4 临床实践中自我慈悲的训练
4. 在临床实践中培养自我同情
无论采用何种理论方法,临床医生通常会注意到成功的治疗能够带来深刻的自我和解感。我们认为,对自己及不可避免的过去、现在和未来的失败抱有同情心是这种自我和解的关键要素。我们的临床朋友皮埃尔·库西诺(Pierre Cousineau)常说,如果他只能给来访一种技能,他会选择教他们自我同情的技能。不幸的是,我们评价性和比较性的思维使得恐惧或憎恨自己、历史、思维模式、情绪、行为以及那些不可避免地过滤我们体验并似乎限制我们选择的自我概念变得如此容易。
然而,当我们与自己或自己的一部分处于战争状态时,胜利可能是什么样子呢?谁会赢,谁会输?失败者将会怎样,胜利者又会剩下什么?
从慈悲的角度来看,对那些引发不适并顽固抵抗我们改变尝试的经验或自我部分进行战争是毫无益处的。自然地不喜欢厌恶的经历,如恐惧、悲伤或自我怀疑是很正常的。从那里到憎恨它们及其容器——即自己——只有很短的距离。然后是对那种感到或做这些事情的人的憎恨;换句话说,就是自己。
我们的文化贬低弱点和负面经历,并通过无数方式——包括经常通过早期照顾者——明确表达了这种厌恶。在学习如何与自己的私人世界相处时,我们可能会采纳一种敌对、轻视、回避或无效的态度来对待困难的内心体验,这可能是基于我们应该理性思考和感觉良好、应该自信和乐观的假设。我们可能相信,无论内心障碍如何,我们都应该“去做”。这些信息如此普遍,以至于公开表现出任何软弱迹象都可能让人感到不安全。
当评判性思维介入时,这些社会过程变得高度强化,对内心体验的战争真正开始。如果我们感觉不同,如果我们能看到事物好的一面,如果我们有不同的历史;如果我们对自己的看法不那么消极,有更多的自尊,更少的自我怀疑,更多这样的东西,更少那样的东西……那么我们最终就会完整和健全。言语过程将我们困在无尽的评价框架中,从中我们几乎总是以错误告终。
在这种背景下,培养自我同情可以被视为治疗的总体目标。如果我们都有技能和勇气为自己的痛苦留出空间,并对我们那个有时跌倒的部分友善相待,改变就会变得容易得多。通过自我同情,错误不再成为我们责备自己的机会,羞耻感消散,我们成为自己最好的朋友、教练或盟友,为自己提供所需的支持,以便度过难关并向真正重要的事情迈进。
本章探讨了使我们憎恨自己的临床相关过程、它们的形式以及它们的功能。然后概述了一些关键技能,可以帮助临床医生训练自我同情,并简要讨论了从学习理论角度出发的心理障碍。接着,通过我们的临床实践视角,我们将探索来自自我同情的深刻和解元素,并提供一些可能有助于让来访参与这一过程的临床方法。
自我和解的终极前沿
当治疗深入到一个深层次时,它会将来访带到一个深刻的和解之地。在那里,过去没有被抹去,痛苦也没有消失,但来访与自我的共鸣和关系发生了转变。当然,个人的缺点、过去的痛苦、评判性的思维以及令人恐惧的情绪并没有消失,尽管它们通常变得不那么强烈了。它们仍然在我们私人的个人体验舞台上上演;然而,它们不再引发内心的战争,而是可以带来一种由充分理解斗争及其代价而生的善意和柔软。来访发展出一种新的感觉,即他们能够以自己需要的方式对自己说话,从而提供支持,使他们能够朝着这个艰难而美好的生活中的重要事情前进。
在我们的临床经验中,那些在行为上实现深刻和持久改变的来访有一个共同的特点,那就是他们已经与自己曾经对抗或恐惧的经历和过去达成了和平。他们的问题并没有神奇地解决,他们也肯定会再次经历痛苦。然而,他们似乎以一种新的善意和和解的态度来对待自己的全部。在这个阶段,名字和标签都消失了,来访甚至开始质疑曾经加诸于他们的诊断标签,因为他们开始更广泛地认识到,痛苦是人类体验的一个组成部分——它是告知我们什么对我们至关重要的东西,并且可以像我们最深的价值观一样被温柔地接纳。那么,试图不去经历痛苦、排斥它、避免它或以某种方式否定它又有什么意义呢?
