继续说:“我认为你现在的状态对于你最近的经历来说是不可避免且正常的。”我还说,如果她觉得情绪痛苦太严重,可以请医生考虑开药。然而,她选择不这样做,我很高兴地注意到,当她一周后再次来看我时,她正在慢慢地、自然地进入一个更舒适的情绪空间。
这个故事展示了被称为正常化的技能的使用。大卫告诉这个人,在他的判断中,她的情况是不可避免且正常的。他注意到,当他告诉她他认为她并没有疯,而是认为她的情绪困扰在当前情况下是正常的时,她看起来放松了许多,不再那么紧张。
正常化的技能如果使用得当,可以特别有帮助。如果一个人能够认识到他们的情绪状态在当前情况下是正常且适当的,他们的焦虑往往会减少。 上面的例子涉及对创伤的情绪反应进行正常化。然而,这项技能也可以用于正常化生活中正常发展危机中出现的行为和关系变化。对这些问题感兴趣的读者可以阅读我们书中《日常生活中的咨询技能》(Geldard & Geldard, 2003)的第8章,了解更多关于生命不同阶段因发展危机而经常出现的问题。
谨慎使用正常化技能的必要性
显然,我们在使用正常化技能时需要小心,因为告诉一个正在经历严重精神病问题的人他们没事且不需要专业治疗是不负责任、不道德且可能危险的。如果咨询师对某人的心理状况有疑问,应该咨询他们的主管并将此人转介给有能力进行适当评估的专业人士。
正常化的用途
正常化可以应用于:
- 情绪状态
- 由于发展危机导致的行为、角色和关系的变化。
正常化情绪状态
正常化一个人情绪状态的目标是通过让他们知道他们的情绪反应是正常的,帮助他们减少焦虑。通常,人们在危机时期会被强烈的情绪吓到,高度紧张的情绪体验使他们担心自己是否会完全崩溃并最终住进精神病院。我们知道,这种情况可能会发生在任何人身上。很大一部分普通人群在生命的某个阶段需要精神病学帮助,因此否认一个人对可能发生的事情的恐惧是不现实的。相反,承认这种恐惧并作出回应,如“你害怕自己要疯了”是明智的。
如果你作为咨询师认为这个人的感情反应对当前情况是适当的,那么告诉他们这一点可能会有帮助。如果你不确定是否需要更专业的帮助,最好给对方寻求进一步帮助的选择。你可以说:“你所经历和描述的情绪状态在我看来是对你的处境的正常反应,但如果你对自己的应对能力有疑问,你可能希望寻求更专业的帮助。在这方面你有哪些选择?” 然后你可以提出转介评估或治疗的建议。如果不确定,正确的做法是咨询你的主管。
正常化由于发展危机导致的行为、角色和关系的变化
我们一生中都会经历正常的发展阶段。一个发展阶段的例子是孩子迈出第一步。之前,孩子无法走路,当他们学会走路时,生活方式会发生变化。迈出第一步的时刻充满焦虑,所以在某种程度上这是一个危机时刻。然而,孩子学会走路及其伴随的焦虑是不可避免且正常的。
我们一生中有许多发展阶段。这些阶段通常是不可避免且正常的,但通常伴随着焦虑。不幸的是,大多数人没有认识到正常的发展过程,往往会以恐慌甚至绝望的方式不当应对。
考虑一些常见的发展变化的例子
有些夫妇在第二个或第三个孩子到来时经常会遇到麻烦。第一个孩子时,事情通常很好,因为双方都很高兴和自豪作为新父母,他们会花大量时间和爱抚在新家庭成员身上。然而,随着后续孩子的到来,事情自然且不可避免地发生了变化。虽然在当代社会并非总是如此,但通常是母亲承担起照顾幼儿的主要责任,耗费了她大量的精力。因此,当第二个或第三个孩子出现时,她没有那么多时间和精力留给她的伴侣。如果她中断了职业生涯,暂时放弃了工作及其相关的社交生活,她可能会感到不满。伴侣们可能会感到不满,因为他们的伴侣由于孩子的需要和对主要照顾者的需求,不再能像以前那样给予他们关注和爱抚。因此,双方都可能不开心,并可能得出他们的关系出了大问题的结论。然而,这是由于家庭性质的变化而导致的正常发展危机。这是可以预料的,几乎是不可避免的。如果解释了发展危机的性质,这对夫妇会感到极大的宽慰。咨询师可能会说:“你们现在的情况几乎是可预见的,因为你们的家庭生活已经达到了这个发展阶段。”
