引言
引言
“我们人类的同情心将彼此紧密相连,不是出于怜悯或居高临下的态度,而是作为学会了如何将共同的苦难转化为对未来的希望的人类。” —纳尔逊·曼德拉
“我们都会死,每个人都是如此,这真是个笑话!单凭这一点就应该让我们彼此相爱,但事实并非如此。我们被琐事所恐吓和压垮,被虚无吞噬。” —查尔斯·布考斯基
心理治疗师的教育始于他们还是幼儿时,能够区分“我”与“你”。随着我们学会他人的痛苦可能会引起我们的痛苦,这种教育持续下去。它继续(通过研究生院的痛苦)成为培养知识、同情心乃至一些智慧的终身旅程。对我们许多人来说,密集的工作坊式培训是认知和行为疗法(如接纳承诺疗法(ACT;海斯、斯特罗斯哈尔和威尔逊,1999年)、慈悲聚焦疗法(CFT;吉尔伯特,2009a)和功能分析心理治疗(FAP;科伦贝格和蔡,1991年))继续教育中更吸引人的方面之一。参与者在这些培训中对自己要求很高,不仅要处理大量的概念材料,更重要的是要处理自己的情绪和个人痛苦经历。作为心理治疗师,我们的工作要求我们与他人一起进入困难的情感空间。完全陌生的人愿意带着勇气或也许是绝望来找我们,寻找某种方式来缓解或预防他们所经历的痛苦。他们想要停止将生活搁置,开始更深入地参与世界。重要的是,他们在受苦,并希望找到一些缓解。
在CFT周末工作坊开始时,我们经常暂停一下,邀请我们的同行临床医生静息于呼吸中,沉浸在当下,并温柔地进入正念觉知的空间。从这个集中而善意的关注空间出发,我们反思并记住,每当我们提到一个“案例”时,实际上是在谈论一个真实的人。每个临床例子都源自一个真实的人,就像我们一样,经历过雄心和失落,快乐和遗憾——一个希望幸福的人。现在,在开始这本书的时候,我们也想以同样的方式暂停一下。让我们一起记住我们与来访以及彼此之间的联系。在ACT中,以及在生活中,同情的核心在于对所有人都携带的痛苦的敏感性和意识,以及一种深刻的动机,即采取行动来减轻和预防我们在世界上遇到的痛苦。这种同情的定义有着古老的起源和当前的相关性;它存在于前佛教的智慧传统中,贯穿西方知识传统,并在21世纪的CFT中重新出现。
在本书中,我们将涵盖可能具有挑战性的技术和哲学内容。我们将遇到并反思需要将最好的自己带入咨询室的临床应用和交流。通过阅读这本书,您将致力于进一步发展自己作为疗愈者、教师或引导者的技能。我们已经投入了时间和关怀,将最好的自己带到这本书及其工作中。让我们一起尊重我们作为治疗师、作家、读者和来访的角色——这些角色我们可能都曾经扮演过——当我们开始接近一个以同情为中心的ACT时。
那些熟悉21世纪初心理治疗演变的人可能知道ACT是一种流行的基于正念的循证疗法。甚至有时被称为“第三波行为疗法”。然而,对于过去十五年来一直参与ACT发展的那些人来说,ACT远不止于此。它包含了一种科学哲学,提出了关于我们可以和不能了解真理和现实本质的关键问题。它基于一种语言的行为理论,挑战我们以不同的方式思考我们如何在经验之间建立心理联系。重要的是,ACT也是一个国际层面的社区,有着共同的目标。在ACT培训工作坊、国际会议、督导小组和电子邮件列表中蓬勃发展的持续文化讨论是ACT社区的核心和动态组成部分。近年来,在所有这些场合中,人们对人类同情的本质以及ACT实践者如何运用同情来帮助缓解他们在来访和自身中遇到的痛苦产生了浓厚的兴趣。比喻地说,全球ACT社区是一个家庭,这个家庭已经开始讨论如何更加富有同情心地行动,从而为一个更加富有同情心的世界做出贡献。
在最近的一次电子邮件讨论中,提出了ACT与佛教的关系这一共同话题,许多人对此做出了回应,其中包括ACT的联合创始人史蒂文·C·海斯。尽管佛教实践和ACT有许多共同点,例如正念和对观察自我的强调,海斯提出了一个重要的区别。用他的话来说,他指出,应用科学方法和对基本心理过程的持续研究使ACT社区,以及更广泛的西方科学家,能够采用一种专注且实用的策略来发展实证知识——这是一种导致方法快速改进的策略。ACT社区对人类痛苦的方法可以在我们更好地理解我们的理论和技术时得到进步和改变。当我们从ACT的角度来看待同情时,这种基于功能性情境主义的经验视角将为我们打开新的视野和知识,以及为来访带来新的技术和可能性。
方法
来自CFT、FAP以及其他同情心导向学科的方法在将同情心引入ACT的工作中起到了关键作用。这既提供了机会,也带来了挑战,正如我们在应用心理学科学前沿工作时经常遇到的情况一样。例如,当ACT实践者接触到CFT时,他们会发现许多熟悉且令人鼓舞的内容,同时也会发现这两种方法之间的明显区别。CFT最初由保罗·吉尔伯特(2010年)开发,旨在更好地解决各种诊断中的基于羞耻的困难,是一种特别针对培养同情心的循证疗法。正念、意愿、对心理事件的去认同以及为有价值的目标服务的承诺行动等关键过程,在ACT和CFT中都存在。这使得ACT实践者能够运用他们的临床智慧,将同情心的重点带入他们的工作中。CFT强烈强调治疗师和来访双方的一个特定的价值方向和动机:发展对痛苦的认识能力,以及缓解或预防我们所遇到的痛苦的动机和能力。相比之下,ACT在其模型中隐含地强调了同情心;然而,历史上同情心并没有成为治疗的核心特征或被规定为必要的价值目标。从某种意义上说,迄今为止ACT文献中相对于CFT文献更强调正念过程而非同情心,反映了上座部佛教与大乘佛教之间的重点对比。历史上,较早的上座部佛教认为同情心源于正念本身,强调内观冥想和世界中的道德行为,而大乘佛教和藏传佛教则更加注重同情心的刻意培养,将其动机置于其实践的中心。在大乘佛教传统中,菩提心(所有众生的利他性觉悟愿望)被规定为一个关键的自我状态,通过意象、冥想和行动来诱导和培养。同样,CFT也非常重视构建一种同情自我的感觉,这对许多ACT实践者来说可能是新的。
FAP是功能情境家族中与ACT密切相关的疗法,它通过情感勇敢和富有同情心的交流,在实时中直接塑造来访的新的、更具适应性的行为。它要求治疗师诚实地参与他们对他人的感情反应,以及他们自己的痛苦和个人历史。在寻求建立一个意识的神圣空间,使来访和治疗师都有机会进行个人转变的过程中,FAP为在一个亲密和治愈的关系中培养同情心创造了肥沃的土壤和健康的环境。在将同情心引入ACT时,这种环境是关键的。