临床案例:以善意对待自己
以下是对卡尔的对话,他刚刚完成了为期十二次的ACT(接受与承诺疗法)疗程。卡尔开始ACT时42岁,带着20年的治疗历史,有时是在住院设施中进行的。他在不同时间被诊断为抑郁症、广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)和强迫症(OCD)。从他的角度来看,他的主要困难是焦虑和缺乏自尊。经过十周的每周一次的疗程后,他暂停了治疗,三个月后回来,然后又过了三个月再次回来。以下是第十二次疗程的摘录。在过去六个月里,他一直在逐渐好转。
治疗师:那么,你对我们的工作感觉如何?有什么变化吗? 来访:嗯,说起来很奇怪,但对我来说最主要的变化是我不再对自己那么苛刻了。 治疗师:具体来说呢? 来访:我以前总是不断地评判自己,因为我的焦虑感到羞愧。然后我会因为列清单、寻求安慰和做仪式而评判自己。当然,我还会因为有OCD、抑郁症——他们叫它什么来着?DAG, AGD, GAD?反正这些标签现在对我都不重要了。后来,当我们开始一起工作后,我甚至会因为评判自己而评判自己!基本上,我以前讨厌那个做这一切的卡尔。 治疗师:哎呀! 来访:是啊。好吧,我想成为另一个人,一个更好的人,一个没有焦虑的人。现在我明白了,我其实是在与自己的一部分作斗争。我怎么能赢过自己呢?现在对我来说重要的是朝着我在乎的方向前进。当然,我会跌倒,甚至摔倒。这会很难。但没关系,因为我现在知道,当我跌倒时,我不再对自己那么严厉。每个人都会偶尔跌倒,对吧?所以,我想说,最主要的变化是我与自己达成了和解。
三年后,治疗师再次见到了卡尔。他选择结束了与伴侣长达十年的关系。对他来说最重要的是,他换了工作,离开了银行业,转而为在学校中挣扎的青少年提供支持。他还戒了烟,开始锻炼。换工作很艰难,经济状况也更紧张了,但他热爱他的新工作,在学校帮助有问题的孩子,而且他做得很好。下面的对话来自那次跟进会谈。
治疗师:你是如何成功做出这些艰难的改变的? 来访:对自己更加善良让我能够追随自己的心,即使我知道有时候会很难、很可怕。 治疗师:真的很难吗? 来访:(笑)哦,是的!但并不像我以前想象的那么糟糕!我现在只是继续前行,知道可能会很难。当真的很难时,我会给自己一些温和的鼓励。我想我是用我希望小时候有人对我说话的方式来对自己说话的——而且,想想看,有点像我对那些我工作的孩子说话的方式。
我们再次联系了卡尔
在撰写本章时,我们再次联系了卡尔。自从他上次接受治疗以来已经过去了六年。他有了新的伴侣,他们正在一起购买房子。他仍然热爱帮助青少年的工作。当感到沮丧时,他会回到观察者的视角,并以善意接纳自己的痛苦。毫无疑问,他终于过上了丰富而有意义的生活。
卡尔的故事很有启发性。特别有趣的是,在经过一段简短的治疗后,帮助他摆脱了二十多年来与强迫症、焦虑、担忧和低自尊的斗争,他在六年后报告说有三项技能对于保持治疗效果至关重要:能够从观察者的角度看待自己的经历、选择方向而不是僵硬的目标,以及以善意接纳无法改变的经历。换句话说,尽管卡尔没有明确提到同情心,他的治疗师也没有进行显性的同情工作,但卡尔已经学会了自我同情。
什么是让我们憎恨自己的原因?