作为咨询师的作用
作为咨询师,我们经常发现,在正常化一个人的情况时,使用“不可避免”这个词是有用的,即使这可能导致过度陈述。例如,我们可能会对讨论中的那对夫妇说:“你们有这样的感觉是不可避免的。”通过这样说,这对夫妇可能会感到宽慰,因为他们相信发生的事情是不可避免的,他们可能会失去失败的感觉——他们可能会认识到自己的成功,而不是专注于失望。他们可能会意识到,他们的关系本身并没有根本问题,但需要双方寻找新的方法来应对这个发展危机。在不互相指责的情况下,他们可以采取行动做出改变,使双方都更加舒适。正如你所见,正常化是咨询师在咨询过程中注入希望和乐观的一种方式。
另一个常见的因发展危机而感到痛苦的时期
另一个常见的因发展危机而感到痛苦的时期是当孩子们长大到几乎不再需要父母照顾的时候,因为他们变得更加独立。这是一个父母可能会感到无价值感的时期,因为他们的一个核心生活角色,即父母角色,变得不那么重要了。有些人通过育儿在生活中找到了很大的满足感,当这个角色减弱时,除非他们能在其他方面找到满足感,否则他们会感到空虚和迷失。此外,他们的孩子在追求个体化和独立的过程中,可能会自然而然地在身体和情感上与父母疏远,这也会让他们感到被拒绝。
正常化的帮助
再次,通过向寻求帮助的人解释他们正在经历的是生活中的一个不可避免且正常的发展阶段,可以帮助他们感觉更好,并寻找建设性的方法来获得更多的满足感。
如果你停下来想一想,你可能会发现自己生活中有许多时候,由于正常的发展过程,感觉、行为、角色或关系发生了变化。当这些事情发生在别人身上时,我们通常更容易认出它们的本质,而不是发生在自己身上。这就是为什么“正常化”的技能如此有用——它通过提高对情况的不可避免性和正常性的认识,带来情感上的解脱。
警告!
正常化并不涉及最小化或贬低一个人的问题和痛苦。正常化并不意味着对某人说:“这种情况是正常且不可避免的。这没什么大不了的,每个人都必须经历同样的过程。”这样做会忽略他们的真正痛苦。正常化所做的,是通过将其放在发展的背景下,让对方更好地理解自己的情况。当你这样做时,对方可能会以不同的方式看待自己的情况,理解为什么他们会经历情感痛苦,但也认识到他们在经历一个正常的过程。这种认识可能使他们能够更有效地应对痛苦,并向前迈进,而不是认为自己是个失败者,本应能够避免这场危机。对他们来说,能够说:“我无法避免这场危机,这是一个无法避免的正常危机。现在我可以寻找建设性地应对这场危机的方法。”会更好。
学习总结
正常化涉及:
- 让对方知道他们的情感感受是对危机的正常反应
- 向他们解释他们正在经历一个不可避免且正常的发展危机,这是无法避免的。
- 正常化需要适当地进行,并注意如果对方在心理上有风险,可能需要进一步转介。
适当的正常化不会最小化一个人的问题或贬低他们的痛苦。
适当的正常化帮助对方感觉更好,并更建设性地应对他们的状况。
参考文献和进一步阅读
- Geldard, K. & Geldard, D. 2003, Counselling Skills in Everyday Life, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
本章知识点阐述
正常化
引言
当我们坐下来写这一章时,大卫提到了一个情绪困扰的人来找他。他说:
“不久前,一个人来找我,非常痛苦。‘我觉得我要疯了,’她说。‘我的脑袋里充满了进进出出的想法。我连一两分钟都无法集中注意力,日常生活也什么都没做成。’”
我很担心。这个人真的要疯了吗?她需要药物治疗或专业的精神科帮助吗?
