索引
Index A ABCs of Compassion worksheet, 149–152 acceptance: compassion and, xvi, 52, 153; defusion related to, 58; distress tolerance and, 39; example of cultivating, 52–57; nonjudgment related to, 52; shaping in clients, 117–120; willingness related to, 52, 153 acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), 1, 2–3; acceptance as key to, 153; Buddhism related to, 3; CFT and, ix–xiii, xv–xvii, 4, 42–60, 64, 67; compassion in, viii, ix, 5, 9–10, 25, 127–159; matrix diagram used in, 95–97; RFT related to, 25, 26–31; two psychologies of compassion and, 12–13. See also compassion-focused ACT ACT matrix, 95–97 affect matching, 71 affiliative emotions, 12; attachment bonds and, 79; radical blamelessness and, 132–133 affiliative-focused system, 77–78 agoraphobia, 224–225 alleviation. See psychology of alleviation angry self, compassion for, 180–182 anxious clients: costs/benefits worksheet for, 238; guided discovery process for, 236–237 anxious self, compassion for, 180–182 appetitive control, 18 assessment instruments, 218–223; Compassionate Love Scale, 221; Experiences of Compassion Interview, 222–223; Fears of Compassion Scales, 220–221; Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale, 221–222; Self- Compassion Scale, 9, 66, 218–220; Self-Other Four Immeasurables Scale, 222. See also Self-Compassionate Mind Interview Association for Contextual Behavioral Science (ACBS), 68, 248, 251, 252 attachment: affiliative emotions and, 79, 90; developing styles of, 90 attention: CFT description of, 40; compassionate, 164–168; mindfulness training and, 164–165 aversive control, 18, 19–20 awareness, 111, 112 B Becoming the Author of My Valued Aims and Directions worksheet, 228–233 behavior: CBS perspective on, 18; clinically relevant, 110; compassionate, 41, 223–239 blamelessness, 133, 139–141 bodhicitta, ix, 4, 60–61 breathing, Soothing Rhythm, 80–82, 146, 164 Buddhism: ACT related to, 3; compassion in, 7, 36, 60–61; four immeasurables in, 187, 222 Buddhist psychology, 60–61 Bukowski, Charles, 1, 249 C care for well-being. See motivation to care for well-being case formulation. See compassion-focused case formulation CBS. See contextual behavioral science Center for Mindfulness and CFT, viii, 252 CFT. See compassion-focused therapy Charter for Compassion, 248 children: language acquisition by, 88; learning histories of, 88–90 Children on the Bus exercise, 144–145 clinically relevant behavior (CRB), 110 cognition, 21, 22 cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 7 cognitive fusion. See fusion collaborative perspective taking, 204 committed action, 45–46 common humanity, 9, 34–35, 219 comparative relations, 27 compassion: acceptance and, xvi, 52, 153; ACT and, viii, ix, 5, 9–10, 25, 127–128; Buddhist teachings on, 7, 36, 60; choosing to cultivate, 128– 129; clinical example of using, 14–17; definitions of, 8–12; dimensions of, 10, 12–13; evolution of, 23–24; experiencing the flow of, 172–176; FAP and, 110–120; functional contextual perspective on, 95–97; healing quality of, 13; mindfulness and, 9, 13–14; positive reinforcement to train, 109–110; practicing, 163–164, 270 182–184; psychological flexibility and, 31–61; research focused on, 64–67, 247–248; self-as-context and, 30; self-compassion related to, 108, 126; self-report measures of, 218–223; shaping in clients, 117–120; in therapeutic relationship, 14, 114, 126; training the mind for, 161–185. See also self-compassion compassion circle, 37 Compassion Practice Log, 182–184 compassionate attention, 164–168; guided meditation on, 166–168; mindfulness training and, 164–165 compassionate behavior, 41, 223–239; clarifying valued aims for, 225–233; cultivating in clients, 223–239; developing the motivation for, 235– 239; highlighting examples of, 234–235 compassionate exposure, 224–225, 237 compassionate flexibility, 42–60; ACT and CFT processes in, 44–60; defining characteristics of, 43; hexaflex model illustrating, 44 Compassionate Love Scale (CLS), 221 Compassionate Mind Foundation, viii, 248, 252 compassionate mind training, 161–185; compassionate attention in, 164–168; compassionate contact with the many selves in, 178–182; compassionate self visualization in, 176–178; experiencing compassion flowing in/out in, 172– 176; functional contextual framework for, 161–163; imagery skills practice for, 168–170; importance of practice in, 163–164, 182–184; power of imagery in, 168; safe place visualization in, 170–172; summary about, 185. See also training self-compassionIndex compassionate perspective taking, 