从ACT(接受与承诺疗法)的角度来看,与“自我即内容”的融合可能是我们面临的最具潜在破坏性的过程之一。事实上,长期对各种行为的惩罚,加上思维中伴随的言语惩罚,可能导致人们与他们的思维坚持认为是真实自我的自我批评或自我羞辱的构建融为一体。因此,来访(如果我们诚实的话,大多数人)会带着对自己或自己是什么的融合观念生活,并且常常因为这些观念而憎恨或羞愧自己。抑郁、焦虑、害羞、丑陋、社交无能、不可爱、参与虐待、一事无成、懦夫、白痴、不合群、缺陷等等——这个列表是无穷无尽的。但无论个人历史导致我们与哪种特定的标签融合在一起,我们大多数人都有一个共同点,那就是强烈地不喜欢并经常批评自己所持有的自我概念。
衍生关系反应是这一动态背后的驱动力。这些标签大多源于我们历史中的痛苦时刻。通过关系框架的核心——刺激功能的转换——这些事件引发的痛苦和羞耻感附着在事件的记忆上,以及我们在那些时刻的行为、经历或整个自我所获得的标签上。当这些内容被等同于自我时,我们的自我概念就变得令人厌恶——需要远离的东西。这可以导致自我憎恨和自我羞耻,并采取多种形式,包括自杀念头、自伤行为、自我责备或自我夸大言论、戴上面具假装、反复思考、自我羞辱和解离。
我们对自我感觉与经历的内容或标签的融合往往是由照顾者或同伴通过诸如“小乔是个害羞的男孩”、“这是你自找的!”、“你真蠢,没看到这一点”、“你永远不会有什么出息”、“看看这个大婴儿又在哭了”等话语促使和强化的。很快,这种他人发起的谈话就会内化,变成自我维持的贬低性自我对话。难怪深刻的自我憎恨如此普遍?由于这种动态,临床实践中至关重要的是促进一种更灵活的自我意识,帮助来访从僵化的自我概念及其对行为的限制中解脱出来。
学习历史与自我意识的形成
正如前所述,我们的自我概念很大程度上是我们学习历史的产物,特别是在与照顾者和依恋对象的关系中形成的。从功能语境的角度来看,自我是言语行为的一种功能,并随着成为语言熟练的人类而产生(Hayes, 1984; Kohlenberg & Tsai, 1991)。发展性地讲,言语行为的获得经历了几个阶段。最初,孩子们学会命名物体,然后是主体和动作,通常是以包含所有三者的完整功能单位的形式:“宝宝吃苹果。”“宝宝看到小狗。”“爸爸读书。”随着孩子们语言使用能力的提高,这些功能单位变得越来越小,将主体与物体(宝宝与苹果)分开,将物体与动作(苹果与吃)分开。在正常发展的儿童中,对于公开可观察的物体和动作而言,这一过程相对直接。大多数孩子有很多机会使用和回应功能性言语单位,并且正确使用和回应时会得到相当一致的强化。这是一种普遍存在的多实例训练形式,一致的强化历史是成功多实例训练的核心条件。
早期,孩子们对内心体验的语言掌握并不比他们对感官体验的掌握更多。虽然学习如何适应感官体验对于生理生存是必要的,但如斯金纳(Skinner, 1974)所指出的,内心体验的世界之所以重要,是因为它对我们言语社区中的其他成员很重要。通过这种方式和社会互动,我们学会了与内心体验互动的方式。这就是为什么人们常常在自我对话中认出照顾者的声音的原因。
个体是如何学会识别并命名只有他自己能观察到的那部分宇宙的?当没有人能看到时,我们是如何学会命名自己的感受的?因为照顾者无法直接接触到涉及的身体状态和感觉,所以需要一定的猜测,这通常基于可以观察到的孩子的行为。这意味着,即使在最好的情况下,我们对私人事件的描述也永远不可能像对公开可观察的对象或事件的描述那样精确(Skinner, 1974)。