咨询过程
我用本书中描述的基本咨询技能和过程倾听她的故事。随着咨询会话的进行,她在感受到悲伤时哭泣,我开始理解了。她再次问我:“你觉得我要疯了吗?”这次我能够说:“不,我不认为你要疯了。如果我经历了你刚刚描述的创伤,我想我也会有同样的感觉。”我继续说:“我认为你现在的状态对于你最近的经历来说是不可避免且正常的。”我还说,如果她觉得情绪痛苦太严重,可以请医生考虑开药。然而,她选择不这样做,我很高兴地注意到,当她一周后再次来看我时,她正在慢慢地、自然地进入一个更舒适的情绪空间。
正常化的技能
这个故事展示了被称为正常化的技能的使用。大卫告诉这个人,在他的判断中,她的情况是不可避免且正常的。他注意到,当他告诉她他认为她并没有疯,而是认为她的情绪困扰在当前情况下是正常的时,她看起来放松了许多,不再那么紧张。
正常化的应用
-
减少焦虑:
- 描述:如果一个人能够认识到他们的情绪状态在当前情况下是正常且适当的,他们的焦虑往往会减少。
- 目的:帮助求助者减轻焦虑和孤独感,增强他们的自我认同和自尊。
- 挑战:咨询师需要确保正常化不会削弱求助者对问题的重视,而是帮助他们更好地应对问题。
-
情感支持:
- 描述:通过正常化,咨询师可以提供情感支持,帮助求助者感到被理解和接受。
- 目的:增强求助者的安全感和信任感,促进更深入的自我探索。
- 挑战:咨询师需要在提供支持的同时,保持对求助者自主权的尊重,避免过度干预。
-
行为和关系变化:
- 描述:正常化的技能不仅适用于对创伤的情绪反应,还可以用于正常化生活中正常发展危机中出现的行为和关系变化。
- 目的:帮助求助者理解这些变化是正常的发展过程的一部分,减少不必要的担忧和焦虑。
- 挑战:咨询师需要根据求助者的具体情况,灵活运用正常化技能,确保其有效性和适宜性。
进一步阅读
对这些问题感兴趣的读者可以阅读我们书中《日常生活中的咨询技能》(Geldard & Geldard, 2003)的第8章,了解更多关于生命不同阶段因发展危机而经常出现的问题。
总结
正常化的技能在咨询中具有重要的作用。通过帮助求助者认识到他们的情绪状态在当前情况下是正常且适当的,咨询师可以有效减轻求助者的焦虑,提供情感支持,并帮助他们更好地应对生活中的各种挑战。正常化不仅适用于情绪反应,还可以用于行为和关系变化,帮助求助者理解这些变化是正常的发展过程的一部分。咨询师需要根据具体情况灵活运用这一技能,确保其有效性和适宜性。
谨慎使用正常化技能的必要性
谨慎使用正常化技能
显然,我们在使用正常化技能时需要小心,因为告诉一个正在经历严重精神病问题的人他们没事且不需要专业治疗是不负责任、不道德且可能危险的。如果咨询师对某人的心理状况有疑问,应该咨询他们的主管并将此人转介给有能力进行适当评估的专业人士。
正常化的用途
正常化可以应用于:
- 情绪状态:帮助求助者理解他们的情绪反应是正常的,减少他们的焦虑。
- 行为、角色和关系的变化:由于发展危机导致的行为、角色和关系的变化,帮助求助者理解这些变化是正常的发展过程的一部分。
正常化情绪状态
目标
正常化一个人情绪状态的目标是通过让他们知道他们的情绪反应是正常的,帮助他们减少焦虑。通常,人们在危机时期会被强烈的情绪吓到,高度紧张的情绪体验使他们担心自己是否会完全崩溃并最终住进精神病院。
实际应用
-
承认恐惧:
- 描述:人们在危机时期往往会被强烈的情绪吓到,担心自己会完全崩溃。承认他们的恐惧并作出回应,如“你害怕自己要疯了”是明智的。
- 目的:帮助求助者感到被理解和接受,减少他们的焦虑和孤独感。
- 挑战:咨询师需要确保这种回应是真诚和同情的,避免轻视求助者的感受。
-
提供支持:
- 描述:如果咨询师认为这个人的感情反应对当前情况是适当的,那么告诉他们这一点会有帮助。例如,可以说:“你所经历和描述的情绪状态在我看来是对你的处境的正常反应。”
- 目的:增强求助者的安全感和信任感,帮助他们更好地应对当前的困境。
- 挑战:咨询师需要确保这种支持不会削弱求助者对问题的重视,而是帮助他们更好地应对问题。
-
提供选择:
- 描述:如果咨询师不确定是否需要更专业的帮助,最好给对方寻求进一步帮助的选择。例如,可以说:“你所经历和描述的情绪状态在我看来是对你的处境的正常反应,但如果你对自己的应对能力有疑问,你可能希望寻求更专业的帮助。在这方面你有哪些选择?”