随着您阅读本书,我们邀请您考虑每个概念和技术如何与您自己的临床实践相关。ACT、FAP和CFT共享开放性和适应性的共同价值观。每种模式既是过程模型,也是独立的疗法。因此,这项工作旨在为ACT实践者提供进入以同情为中心工作的入门。我们建议温和地探索如何将同情心的重点带入我们的ACT工作,同时理解这一举措的基本科学原理,欣赏在心理治疗中参与同情心的可行性,并保持一种投入和积极的好奇态度。尽管我们谈论了许多痛苦,并且作为治疗师在同情之旅中会经历许多艰难的空间,但在以同情为中心的工作中仍有喜悦和繁荣的空间。愿我们都允许自己对其中的一些喜悦持开放态度。
当某些概念对科学传统来说显得非传统时,挑战往往在于欣赏和理解,而不是简化或否定。重要的是,ACT的基础论文之一是史蒂文·海斯1984年的文章《理解灵性》,该文章将功能情境假设的视角带到了被认为是“严肃科学”禁区的经验维度。有趣的是,这篇文章成为了几十年来关于灵活视角和自我知识与研究增长的种子。显然,ACT框架的力量和可操作性在于其能够处理人类现象的范围,包括同情心及其在适应性灵活性中的作用。我们致力于同情心导向的ACT实践的持续发展,并为此目的提供这本书。
来自CFT(同情聚焦疗法)、FAP(功能性行为分析)以及其他以同情为基础的学科的方法,是将同情作为重点引入ACT(接纳与承诺疗法)工作中的关键元素。这既提供了机会也带来了挑战,正如我们在应用心理学科学前沿工作中所常遇到的情况一样。例如,当ACT实践者接触到CFT时,他们会发现许多熟悉且令人鼓舞的内容,同时也能清楚地看到这些方法之间的区别。CFT最初由保罗·吉尔伯特(2010年)开发,旨在更好地解决各种诊断中基于羞耻感的困难,是一种专门针对培养同情心的循证治疗形式。关键过程,如正念、意愿、对心理事件的不认同以及为有价值的目标而采取的承诺行动,在ACT和CFT中都有体现。这使得ACT实践者能够利用他们的临床智慧,将同情作为重点引入他们的工作中。CFT强烈强调对于治疗师和来访双方的一个特定的价值方向和动机:发展对痛苦的认识能力以及减轻或预防我们遇到的痛苦的动力和能力。另一方面,ACT在其模型中隐含地强调了同情心,但历史上同情心并不是该疗法的核心特征,也没有被规定为必要的价值目标。从某种意义上说,迄今为止在ACT文献中相对于CFT文献更侧重于正念过程而非同情心的做法,反映了上座部佛教与大乘佛教之间的侧重点对比。历史上,较早出现的上座部佛教认为同情心是从正念本身产生的,强调内观禅修和伦理行为;而大乘佛教和藏传金刚乘传统则更加注重故意培养同情心,将这种动机置于其修行的中心。在大乘传统中,菩提心(对所有众生觉悟的利他愿望)的理想和体验被规定为通过想象、冥想和行动来诱导和培养的关键自我状态。同样,CFT也非常重视构建一种新的同情自我意识,这对许多ACT实践者来说可能是新颖的。
FAP,作为功能情境家族中与ACT密切相关的治疗方法,通过在情感勇敢和富有同情心的交流过程中实时塑造来访的新适应性行为。它要求治疗师诚实地面对自己对他人的感情反应,以及自己的痛苦和个人历史。在寻求建立一个意识的神圣空间,使来访和治疗师都有机会进行个人转变的过程中,FAP创造了一个肥沃的土壤和一个健康的环境,用于在一个亲密且治愈的关系中培养同情心。在将同情的重点带入ACT时,这个环境是至关重要的。
随着您阅读本书,我们邀请您考虑每个概念和技术如何可能与您的临床实践相关。ACT、FAP和CFT共享开放性和适应性的共同价值观。每种模式既是过程模型,也是独立的治疗方法。因此,这项工作旨在为ACT实践者提供进入以同情为重点的工作的入门。我们建议温和地探索如何将同情的关注点带入我们的ACT工作中,同时理解这一转变的基本科学依据,欣赏在心理治疗中参与同情的可行性和态度上的积极参与和好奇。尽管我们谈论了很多关于苦难的话题,并且作为治疗师在同情之旅中会走过许多艰难的空间,但在以同情为重点的工作中仍然有喜悦和繁荣的空间。愿我们都允许自己对其中的一些喜悦保持开放。
当某些概念对科学传统显得非传统时,挑战往往在于欣赏和理解,而不是简化或排斥。重要的是,ACT的基础论文之一是史蒂文·海耶斯1984年的文章《理解灵性》,该文章将功能情境假设的视角应用于被认为超出“严肃科学”范围的经验维度。有趣的是,这篇文章成为了几十年来关于灵活视角取向和自我的知识和研究增长的种子。显然,ACT框架的力量和可行性在于其能够处理人类现象的广泛范围,包括同情心以及联结情绪在适应性灵活性中的作用。我们致力于持续发展以同情为重点的ACT实践,并为此目的提供这本书。
本章知识点阐述
知识点阐述
本文段落主要介绍了同情心在心理治疗中的重要性,并特别提到了接纳承诺疗法(ACT)和慈悲聚焦疗法(CFT)的发展背景及其在现代心理学中的应用。以下是几个关键知识点:
-
同情心的核心:
- 同情心不仅仅是对他人的痛苦表示怜悯,而是深刻地意识到每个人的痛苦,并有强烈的动机去采取行动减轻这种痛苦。
- 这种同情心的概念不仅在古代智慧传统中有体现,也在现代心理学中得到了重视和发展。
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心理治疗师的教育与发展:
- 心理治疗师的教育是一个终身的过程,从早期的自我认知到后期的专业培训,包括处理个人情感和经历。
- 通过密集的工作坊式培训,治疗师们不仅学习理论知识,还通过实际操作和自我反思来提升自己的专业能力。
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ACT与CFT的关系:
- ACT和CFT虽然有不同的理论基础,但它们都强调同情心的重要性,并且在实践中相互借鉴和融合。
- ACT不仅仅是一种治疗方法,它还包含了一种科学哲学,探讨了真理和现实的本质问题。
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社区与文化讨论:
- ACT社区是一个国际性的群体,成员们通过各种形式的交流不断探讨和发展理论和技术。
- 社区内的讨论和互动促进了理论的发展和实践的创新,特别是在同情心的应用方面。
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科学方法与实证研究:
- ACT社区强调科学方法和实证研究的重要性,这使得治疗方法能够快速改进和完善。
- 通过持续的研究和实践,ACT能够更好地理解和应对人类的痛苦,从而为来访提供更有效的治疗方案。