一个一致的学习环境要求照顾者对微妙的线索给予精细的关注,并能够灵活地适应进一步观察所得的新信息。当照顾者感到压力、缺席、过度劳累、逃避情绪或被情绪压倒,或者他们自己也是不一致学习历史的产物时,他们很可能不会以最有利于孩子学习如何识别和命名内心体验并接受其为正常的方式作出反应。在这种条件下,孩子们可能会被告知他们在饿的时候其实是生气了,在中午钟声敲响时才感到饿,当他们感到悲伤时不应该悲伤,当实际上照顾者想吃冰淇淋时他们想要冰淇淋等等。在早期发展中反复经历这样的情况可能导致孩子们难以准确地命名他们的感受或愿望,并受到内部刺激的控制(即他们真正的感觉、想法或愿望)。相反,他们可能不得不依赖他人的暗示来了解自己的“想法”和“感受”。他们的内心体验可能受到了如此少的关注,以至于他们没有词汇来描述它。在许多情况下,他们会学会恐惧、否认或评判自己的内心体验,而不是像注意到并接受天气变化一样去注意和接受它。在极端情况下,例如当早期尝试命名感受、想法和欲望时经常或不可预测地受到惩罚,他们可能会表现出对体验或表达内心体验的真实恐惧。
因此,内心体验的世界可能成为一个陌生、不稳定、充满危险的领域,充满了黑暗、威胁和缺陷。反过来,这将进一步加剧自我憎恨、羞耻、恐惧和持续的内心冲突感。临床上,来访可能会说他们不知道自己的感受或想法。他们可能无法描述内在感觉或命名自己的情绪,也许只能把感觉定位在头部;或者他们可能会对任何试图帮助他们接触内心体验的努力做出回避反应,比如通过闭眼正念练习。
依恋与自我同情的背景
照顾者如何回应孩子本能的归属请求也会对孩子的归属行为产生深远的影响。这些请求是否得到了一致的强化、被忽视、惩罚,或者响应不一致(有时得到强化,有时受到惩罚或被忽视),都会影响孩子依恋模式的发展(Mansfield & Cordova, 2007)。如果归属请求得到了一致的强化,可能会导致安全型依恋风格;如果这些请求一直被忽视,可能导致回避型依恋风格;如果这些请求总是受到惩罚,则可能产生恐惧型依恋风格。由于很少有学习历史是完全一致的,不同的强化、惩罚和忽视的组合可能导致混合型依恋风格,其中可能有一种主导风格,或者在不一致成为常态的情况下,出现混乱型依恋风格。因为我们主要是从依恋对象那里学习到自己与内心体验的关系以及自我概念,这些风格反过来会反映在个体对待内心体验的方式上:安全且接纳、回避且轻视、恐惧且批判,或是混乱且无意识。在这几种方式中,只有第一种自然倾向于自我同情。其他方式则自然会助长不同形式的自我憎恨、自我羞耻和内心冲突。
因此,需要特定的学习历史和刻意的语言环境及社群来建立对自己体验和自我概念的接受和善意关系——这种关系始终强化对自己和他人厌恶体验的同情。当这样的历史缺失时,一种治愈关系,如治疗关系,可能提供一个特殊的情境,以建立新的学习历史,促进和强化归属反应和自我同情技能,这将在第六章详细讨论。通过这种方式,治疗关系为个体提供了另一种对待自我及其体验的可能性。这可以包括帮助来访学会以力量、智慧和善意接受自己的负面自我概念,帮助他们转变不稳定或混乱的自我感觉。在这种背景下,来访也可以采用更灵活的自我观念。
言语过程与自我同情
我们已经讨论了言语社区在学习个人与自身私人体验、思想和情感关系中的核心作用。现在我们将简要探讨言语过程对自我批评和自我同情的影响。理解根植于自我憎恨并强化它的言语过程可以帮助临床医生设计有针对性的干预措施,逐步削弱自我批评行为,并培养一种更加同情的态度,以应对在这个世界上生活的艰难。这种方法强调了对自己友善的重要性,以便有机会朝着生活中重要的事情前进,即使面对根深蒂固且痛苦的内心障碍。
正如前面所提到的,与体验内容和言语构建的融合是推动自我批评和自我憎恨的过程。衍生关系反应的结果和功能转换,认知融合是普遍存在的,并构成了正常的心理模式。通过衍生关系反应,内在体验获得了感官体验的厌恶或吸引功能。尽管它有用并且是我们抽象思维能力的基础,但融合使得个体极有可能根据体验的内容来定义自己。从那里开始,自然地评价自己的自我概念并将其分类为厌恶是很正常的。因此,来访会因为他们的经历(例如创伤)或仍然经历的情绪(焦虑、悲伤、恐惧、怀疑)而评判自己为坏人。他们可能会因为过去的行动而谴责现在的自己。他们可能会因为侵入性的自我失调的想法而感到羞耻。他们可能会害怕自己的内心体验,并将空虚感等同于证明自己不如别人。
自我同情与自尊