- 目的:提供多种选择,帮助求助者根据自己的情况做出决策。
- 挑战:咨询师需要确保提供的选择是实际可行的,并且尊重求助者的自主权。
-
转介建议:
- 描述:如果咨询师认为需要进一步的专业评估或治疗,可以提出转介建议。例如,可以建议求助者联系专业的心理医生或医疗机构。
- 目的:确保求助者得到适当的帮助,避免延误治疗。
- 挑战:咨询师需要确保转介建议是基于求助者的最佳利益,而不是出于个人偏好或利益。
总结
正常化技能在咨询中具有重要的作用,但使用时需要谨慎。通过帮助求助者认识到他们的情绪状态在当前情况下是正常且适当的,咨询师可以有效减轻求助者的焦虑,提供情感支持,并帮助他们更好地应对生活中的各种挑战。然而,咨询师需要确保在使用正常化技能时不会忽视严重的精神病问题,必要时应及时转介给专业人士进行评估和治疗。咨询师在不确定时应咨询主管,确保提供最合适的支持和建议。
正常化由于发展危机导致的行为、角色和关系的变化
发展阶段的普遍性
我们一生中都会经历正常的发展阶段。
- 例子:孩子迈出第一步。之前,孩子无法走路,当他们学会走路时,生活方式会发生变化。迈出第一步的时刻充满焦虑,所以在某种程度上这是一个危机时刻。然而,孩子学会走路及其伴随的焦虑是不可避免且正常的。
- 普遍性:我们一生中有许多发展阶段。这些阶段通常是不可避免且正常的,但通常伴随着焦虑。不幸的是,大多数人没有认识到正常的发展过程,往往会以恐慌甚至绝望的方式不当应对。
常见的发展变化
考虑一些常见的发展变化的例子。
-
家庭变化:有些夫妇在第二个或第三个孩子到来时经常会遇到麻烦。第一个孩子时,事情通常很好,因为双方都很高兴和自豪作为新父母,他们会花大量时间和爱抚在新家庭成员身上。然而,随着后续孩子的到来,事情自然且不可避免地发生了变化。
- 母亲的角色:通常是母亲承担起照顾幼儿的主要责任,耗费了她大量的精力。因此,当第二个或第三个孩子出现时,她没有那么多时间和精力留给她的伴侣。如果她中断了职业生涯,暂时放弃了工作及其相关的社交生活,她可能会感到不满。
- 伴侣的感受:伴侣们可能会感到不满,因为他们的伴侣由于孩子的需要和对主要照顾者的需求,不再能像以前那样给予他们关注和爱抚。因此,双方都可能不开心,并可能得出他们的关系出了大问题的结论。
- 正常化的作用:这是由于家庭性质的变化而导致的正常发展危机。这是可以预料的,几乎是不可避免的。如果解释了发展危机的性质,这对夫妇会感到极大的宽慰。咨询师可能会说:“你们现在的情况几乎是可预见的,因为你们的家庭生活已经达到了这个发展阶段。”
正常化技能的应用
作为咨询师,我们经常发现,在正常化一个人的情况时,使用“不可避免”这个词是有用的,即使这可能导致过度陈述。
- 使用“不可避免”:例如,我们可能会对讨论中的那对夫妇说:“你们有这样的感觉是不可避免的。”通过这样说,这对夫妇可能会感到宽慰,因为他们相信发生的事情是不可避免的,他们可能会失去失败的感觉——他们可能会认识到自己的成功,而不是专注于失望。
- 增强信心:他们可能会意识到,他们的关系本身并没有根本问题,但需要双方寻找新的方法来应对这个发展危机。在不互相指责的情况下,他们可以采取行动做出改变,使双方都更加舒适。
- 注入希望和乐观:正如你所见,正常化是咨询师在咨询过程中注入希望和乐观的一种方式。
总结
正常化技能在咨询中具有重要的作用,特别是在处理由于发展危机导致的行为、角色和关系的变化时。通过帮助求助者认识到这些变化是正常且不可避免的,咨询师可以有效减轻他们的焦虑,提供情感支持,并帮助他们更好地应对生活中的各种挑战。正常化不仅能增强求助者的信心,还能注入希望和乐观,使他们能够积极面对和解决当前的问题。
另一个常见的因发展危机而感到痛苦的时期
孩子独立带来的危机
孩子独立带来的危机
- 背景:当孩子们长大到几乎不再需要父母照顾的时候,因为他们变得更加独立。这是一个父母可能会感到无价值感的时期,因为他们的一个核心生活角色,即父母角色,变得不那么重要了。
- 情感影响:有些人通过育儿在生活中找到了很大的满足感,当这个角色减弱时,除非他们能在其他方面找到满足感,否则他们会感到空虚和迷失。
- 亲子关系变化:此外,他们的孩子在追求个体化和独立的过程中,可能会自然而然地在身体和情感上与父母疏远,这也会让他们感到被拒绝。
正常化的应用
正常化的应用
- 解释:通过向寻求帮助的人解释他们正在经历的是生活中的一个不可避免且正常的发展阶段,可以帮助他们感觉更好,并寻找建设性的方法来获得更多的满足感。
- 例子:例如,父母可能会感到失落和无价值,但通过正常化,他们可以理解这是正常的发展过程,从而减少焦虑和无助感。
为什么正常化如此有用
为什么正常化如此有用
- 个人体验:如果你停下来想一想,你可能会发现自己生活中有许多时候,由于正常的发展过程,感觉、行为、角色或关系发生了变化。当这些事情发生在别人身上时,我们通常更容易认出它们的本质,而不是发生在自己身上。
- 情感解脱:正常化通过提高对情况的不可避免性和正常性的认识,带来情感上的解脱。它帮助人们理解自己的感受是正常的,从而减少焦虑和无助感。
注意事项
注意事项
- 警告:正常化并不涉及最小化或贬低一个人的问题和痛苦。正常化并不意味着对某人说:“这种情况是正常且不可避免的。这没什么大不了的,每个人都必须经历同样的过程。”这样做会忽略他们的真正痛苦。
- 正确做法:正常化所做的,是通过将其放在发展的背景下,让对方更好地理解自己的情况。当你这样做时,对方可能会以不同的方式看待自己的情况,理解为什么他们会经历情感痛苦,但也认识到他们在经历一个正常的过程。这种认识可能使他们能够更有效地应对痛苦,并向前迈进,而不是认为自己是个失败者,本应能够避免这场危机。
学习总结
正常化涉及:
- 让对方知道他们的情感感受是对危机的正常反应
- 向他们解释他们正在经历一个不可避免且正常的发展危机,这是无法避免的。
正常化需要适当地进行,并注意如果对方在心理上有风险,可能需要进一步转介。
适当的正常化不会最小化一个人的问题或贬低他们的痛苦。
适当的正常化帮助对方感觉更好,并更建设性地应对他们的状况。
参考文献和进一步阅读
- Geldard, K. & Geldard, D. 2003, Counselling Skills in Everyday Life, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
17
Normalising As we sat down to write this chapter David talked about an emotionally troubled person who came to see him. He said: Some time ago a person came to me in deep distress. 'I think i'm going crazy', she said. rMy head is buzzing with thoughts that flit in and out. I can't concentrate on anything for even a minute or two, and I'm getting nothing done in my daily life.' I was concerned. Was this person really going crazy? Did she need medication or specialist psychiatric help? I listened to her story using the basic skills and processes of counselling as described in this book. As the counselling session proceeded she sobbed as she got in touch with her sadness, and I began to understand. Once again she asked me, 'Do you think I'm going crazy?' and this