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东西方思想的融合:
- ACT与佛教等东方智慧传统有一些共同点,如正念和观察自我,但也存在显著的区别。
- 西方科学方法的应用使得ACT能够在保持其独特性的同时,吸收其他文化中的有益元素。
综上所述,本文不仅介绍了同情心在心理治疗中的核心作用,还展示了ACT和CFT如何在理论和实践中不断发展,以及社区内持续的文化讨论和科学方法的应用如何推动了这一领域的发展。这些知识点有助于理解心理治疗的复杂性和多样性,同时也强调了同情心在促进人类福祉中的重要作用。
知识点阐述
本文段落主要介绍了将同情心引入接纳承诺疗法(ACT)的方法,并探讨了这些方法带来的机会和挑战。以下是几个关键知识点:
-
CFT与ACT的相似性和差异:
- CFT和ACT在许多方面有相似之处,如正念、意愿、去认同心理事件和承诺行动等关键过程。
- CFT明确强调同情心的发展,而ACT虽然隐含地包含同情心,但历史上并未将其作为核心特征或必要价值目标。
-
东西方思想的融合:
- 文章提到ACT与CFT在同情心方面的不同侧重点,类似于上座部佛教与大乘佛教之间的对比。
- 这种对比强调了不同的文化背景和哲学传统在现代心理治疗中的影响。
-
FAP的作用:
- FAP通过情感勇敢和富有同情心的交流,在实时中直接塑造来访的新的、更具适应性的行为。
- FAP要求治疗师诚实地面对自己的情感反应和痛苦,从而为培养同情心创造了一个健康的环境。
-
开放性和适应性:
- ACT、FAP和CFT共享开放性和适应性的价值观,每种模式既是过程模型,也是独立的疗法。
- 这种开放性和适应性使得这些方法能够相互借鉴,促进心理治疗的发展。
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科学理性和实践结合:
- 作者建议在引入同情心时,不仅要理解基本的科学原理,还要欣赏在心理治疗中参与同情心的可行性。
- 通过保持一种投入和积极的好奇态度,治疗师可以更好地将同情心融入到他们的实践中。
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灵性与科学的结合:
- 史蒂文·海斯1984年的文章《理解灵性》为ACT的发展奠定了基础,将功能情境假设的视角应用于通常被认为不属于“严肃科学”的经验维度。
- 这篇文章推动了关于灵活视角和自我知识的研究,展示了ACT框架在处理人类现象(包括同情心)方面的力量和可操作性。
综上所述,本文不仅介绍了将同情心引入ACT的方法,还探讨了这些方法所带来的机会和挑战。通过理解和整合不同治疗方法的优势,治疗师可以在实践中更好地帮助来访减轻痛苦并促进其福祉。此外,文章强调了科学理性和实践相结合的重要性,以及灵性与科学的融合在现代心理治疗中的作用。
知识点阐述
-
同情聚焦疗法(CFT)与接纳与承诺疗法(ACT)的融合:
- CFT与ACT在多个方面有相似之处,比如正念、意愿、不认同心理事件以及为价值目标采取行动等。这些共通点使得ACT实践者可以更容易地将同情作为重点纳入到他们的实践中。
- CFT特别强调培养同情心,而ACT虽然包含同情的概念,但并未将其作为核心要素。这种差异反映了不同心理治疗方法对于同情心的不同理解和应用方式。
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功能行为分析(FAP)的作用:
- FAP通过直接塑造来访的行为来促进适应性变化,特别是在情感勇敢和富有同情心的互动中。这种方法强调治疗师的真实参与和自我反思,为治疗关系创造了更为丰富和深刻的背景。
- 在FAP中,治疗师需要诚实地面对自己的情感反应,这有助于建立一个安全和支持性的治疗环境,从而促进来访的个人成长和改变。
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跨学科合作的重要性:
- 通过结合CFT、FAP和ACT等不同方法,可以为心理治疗提供更全面和多维的视角。这种跨学科的合作不仅增强了治疗方法的有效性,还促进了理论的发展和创新。
- 各种方法之间的相互借鉴和整合,可以帮助治疗师更好地理解和应对复杂的人类心理现象,提高治疗的整体效果。
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同情心在心理治疗中的地位:
- 无论是在CFT还是ACT中,同情心都被视为一种重要的治疗元素。同情心不仅可以帮助治疗师更好地理解和服务于来访,还能增强治疗关系的质量,促进来访的内在成长。
- 在心理治疗中,同情心不仅是治疗师的态度,也是一种可以被训练和发展的技能。通过具体的练习和技术,治疗师可以提升自己的同情心水平,从而更好地支持来访。
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科学与灵性的对话:
- 史蒂文·海耶斯的文章《理解灵性》展示了如何将功能情境假设应用于传统上被认为是“非科学”的领域。这种尝试体现了科学与灵性之间对话的可能性,为心理学研究开辟了新的方向。
- 通过将灵性维度纳入科学研究,可以拓展我们对人类经验的理解,促进更加全面的心理健康和福祉。
Introduction Our human compassion binds us the one to the other, not in pity or patronizingly, but as human beings who have learnt how to turn our common suffering into hope for the future. —Nelson Mandela We’re all going to die, all of us, what a circus! That alone should make us love each other but it doesn’t. We are terrorized and flattened by trivialities, we are eaten up by nothing. —Charles Bukowski The education of a psychotherapist