虽然传统的认知方法可能会建议帮助来访更理性地重新评估他们的自我定义,但从ACT(接受与承诺疗法)的角度来看,自我憎恨的问题并不主要源于自我概念的内容——这会要求改变有问题的内容——而是源于与自我概念的过度融合,或称“自我即内容”。如果问题不主要是如何评价自我定义的内容,那么试图改变评价性建构,如自尊,可能不会是最有帮助的方法。
从ACT的角度来看,直接尝试修改自我评价(即提高自尊)存在风险,可能会使自我评价变得过于重要。通过衍生关系反应,这种做法可能会增加或强化负面自我评价。为了削弱负面自我感觉而引入的正面评价,可能会将两者置于协调框架中,从而导致原始评价的厌恶功能转移到提议的替代评价上。因此,原本旨在积极的自我评价反而与原始负面自我评价一样,与痛苦体验相关联。此外,高自尊本身并不一定与更好的社会功能或一般功能相关联。当对情境不够敏感且依附于自我而非行为时,正面评价可能导致更高程度的自恋和更低水平的亲社会行为(Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001)。此外,这样人为膨胀、有条件的自尊是脆弱的。
处理负面自我评价的一种潜在更有成效的方法,且伴随较少意外副作用的风险,是培养对厌恶自我概念的同情心。在这种工作中,关键过程是解构、接纳以及促进与观察者自我(或自我作为背景)的经验接触。核心焦点在于培养以视角看待并接受自己的痛苦和负面评价的能力,而不是试图改变这些评价。
建立有效的自我同情训练环境
我们认为,有效训练一种更具自我同情的方法来应对苦难,需要多种前提条件和关键技能。从情境角度来看,建立一个最能促进同情心的情境至关重要。建立这种情境的基础要素包括在治疗关系中有意聚焦于接纳、治疗师的技能集、工作理由的呈现、确立功能语境观点,以及注重功能性和可操作性而非形式。
建立接纳的关系
在心理治疗工作中,治疗关系是变化发生的主要情境。我们认为,这种关系必须基于接纳、善意、同情和互惠。正如功能性分析疗法的倡导者所建议的,治疗关系可以被建立为一个神圣的空间,能够包容来访的所有想法和感受,以及他们的全部历史和完整的自我(Tsai & Kohlenberg, 2012)。它还可以成为真正亲密关系的模型,在Cordova和Scott(2001)给出的定义中,这是一种关系,在这种关系中,那些可能受到社会惩罚的行为,如分享脆弱、敞开心扉谈论希望和梦想,或展示自己柔软的一面,不仅不会受到惩罚,反而会被强化。这样的关系可以提供一个支持性的环境,促进自我接纳和自我同情。在第五章中,我们将进一步详细说明如何使用功能性分析疗法的行为工具来促进这种关系。
培养治疗师的技能集
ACT(接受与承诺疗法)植根于一种正常功能模型,其中评价性言语过程内在地促进了认知融合和经验回避,并可能导致价值观模糊和缺乏对当下时刻的接触。反过来,与这些过程互动所产生的自我评判的融合是普遍的人类体验。正如ACT临床医生在自己面对融合和价值观时展现出同情的灵活性会更加有效一样,训练自我同情最好由那些在自己的挣扎、自我评判和羞耻中实践自我同情的临床医生来完成。
为了有效地培养治愈关系,临床医生必须自己具备亲密关系的灵活技能库,包括他们希望在来访身上训练的技能或行为。直接的经验工作是关键。这可以通过完成本书中提出的临床医生练习,以及参加ACT、CFT(慈悲聚焦疗法)和FAP(功能性分析心理治疗)的经验培训工作坊来实现。临床督导或参与志同道合的临床医生组成的同行咨询小组也有助于在个人和职业生活中发展这些技能。
除了诊所之外,有意识地对亲人和陌生人表现出善意,记录同情的人际风险和自我关怀的行为,培养正念,以及进行慈悲聚焦的想象练习,都可以有助于学习保持在正念和慈悲的空间中。正念运动练习,如瑜伽或太极,也可以有所帮助。
提出工作的总体理由