10, 120–126 compassionate self visualization, 176–178 compassionate willingness, 153–158 compassion-focused ACT, 127–159; CFT two-chair techniques for, 145–148; creative hopelessness in, 131–132, 134–135; defusion techniques in, 138, 142–145; perspective taking in, 139; present-moment awareness in, 149– 152; radical blamelessness in, 132– 133, 139–141; summary on practicing, 158–159; values chosen in, 128–130, 135–137; willingness cultivated in, 153–158. See also acceptance and commitment therapy compassion-focused case formulation, 203–218; clinical example of, 206– 211; essential elements of, 203; overview on developing, 203–206; worksheet used for, 207–211, 212–218 compassion-focused contextual supervision, 242–246 compassion-focused therapy (CFT), 1, 3–4, 63–82; ACT and, ix–xiii, xv– xvii, 4, 42–60, 64, 67; attachment theories and, 78–79; contextual behavioral science and, 68; definitions of compassion in, 10–12; emotion regulation processes in, 75–78; evolutionary theory and, 69–79; old brain vs. new brain consideration in, 72–75; psychological flexibility and, 36–42; Reality Check discussion in, 70–72; research related to, 64–67; shame-based difficulties and, 68–69; Soothing Rhythm Breathing practice in, 80–82, 146, 164; suffering contextualized in, 69–70; two psychologies of compassion in, 10, 12–13; two-chair techniques used in, 145–148 Contacting the Many Different Selves visualization, 179–180 contacting the present moment: ABCs of Compassion worksheet for, 149–152; sensitivity and, 46–47, 149 context of problems, 207 contextual behavior therapies, 7–8 contextual behavioral science (CBS), xvii, 12, 18, 67, 68, 69 Contextual Psychology Institute, 252 cooperation, 21–23 coping strategies, 205 Costs and Benefits of Facing My Feared Emotions and Experiences worksheet, 238 courage, 111, 112 Cousineau, Pierre, 83 Creating a Safe Place, 170–172 creative hopelessness, 99, 131–132; example of exploring, 134–135; questions leading to, 131–132 criticism. See self-criticism culture, evolutionary view of, 21 D Dalai Lama, viii, ix, 249 defusion: compassion-focused techniques for, 142–145; distress tolerance related to, 57–58; from self-as-content, 100–101; training acceptance and, 58–60 deictic relations, 28 depressed clients, 103–105 derived relational responding, 26–31; reinforcement and, 109–110; relational frames and, 27–29; self-as- context and, 29–31; self-hatred related to, 87–88 disidentification process, 48 distress tolerance: assessing in clients, 194; CFT description of, 38–39; defusion related to, 57–58 Dropping the Rope metaphor, 154–156 E emotion regulation systems, 75–78; incentive/resource-focused system, 76–77; nonwanting/affiliative-focused system, 77–78; threat-focused system, 77 emotional memories, xi, 204 emotions: affiliative, 12, 79; compassionate, 42; costs/benefits of facing feared, 238; definition of, 20; mindfulness of, 166–168 empathetic joy, 187 empathic bridging, 71 empathy: assessing in clients, 192–193; CFT description of, 39; psychotherapy and, 7; self-as-context related to, 49 encouraging compassionate behavior, 234–235 engagement. See psychology of engagement equanimity, 187 evaluative mind, 84 evolution: compassion related to, 23–24; cooperation related to, 21–23 evolutionary theory and CFT, 69–79; attachment systems and, 78–79; emotion regulation systems and, 75–78; old brain vs. new brain and, 72–75; Reality Check discussion and, 70–72 evolved fusion, 18–20 Experiences of Compassion Interview, 222–223 exposure, compassionate, 224–225, 237 externalized mind, 142–143 F FAP. See functional analytic psychotherapy fears, 203, 205, 209, 238 Fears of Compassion Scales, 220–221 feeling: CFT description of, 42. See also emotions 272 flexibility. See compassionate flexibility; psychological flexibility flexible perspective taking, 28, 30, 31, 48, 61, 123, 126 functional analysis, 98–99, 206 functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP), viii, 1, 4, 110–120; behavior modification used in, 111; clinically relevant behaviors in, 110; examples of using, 112–114, 115–116, 117–120; five rules of, 111–112; noticing self- criticism in, 112–114; promoting compassion in, 115–116; training compassion using, 110–120; websites for learning about, 252 functional contextual perspective: compassionate mind training and, 161–163; establishing compassion from, 95–97 fusion: description of, 18–20; language related to, x–xi; self-hatred based on, 87–88, 91. See also defusion G Geldof, Bob, 42 Germer, Christopher, 13 Gilbert, Paul, xiii, 3, 10, 63, 