time 1 was able to say, 'No, I don't think you are going crazy. If I had suffered the trauma you've just described I think that I would also feel the way you do.' I continued: 'I think that what is happening to you is inevitable and normal for someone who has had your recent experiences.' I also said that maybe if she was finding the emotional pain too severe she could ask her doctor to consider prescribing medication. However, she chose not to do so, and J was pleased to notice that when she came back to see me a week later she was slowly and naturally moving into a more comfortable emotional space. That story illustrates the use of the skill called normalising. David told the person that in his judgement what was happening to her was inevitable and normal. He noticed that she looked relieved and less tense as soon as he was able to tell her that he did not think that she was going crazy but saw her emotional distress as normal for the situation. 1 he skill of normalising can be particularly helpful if used appropriately. Often a person’s anxiety can be reduced if they can recognise that their emotional state is normal and appropriate for the situation. The example given above involved normalising a person’s emotional response to trauma. However, the skill can also be used to normalise behaviour and relationship changes that occur as part of life’s normal developmental crises. Readers who are interested in learning more about the types of problems that often occur as a result of developmental crises at various stages in life may be interested in reading Chapter 8 in our book Counselling Skills in Everyday Life (Geldard & Geldard, 2003).
HE NEED FOR CARE Clearly we need to be careful in using the skill of normalising because it would be irresponsible, unethical and possibly dangerous to tell someone who was experiencing severe problems of a psychiatric nature that they were OK and did not need specialist treatment. A counsellor who is in doubt about a person’s psychological condition should consult with their supervisor and refer the person to a professional who is competent to make a proper assessment. USES OF NORMALISING Normalising can be applied to: 1 emotional states 2 changes in behaviours, roles and relationships due to developmental crises. NORMALISING EMOTIONAL STATES The goal in normalising a person’s emotional state is to help them to reduce anxiety by letting them know that their emotional response is a normal one. Commonly, people become frightened by their intense emotions in times of crisis, bear of their highly charged emotional experiences leads them to wonder whether they are going to fall apart completely and end up in a psychiatric ward. As we know, the reality is that this could happen to any one of us. A high percentage of the general population require psychiatric help at some point in their lives so it is not realistic to deny a person’s fear of what could happen, instead, recognition of the fear with a response such as ‘You’re frightened that you’re going crazy1 is sensible. If, as a counsellor, you think that the person’s emotional response is appropriate for the situation, then it will probably be helpful if you tell them that. If you are unsure about the need for more specialist help, it is sensible to give the person the option of seeking further assistance. You might say: ' l he emotional state you are experiencing and describing seems to me to be a normal response to your situation, but