创建一个以同情为中心的工作环境并增强来访的动机的一个关键方面是提出工作的理由。虽然有多种方法可以做到这一点,但我们认为有效的理由应基于功能语境观点,并包含几个关键要素。第一步是建立正念——专注于当下发生的事情——作为训练和学习新技能的首选领域。在此基础上,治疗关系可以被呈现为一个情境,在这个情境中熟悉的困难会出现,提供宝贵的当下工作机会。将来访的注意力引向这一工作维度可以帮助使治疗关系中出现的情感和情绪问题正常化。这也为临床医生提供了基础,当在会谈中出现临床相关行为时能够转向这些行为。根据FAP(功能性分析心理治疗)的定义,我们将在第五章详细说明,临床相关行为是在会谈中和治疗关系中出现的问题行为或改善行为,这些行为是来访在会谈外的问题行为或改善行为的实例(Kohlenberg & Tsai, 1991)。
建立关于同情的功能语境视角
关于同情的功能语境观点可以通过以下方式提出:将心理灵活性描述为即使在内心障碍(如不愉快或痛苦的情绪、想法或自我评判)存在的情况下,也能够做重要的事情。这可以通过多种方式呈现,例如通过一个比喻,表明我们无法控制情绪的波浪,但可以学会驾驭它们。另一种有效的方式是通过ACT矩阵(Polk & Schoendorff, 2014)来展示如何发展同情心。
干预:呈现ACT矩阵
ACT矩阵(如图7所示)是一个帮助来访和治疗师朝向增加心理灵活性和同情心的图表。它能够以日常语言有效地建立功能语境观点。矩阵可以通过多种方式引入。
外部体验 (五感)
- 价值观:
- 家庭
- 亲密关系
- 父母职责
- 远离
- 朋友
- 教育
- 工作
- 娱乐
- 精神生活
- 公民责任
- 健康
内部体验 (皮肤之内)
图7. ACT矩阵。(改编自Polk & Schoendorff, 2014,经New Harbinger Publications许可转载。)
一种有效的呈现方式是邀请来访说出对他们来说重要的人或事物,并请他们在图表的右下象限中记录下来。常见的回答包括家庭、孩子、配偶、工作或健康。无论来访提到什么,都将其写下来。接下来,询问他们是否总是做那些能让他们接近这些重要人或事物的事情。换句话说,他们是否总是践行自己的价值观?当然,没有人能做到这一点;总会有障碍挡在前面。花点时间区分外部障碍(物质环境、他人或两者兼有)和内部障碍(想法、情绪、身体感觉和记忆,其中一些可能在面对外部障碍时出现),然后邀请来访列出一些阻碍他们接近重要人或事物的内在障碍,并将它们放在矩阵的左下象限。常见的障碍包括恐惧、焦虑、内疚、羞耻、痛苦、痛苦的记忆以及觉得自己不值得、愚蠢、不够好等的想法。
接下来,邀请来访列出一些他们可以被看到做的事情(如果用摄像机记录他们的行为),以远离这些内在障碍——通常是他们为了应对这些障碍或处理这些问题而采取的行为——并将它们放在矩阵的左上象限。这些通常是抗拒或回避的行为,通常(但并不总是)与那些能让他们接近真正重要的事情的行为相对立。典型的远离行为包括逃避、饮酒、吸毒、看电视或玩视频游戏、购物、工作、争吵、寻求正确、责备、强迫行为、运动、清洁、寻求安慰等。
最后,询问来访他们可以被看到做什么(在摄像机前)来接近对他们来说重要的人或事物,并将这些回答列在矩阵的右上象限。常见的靠近行为包括与亲人共度时光、与孩子玩耍、约会之夜、计划度假、和解、锻炼和运动等。
正如我们所列举的例子所示,某些行为可以根据其是否受到不想要的内在体验的厌恶控制或价值观的吸引控制,被认为是靠近或远离的行为。例如,你可以去健身房以远离焦虑,或者是为了健康,或是两者兼有。同样,只有来访自己才能注意到对他们来说重要的人或事物,以及他们不想思考或感受的东西,也只有他们能判断某种特定行为更多是靠近还是远离。当来访不确定时,要求他们为靠近和远离的行为分配百分比可能会有所帮助。通过巧妙的提问,你可以引导来访体验一个观察者的视角,这个视角可以注意到内在体验,并判断行为是为了远离不想要的内在体验(或有时是为了接近想要的感受,比如使用物质时),还是为了接近价值观。