begins when he or she is a toddler and is first able to recognize the difference between “I” and “you.” It continues as we learn how the pain of others may cause us to feel pain. And it goes on (through the pain of graduate school) to become a lifelong journey of cultivating knowl- edge, compassion, and even some wisdom. For many of us, intensive, workshop- based training is one of the more engaging aspects of our continuing education in cognitive and behavioral therapies, such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999), compassion-focused therapy (CFT; Gilbert, 2009a), and functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP; Kohlenberg & Tsai, 1991). Participants ask a lot of themselves in these trainings, engaging with a considerable amount of conceptual material and, more importantly, working with their own emotions and personal history of suffering. Our work as psychotherapists asks us to step into difficult emotional spaces with our fellow human beings. Total strangers are willing to come to us, with courage or perhaps in desperation, looking for some way to alleviate or prevent the suffering they experience. They want to stop putting their lives on hold and start engaging more deeply with the world. Importantly, they are suffering, and they wish to find some relief. At the beginning of a weekend workshop in CFT, we often pause and invite our fellow clinicians to rest in the breath, drop into the present moment, and gently move into a space of mindful awareness. From that collected and kind attentional space, we reflect and remember that whenever we are referring to a “case,” we are speaking about an actual person. Each clinical example emanates from a real human being, who, just like us, has known ambition and loss, joy and regret—a person who wishes to be happy. We’d like to pause in the same way now, as we begin this book. Together, let us all remember our connection to our clients and to each other. The essence of compassion in ACT, and in life, resides in this sensitivity to and awareness of the suffering we all carry, and a deep motivation to take action to alleviate and prevent the suffering we encoun- ter in the world. This definition of compassion has ancient origins and current relevance; found in pre-Buddhist wisdom traditions, it has been carried through the Western intellectual tradition and is now emerging in twenty-first-century CFT. Throughout this book, we will cover technical and philosophical ground that may be challenging. We will encounter and reflect upon clinical applica- tions and exchanges that require bringing the best version of ourselves into the consultation room. By