if you are unsure about your ability to cope then you may want to look for more specialist help. What are your options in that regard?1 It might then be possible for you to make suggestions with regard to referral for assessment or treatment. If in doubt, the appropriate thing to do is to consult your supervisor. NORMALISING CHANGES IN BEHAVIOURS, ROLESAND RELATIONSHIPS DUE TO DEVELOPMENTAL CRISES We all go through normal developmental stages in our lives. An example of a developmental stage is when a child takes its first few steps. Previously, the child had been unable to walk, and their lifestyle changes as they learn to walk, l he time when those first few steps are taken involves anxious moments, so in some sense it is a crisis time. However, it is inevitable and normal for a child to learn to walk and for there to be associated anxiety. There are many developmental stages in our lives. These stages are generally inevitable and normal but usually involve anxiety. Unfortunately, most people do not recognise the normal developmental processes and tend to respond to them inappropriately with panic and sometimes despair. Consider some examples of common developmental changes. Some couples frequently run into trouble when a second or third child comes on the scene. With the first child things are usually fine because both partners are delighted and proud as new parents, and lavish time and affection on the new member of the family. However, things naturally and inevitably change with subsequent children. Often, although not always in our contemporary society, it’s the mother who has most responsibility’ for parenting young children and much of her energy is taken up doing this. Consequently, she does not have so much time or energy for her partner when the second or third child appears. She may feel resentful if she has interrupted her career by temporarily giving up her job with its associated social life. Partners may feel resentful because their companions, due to the children’s needs and demands on the primary care giver, are no longer able to give them the attention and affection they previously enjoyed. Both partners may therefore be unhappy and may come to the conclusion that there is something terribly wrong with their relationship. However, this is a normal developmental crisis due to the changing nature of the family. It is to be expected and is almost inevitable. It can be a great relief to the partners in such a situation if the nature of the developmental crisis is explained. A counsellor might say, 'What is happening to you could almost have been predicted because you have reached this developmental stage in your family life1. Often, as counsellors, we find that it is useful to use the word ’inevitable’ when we are normalising a person’s situation, even though using this word may result in an overstatement. For example, we might say to the couple we have been discussing, ‘It’s inevitable that you would feel this wav’. By saying this, the couple are likely to feel relieved because if they believe that what is happening to them is inevitable, they are likely to lose their feelings of failure — they may be able to recognise where they have succeeded rather than focus on their disappointments. They may realise that there is nothing fundamentally wrong with their relationship, but that there is a need for both of them to look for new ways to deal with this developmental crisis. Without blaming themselves or each