68, 69, 158 guided discovery process, 71, 165, 226, 236–237 H Hayes, Steven C., xvii, 3, 5, 20, 32 hexaflex processes, 32 hierarchical relations, 27 historical influences, 204–205, 207–208 homework practices, 159 hopelessness, creative, 99, 131–132 Human Nature and Suffering (Gilbert), 67 Hume, David, 48 I imagery: CFT description of, 40; compassionate self, 176–178; compassion-focused research on,Index 64–65; contacting the many different selves, 179–180; experience of compassion, 172–176; helping clients with, 168–170; personal experiences used in, 172–176; power of using, 168; safe place, 170–172 immeasurables in Buddhism, 187, 222 incentive/resource-focused system, 76–77 inheritance system, 23 inner critic. See self-criticism Internet resources, 251–252 interviews: Experiences of Compassion Interview, 222–223; Self- Compassionate Mind Interview, 188–202 in-the-body experience, xiii isolation, 219 K kindness. See self-kindness Kornfield, Jack, 157 L language: children’s learning of, 88–89; cooperation related to, 22; fusion related to, x–xi. See also verbal processes learning histories, 88–90, 204–205 life narrative, 204–205 love, 111, 112, 221 loving-kindness, 60, 65, 187 M Mahayana Buddhism, ix, 4 “Making Sense of Spirituality” (Hayes), 5 Mandela, Nelson, 1 meditation: breathing, 80–81; loving- kindness, 65. See also mindfulness memories, emotional, xi, 204 metta, 60, 187 mind: externalizing and thanking, 142–143; training the compassionate, 161–185 mindfulness: attention and, 164–165; compassion and, 13–14; present- moment awareness and, 47; scale for assessing, 219; self-compassion and, 9, 34; Soothing Rhythm Breathing and, 164 modeling process, 244–245 Mother Cat exercise, 101–105 motivation to care for well-being: assessing in clients, 191–192; CFT description of, 38; values indicated by, 44–45 multiple exemplar training, 88 N Neff, Kristin, 9, 30, 33, 67 neuroscience, 64–65 new-brain psychology, 74 nonjudgment: acceptance related to, 52; assessing in clients, 193; CFT description of, 39; example of cultivating, 52–57 nonverbal communication, 204 nonwanting/affiliative-focused system, 77–78 O observing self: example of cultivating, 49–51; self-as-context and, 29–30 old-brain psychology, 73–74 open response style, 58 operant learning principles, 108 over-identification, 219 oxytocin, 79 P Passengers on the Bus metaphor, 144 perspective relations, 28 perspective taking: collaborative, 204; compassionate, 10, 120–126; derived relational responding and, 26–31; flexible, 28, 30, 31, 48, 61, 123, 126; self-as-context and, 29–31; therapeutic relationship and, 120–123 physical abuse, 117 Porter, Roy, vii positive reinforcement, 109–110 practicing compassion, 163–164, 182–184 presenting symptoms/problems, 207 present-moment awareness: ABCs of Compassion worksheet for, 149–152; sensitivity and, 46–47, 149 protective strategies, 203, 205, 209–210 psychological flexibility, ix–x, 31–61; CFT model and, 36–42; compassion and, xvi, 32, 33–61; core processes of, 32; definition of, 9–10; self- compassion and, 33–36, 67–68. See also compassionate flexibility psychology of alleviation, 10, 36; assessing in clients, 194–195; committed action and, 45–46; components of, 37, 39–42; description of, 13 psychology of engagement, 10, 36; assessing in clients, 191–194; components of, 37–39; description of, 13 psychotherapist workshops/trainings, 246–247 psychotherapy: compassion-focused supervision in, 242–246; empathy as central to, 7; example of compassion in, 14 R radical blamelessness, 132–133 rapport, establishing, 204 Reality Check discussion, 70–72 reasoning, 40–41 reflective listening, 206 reinforcement, 109–110 relational frame theory (RFT), 25–29 relational frames, 27–29 research, compassion-focused, 64–67, 247–248 resources, Internet, 251–252 Rogers, Carl, vii, 7 274 S safe place visualization, 170–172 safety behaviors, 203, 205, 209–210 Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale (SCBCS), 221–222 Sapolsky, Robert, 75 Schoendorff, Benjamin, viii self: contacting the many parts of, 178–182; emergence of the sense of, 88–90 self-as-content, 29; defusion from, 100–101; self-hatred and fusion with, 87 self-as-context, 29–31; common humanity related to, 34–35; flexible perspective taking and, 36, 48, 61; sympathy and empathy related to, 48–49; training self-compassion using, 123–126 self-as-process, 46, 146 self-blame, 132–133 self-compassion: attachment style and, 90; compassion related to, 108, 126; components of, 9, 30, 34–35; encouraging in clients, 234–235; example