一旦矩阵设置完成,并且来访注意到“自我”或“我”位于矩阵的中心——以及治疗过程的中心——你可以询问来访,如果给他们两个选择:做更多事情来远离他们不想感受或思考的东西,或者做更多事情来接近对他们来说重要的人或事物,他们会选哪个。到目前为止,我们的每一个来访都选择了接近生活和重要事物的选项。然后,你可以总结这个过程,解释说治疗工作的重点是帮助他们在内心障碍存在的情况下,更好地选择接近对自己重要的事物——这是一种对普通人来说易于理解的心理灵活性定义。
呈现矩阵为治疗设定了一个明确的价值吸引控制(即接近)的情境。在这方面,功能语境方法与其它方法有着根本的不同,后者主要致力于帮助来访远离厌恶的事物,通过减少厌恶想法和情绪的发生或强度,或者通过改变行为以逃避厌恶的后果(例如提倡戒酒和其他药物)。我们认为,尽可能明确地设定一个吸引性情境对于建立能够持续超越消除厌恶后果和减轻痛苦的长期动机至关重要。此外,它为培养对厌恶内在体验和自我概念的接近行为提供了理想的基础,这是临床训练同情心的关键要素。
功能导向和可操作性
行为不能脱离其情境而被理解。例如,在采取行动之前查看不同的选项可能是有用的,但是一旦行动已经进行并且没有改变方向或结果的可能性时,这样做就不太有帮助了。与其他认知和行为方法倾向于关注来访想法的内容不同,功能语境方法寻求在给定情境中定位特定想法或行为的功能。
功能导向涉及观察行为、想法、情绪和记忆在特定情境中的效果。在遇到新的潜在伴侣时,过去的受伤经历的想法是否成为障碍,还是有助于开放自己?对这些想法和感觉的行为反应是否有助于接近有价值的目标?这两个问题——特定内在体验(想法、情绪、记忆或意象)之后跟随的是什么行为,以及这种行为是否代表向有价值的方向移动——有助于功能导向。功能导向可以防止临床医生和来访陷入内在体验的内容,以及常常徒劳无功地试图改变这些内容。
从ACT的角度来看,一旦识别出特定内在体验的不可行功能,解构和接纳策略,加上价值导向,是改变言语环境和增加行为可操作性的首选方法。
对挣扎的认可
自我同情意味着对自己的厌恶体验和感受无条件的认可。它涉及到开放自己去接受全部的体验,并拥有智慧去认识到自己的情绪和想法是有效的。许多来访在自我认可上很挣扎。深刻理解和承认内在体验,特别是情感体验,是一项非常罕见的技能。即使是专业训练来验证来访体验和情绪的临床医生,在将这一过程转向自身时也可能感到困难。
分析挣扎的可操作性
从ACT(接受与承诺疗法)的角度来看,有效验证的第一步包括对来访试图远离不想要的内在体验的挣扎进行功能性分析。在这样的分析中,治疗师邀请来访考虑他的远离行为在短期和长期中的有效性,以及这些行为是否有助于他接近对他来说重要的人或事物。通常,来访报告说远离行为在短期内是有效的。这提供了一个机会来验证来访参与这些行为的事实。毕竟,它们确实有效;即使不是最长久有效的办法,它们也是有效的。事实上,大多数来访报告说他们的远离行为在长期内是无效的,会导致负面后果,甚至使不想要的内在体验变得更加频繁、更加强烈,并在他们的生活中占据更重要的位置。这为治疗师提供了进一步的机会来验证来访因陷入远离行为而感到的困境。
最后,询问远离行为是否帮助来访接近对他们重要的事物,有助于重新导向工作,使其朝着他们自由选择的价值观前进。如前所述,某些行为既可以是远离行为,也可以是靠近行为,具体取决于情境。例如,来访可以与朋友外出或进行体育活动以远离孤独或焦虑。然而,如果友谊和健康对他们来说很重要,他们也可以在价值观的吸引控制下进行同样的行为。这一见解可以帮助来访认识到增加许多远离行为的吸引力控制的可能性。在这里,衍生关系反应的力量可以发挥作用,逐渐将一系列以前受厌恶控制的行为置于吸引控制之下。例如,一个患有强迫症的来访可能会通过跑步、阅读、给家人和朋友打电话、烹饪和做填字游戏等强迫性的远离行为来应对。当来访开始意识到这些行为也是向价值观靠近的行为时,他可以逐渐开始在价值观的吸引控制下进行这些行为,而不是在焦虑和强迫观念的厌恶控制下。实际上,我们曾经有一位来访,在治疗结束时,虽然仍然从事大致相同范围的行为,但他已经不再符合强迫症的标准;区别在于,现在他在价值观的吸引控制下进行这些行为(Schoendorff, Purcell-Lalonde, & O'Connor, 2014)。