reading this book, you will engage in committed action to further develop your abilities in your role as a healer, teacher, or guide. We have committed our time and care to bringing the best of ourselves to this book and the work herein. Together, let us all honor the work we are engaging in as therapists, writers, readers, and clients—roles we have probably all held at one point or another—as we begin to approach a compassion-focused ACT. Those acquainted with the evolution of psychotherapy in the early twenty- first century may know ACT as a popular form of mindfulness- oriented, evidence-based therapy. Perhaps it is even a “third wave behavioral therapy,” as is sometimes said. However, for those who have been involved with the emer- gence of ACT over the last fifteen years, ACT is much more. It encompasses a philosophy of science that raises key questions about what we can and cannot know about the nature of truth and reality. It is grounded in a behavioral theory of language that challenges us to think differently about how we make mental connections among our experiences. Importantly, ACT also is a community, on an international level, with common purposes. The continuous cultural discus- sion that thrives in ACT training workshops, international conferences, super- vision groups, and e-mail lists is a central and dynamic aspect of the ACT community. In recent years, intense interest has been percolating in all of these settings, including interest in the nature of human compassion and how ACT practitioners can engage compassion to help alleviate the suffering they encoun- ter in their clients and in themselves. Metaphorically, the global ACT commu- nity is a family, and this family has begun to talk about how it can act more compassionately and, in that way, contribute to a more compassionate world. In a recent e-mail discussion, the common topic of how ACT relates to Buddhism was raised, and many people responded, ACT cofounder Steven C. Hayes among them. For all of the common ground between Buddhist practices and ACT, such as mindfulness and an emphasis on the observing self, Hayes raised an important point of distinction. To paraphrase his response, he noted how application of the scientific method and ongoing research into fundamen- tal psychological processes allows the ACT community, and Western scientists more generally, to engage in a focused and pragmatic strategy for developing empirical knowledge—a strategy that leads to a more rapid refinement of methods. The evolution of the ACT community’s approach to human suffering can, in essence, progress and change as we gain a better understanding of our theory and