of cultivating, 49–51; psychological flexibility and, 33–36, 67–68; research related to, 65–66; self-as-context and, 30, 34, 36, 123– 126; self-esteem vs., 61, 66, 92; therapist skill set and, 93; training, 84, 92–106, 123–126; verbal processes and, 91 Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), 9, 66, 218–220 Self-Compassionate Mind Interview, 188–202; clinical example of using, 189–196; orienting clients to, 197; psychology of alleviation assessment, 194–195; psychology of engagement assessment, 191–194; time in therapy to use, 188–189; worksheet for conducting, 191–195, 197–202Index self-concept: defusion from, 100–101; learning history and, 88–90 self-criticism, xi–xii; CFT for addressing, 68; emotions associated with, 69; example of targeting, 100–101; intervention for letting go of, 154– 156; noticing in FAP, 112–114; two- chair technique for, 146–148; verbal processes and, xii, 91 self-esteem, 61, 66, 92 self-evaluation, 92, 100 self-hatred: fusion related to, 87–88, 91; verbal processes and, 91 self-judgments: example of targeting, 100–101; fusion with, 108; scale for assessing, 219 self-kindness, 9, 35–36; clinical example of, 85–87; scale for assessing, 219 Self-Other Four Immeasurables Scale (SOFI), 222 self-reconciliation, 83, 84–85, 105 self-report measures of compassion, 218–223; Compassionate Love Scale, 221; Experiences of Compassion Interview, 222–223; Fears of Compassion Scales, 220–221; Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale, 221– 222; Self-Compassion Scale, 9, 66, 218–220; Self-Other Four Immeasurables Scale, 222 self-talk, 89 self-validation, 98 sensitivity: assessing in clients, 191; CFT description of, 38; present-moment awareness and, 46–47, 149 sensory experiencing, 41–42 sexual abuse, 14–17, 117 shame-based difficulties: origins of CFT in treating, 68–69; patterns of abuse related to, 133 shaping by successive approximations, 111 Silberstein, Laura, viii, ix Skinner, B. F., 18, 21 Socratic questioning, 71, 165 Soothing Rhythm Breathing, 80–82, 146, 164 spatial relations, 27 species-preservative system, 23–24 Stanford University Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education, 248 Stopping the War practice, 157–158 suffering: CFT contextualization of, 69–70; exploring the experience of, 236 supervision, compassion-focused, 242–246 sympathy: assessing in clients, 192; CFT description of, 38; self-as-context related to, 48–49 T thanking the mind, 142–143 therapeutic relationship, 107–126; case formulation and, 204; characteristics of, 116–117; compassion in, 14, 114, 126; empathy in, 7; establishing an accepting, 93; explaining to clients, 94; FAP offering of, 110; perspective taking in, 120–123; positive reinforcement in, 109–110; shaping acceptance and compassion using, 117–120; skill cultivation for, 93–94; supervision relationship compared to, 243; training compassion in, 107–108, 120–126 Theravada Buddhism, 4 threat-focused system, 77 threats, perceived, 205, 209 three-circle model, 75 Tirch, Dennis, viii Tompkins, Silvan, 75 training: acceptance and defusion, 58–60; compassionate attention, 164–165; resources for0 psychotherapists, 246–247; self- compassion, 84, 92–106 training self-compassion, 84, 92–106; ACT matrix used in, 95–97; cultivating the skill set for, 93–94; establishing an accepting relationship for, 93; functional contextual perspective for, 95–97; Mother Cat exercise for, 101–105; orienting to function and workability, 97–105; perspective taking evoked in, 120– 123; positive reinforcement for, 109–110; presenting a rationale for, 94; self-as-context used for, 123–126; therapeutic relationship for, 107–108, 120–126. See also compassionate mind training trauma work, 14–17 treatment planning, 188 tug-of-war demonstration, 154–156 Tuke, William, vii two-chair techniques, 145–148 U unintended consequences, 203, 210–211 Ure, Midge, 42 V validating client struggles, 98 values: care for well-being related to, 44–45; clarifying aims based on, 225–233; compassion and freely chosen, 128–129; questions for exploring goals and, 226–227; steps toward authorship of, 135–137 276 verbal processes: early development of, 88–89; fusion related to, x–xi; self- critical behavior and, xii, 91. See also language visualization: compassionate self, 176– 178; contacting the many different selves, 179–180; safe place, 170–172. See also imagery W well-being: affiliative relationships and, viii; motivation to care for, 38, 44–45, 191–192; promoting through compassion, ix Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers (Sapolsky), 75 willingness: cultivating compassionate, 153–158; related to acceptance, 52, 153 wisdom of no blame, 133, 139–141 workability analysis, 98–99 worksheets: ABCs of Compassion, 149–152; Becoming the Author of My Valued Aims and Directions, 228– 233; Compassion Practice Log, 182– 184; Compassion-Focused Case Formulation, 212–218; Costs and Benefits of Facing My Feared Emotions and Experiences, 238; Self-Compassionate Mind Interview, 197–202 workshops, training, 1, 246–247mor e book s from ne w ha r bi nger publications The ACT MATrix a new approach to building psychological Flexibility across settings & populations ISBN: 978-1608829231 / US $58.95 An Imprint of New Harbinger Publications The Big Book of ACT MeTAphors a practitioner’s guide to experiential exercises & metaphors in acceptance & commitment Therapy MindfUl CoMpAssion how the science of compassion can help You understand Your emotions, live in the present & connect Deeply with others ISBN: 978-1626250611 / US $16.95 ISBN: 978-1608825295 / US $49.95 AdvAnCed ACCepTAnCe getting UnsTUCk in ACT & CoMMiTMenT Therapy a clinician’s guide to overcoming The experienced practitioner’s common obstacles in acceptance & commitment Therapy guide to optimizing Delivery ISBN: 978-1608826490 / US $49.95 ISBN: 978-1608828050 / US $29.95 The TransdiAgnosTiC roAd MAp To CAse forMUlATion & TreATMenT plAnning practical guidance for clinical Decision making ISBN: 978-1608828951 / US $54.95 newharbingerpublications 1-800-748-6273 / newharbinger.com Like us on Facebook: facebook.com/newharbinger Follow us on Twitter: @newharbinger.com (VISA, MC, AMEX / prices subject to change without notice) Don’t miss out on new books in the subjects that interest you. Sign up for our Book Alerts at newharbinger.com/bookalerts sign up to receive Quick Tips for Therapists— fast and free solutions to common client situations mental health professionals encounter. written by new harbinger authors, some of the most prominent names in psychology today, Quick tips for Therapists are short, helpful emails that will help enhance your client sessions. sign up online at newharbinger.com/quicktipsnew harbinger new harbinger • • • 1. 2. 3.US PSYCHOLOGY As a clinician practicing acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), you are well aware of the model’s efficacy in helping clients connect with the present moment, uncover their true values, and commit to positive change. Evidence also shows that compassion-focused therapy (CFT)—the practice of developing compassion towards oneself and others— can further bolster client psychological flexibility and improve treatment outcomes. If you are interested in this growing therapeutic model, you should also know that CFT can be easily integrated into an ACT approach. Enhance your clinical practice with An important addition to any ACT professional’s library, this resource explores the emotionally the power of healing benefits of compassion-focused practices compassion- when applied to traditional ACT. You’ll find case conceptualization, assessments, and focused therapy direct clinical applications that integrate ACT, functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP), and CFT to enhance your clinical practice and help your clients improve well-being and live more meaningful lives. DENNIS TIRCH, PHD, is founder and director of The Center for Mindfulness and Compassion Focused Therapy, NY, and author of The Compassionate-Mind Guide to Overcoming Anxiety. BENJAMIN SCHOENDORFF, MA, MSC, is a licensed psychologist in Quebec, Canada, founder of the Contextual Psychology Institute, and coeditor of The ACT Matrix. LAURA R. SILBERSTEIN, PSYD, is a licensed psychologist in New York and New Jersey and associate director of The Center for Mindfulness and Compassion Focused Therapy, NY. Foreword writer PAUL GILBERT, PHD, is head of the mental health research unit at the University of Derby, founder of CFT, and author of The Compassionate Mind. Foreword writer STEVEN C. HAYES, PHD, is cofounder of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). newharbingerpublications w w w. n e w h a r b i n g e r . c o m An elegant synthesis “ of ancient wisdom and modern science. Packed full of powerful insights and practical tools, this book is an incredibly useful resource not just for acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) practitioners, but for anyone with an interest in compassion. Highly recommended! ” —Russ Harris, author of The Happiness Trap and ACT Made Simple