other, they can then take action to make changes so that they are both more comfortable. As you can see, normalising is a way for a counsellor to instil hope and optimism into the counselling process. Another common time tor distress due to a developmental crisis is when children grow to an age where they require very little parenting as they become more independent. This is a time when parents can feel a sense of worthlessness as one of their central life roles, that of parent, is diminished. Some people find considerable satisfaction in life through parenting and when this role diminishes they feel empty and lost unless they can find satisfaction in other ways. Additionally, they may feel rejected by their children who, in their search for individuation and independence, may naturally and appropriately distance themselves physically and emotionally from their parents. Once again, normalising the situation by explaining to the person seeking help that what is happening to them is part of an inevitable and normal developmental stage in life can help them to feel better and to look for constructive ways in which to gain an increased sense of satisfaction. If you stop to think, you will probably be able to identify a number of examples of times in your own life when feelings, behaviours, roles or relationships have changed due to normal developmental processes. It is often easier to recognise these for what they are when they happen to other people rather than to ourselves. This is why the skill of ‘normalising’ is so useful — it brings emotional relief as it raises awareness of the inevitable and normal characteristics of a situation. WARNING! Normalising does not and must not involve minimising or devaluing a person’s problem and pain. Normalising does not involve saying to a person, ‘This situation is normal and inevitable. It’s really no big deal, and everybody has to go through the same process.’ To do that would fail to address the person’s genuine pain. What normalising does do is give the person a better understanding of their situation by putting it in its developmental context. When you do this, the person may see their situation differently and understand why they are experiencing emotional distress, but also recognise that they are going through a normal process. This recognition may enable them to deal more effectively with their pain and to move forward, rather than think that they are a failure and should somehow have been able to avoid the crisis. It is much better for them to be able to say, ‘I couldn’t have avoided this crisis, it is a normal and inevitable crisis that couldn’t be avoided. Now 1 can look for ways to respond to this crisis constructively.'
Learning summary Normalising involves: » letting the person know that their emotional feelings are a normal response to their crisis or » explaining to them that they are experiencing an inevitable and normal developmental crisis that could not have been avoided. Normalising needs to be carried out appropriately with attention to the possible need for onward referral if the person is at risk psychologically. Appropriate normalising does not minimise a persons problem or devalue their pain. Appropriate normalising helps the person to feel better and to respond more constructively to their situation. References and further reading Geldard, K. & Geldard, D. 2003, Counselling Skills in L veryday Life, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.