technique. As we approach compassion from an ACT perspective, this empirical lens, grounded in functional contextualism, will open up new ways of seeing and knowing, along with new techniques and new possibilities for our clients. Methods from CFT, FAP, and other compassion-informed disciplines serve as key elements in the work of bringing a focus on compassion to ACT. This provides both opportunities and challenges, as is so often true in our work at the frontier of applied psychological science. For example, when ACT practi- tioners encounter CFT, they find much that is familiar and encouraging, as well as clear distinctions between these approaches. CFT, originally developed by Paul Gilbert (2010) to better address shame-based difficulties across a range of diagnoses, is a form of evidence-based therapy that specifically targets the cultivation of compassion. Key processes, such as mindfulness, willingness, disidentification with mental events, and committed action in the service of valued aims, are present in both ACT and CFT. This allows ACT practitioners to deploy their clinical wisdom in bringing a focus on compassion to their work. CFT strongly emphasizes a particular valued direction and motivation, for both therapist and client: developing the capacity for awareness of suffering and the motivation and ability to alleviate or prevent the suffering we encounter. ACT, on the other hand, has an implicit emphasis on compassion that is emer- gent in its model; however, compassion has not historically been the central feature of the therapy or prescribed as a necessary valued aim. In a sense, the emphasis on mindfulness processes rather than compassion in the ACT litera- ture to date, relative to the CFT literature, mirrors the contrast of emphasis between the Theravada and Mahayana schools of Buddhism. Historically, the Theravada approach, which is older, suggests that compassion arises out of mindfulness itself, with an emphasis on vipassana meditation and ethical action in the world, whereas the Mahayana and Tibetan Vajrayana traditions have a much greater focus on the deliberate cultivation of compassion, putting this motivation in the center of their practices. In the Mahayana tradition, the ideal and experience of bodhicitta (the altruistic aspiration toward enlightenment of all beings) is prescribed as a key self-state to be induced and cultivated through imagery, meditation, and action. Similarly, CFT also places a great deal of emphasis on constructing a sense of a compassionate self in a way that may be new to many ACT practitioners. FAP, which is closely related to ACT in the functional contextual family, engages the psychotherapeutic relationship to directly shape new, more adaptive behaviors for clients in real time, during emotionally courageous and compas- sionate exchanges. It requires therapists’ honest engagement with their own emotional responses to others, and to their own suffering and personal history. In seeking to establish a sacred space of awareness where both client and thera- pist have an opportunity for personal transformation, FAP creates fertile ground and a wholesome context for the cultivation of compassion within an intimate and healing relationship. In bringing a focus on compassion to ACT, this context is key. As you proceed through this book, we invite you to consider how each concept and technique might be relevant to your own clinical practice. ACT, FAP, and CFT share common values of openness and adaptability. Each of these modalities is both a process model and a freestanding therapy. As such, this work is meant to be an entrée to compassion-focused work for the ACT practitioner. Rather than suggesting a radical reinvention of ACT methods, casting off its previous developments, or welding together techniques in the name of psychotherapy integration, we suggest gently exploring how we can bring a compassionate focus into our ACT work, along with an understanding of the basic scientific rationale for this move, an appreciation of the workability of engaging compassion in psychotherapy, and an attitude of engaged and active curiosity. For all of the talk of suffering and all of the difficult spaces we can walk through on a compassionate journey as therapists, there is room for joy and flourishing in compassion-focused work. May we all allow ourselves to be open to some of that joy. When concepts seem unconventional to a scientific tradition, the challenge is often one of appreciation and understanding, of cultivating a more expansive and elaborative engagement, rather than one of reductionism or dismissal. Importantly, one of the foundational papers in ACT was Steven Hayes’s 1984 article “Making Sense of Spirituality,” which brought the lens of functional con- textual assumptions to dimensions of experience that were thought to be off- limits to “serious science.” Interestingly, this paper was the seed for decades of growth in knowledge and research into flexible perspective taking and the self. Clearly, the strength and workability of the ACT rubric stands on its ability to approach the range of human phenomena, including compassion and the role of affiliative emotions in adaptive flexibility. We are committed to the ongoing evolution of compassion-focused ACT practice, and we offer this book in the service of that aim.