通过对来访如何挣扎的方式进行这种分析——ACT文献中常称为创造性的绝望——来访可以了解到远离行为是多么成瘾且强大,以及它们如何导致人们感到被困住,无法摆脱束缚。走向自由的第一步是承认这种被卡住的有效体验。下一步是停止与陷阱本身斗争——换句话说,是从僵化的语言互动中解构出来。
从自我作为内容的融合中解构
与负面自我概念的融合是培养更加自我同情态度的主要障碍。如果来访将心智产生的负面自我概念当作事实——这些自我概念往往反映了发展过程中有影响力人物的话语——自我批评和自我否定就可能成为他们的默认行为。通过将心智呈现为一个评估器官,它在判断五感体验世界中的事物是否合适时是有用的,但在控制内在体验方面则不太有用,治疗师可以为来访创造更多的空间,让他们开始与心智告诉他们的内容保持一定的距离。
临床案例:针对自我评判和批评
鉴于负面自我评价的普遍性,在治疗早期就可能聚焦于当下出现的负面自我评判和批评。询问来访自我贬低的有效性以及他们希望如何对待自己,可以帮助他们。以下对话发生在治疗的第二次会谈中,展示了这种干预。Ted是一位32岁的男性,他患有抑郁症、职业困难和高水平的婚姻冲突。
治疗师:那么,Ted,你在过去一周的矩阵中注意到了什么?
来访:看起来大部分都是远离行为。我就是一个失败者。我不知道你为什么还要费心帮助我。
治疗师:哎呀!首先我要祝贺你能注意到这些远离行为。心智通常不喜欢我们开始注意到这一点,它们常常会用我们注意到远离行为的事实来打击我们。这是否发生了?
来访:是的。(叹气)
治疗师:那一定非常痛苦。这是新的情况,还是你的心智通常都会严厉地评判你并给你贴上标签?
来访:哦,我已经习惯了。反正我就是个失败者。
治疗师:听起来好像“我是个失败者”这个念头就像一个守卫,阻止你超越它多年来一直让你停留的地方。
来访:你是什么意思?
治疗师:你看,你现在正在做一件新的事情:注意到靠近和远离的行为。然而,“我是个失败者”这个念头不让你这样做。它抓住了你注意到的远离行为,并试图用它们作为棍子把你打回到“我是个失败者”的角落里。
来访:是的,正是这样。
治疗师:我想知道这真的是你需要的吗?你真的需要被更多地打击吗?
来访:嗯,不需要。但是还能怎么办呢?
治疗师:你想成为的那种人会怎么处理这种情况?通过称你为失败者?还是其他的话语会有帮助?
来访:我想我需要更多的鼓励。
治疗师:很好!让我们从鼓励你注意到当你的心智想要拿起失败者的棍子并打击你时开始。这有点像是注意到的第二层。
知识点扩展
-
自我融合与解构:
- 自我融合:来访认同负面自我概念(如“我是个失败者”),这种融合限制了他在特定情境中的行为。
- 解构技术:治疗师通过指出负面自我概念的功能(即把来访逼入绝境),帮助来访从这种融合中解构出来。
-
功能性分析:
- 识别功能:通过分析来访的自我评判在特定情境中的作用,帮助来访认识到这些评判如何影响他们的行为。
- 提供替代行为:一旦来访意识到负面自我概念的功能,就可以引导他们探索更加同情和支持性的行为模式。
-
增强自我同情:
- 自我鼓励:治疗师鼓励来访在面对负面自我评判时,给予自己更多的鼓励和支持。
- 行为改变:通过逐步练习,来访可以学会用更积极和建设性的方式对待自己,从而减少自我批评。
-
临床应用:
- 早期干预:在治疗初期就关注来访的负面自我评价,帮助他们尽早识别和处理这些问题。
- 对话技巧:通过对话技巧,引导来访反思自我评判的有效性,并探讨更健康的行为模式。
- 行为实验:设计具体的行为实验,让来访实践新的应对策略,例如在面对负面自我概念时给予自己鼓励。
- 持续支持:在治疗过程中持续提供支持,帮助来访巩固新的行为模式,逐步建立更加积极的自我形象。
通过这些方法,治疗师不仅能够帮助来访认识到负面自我概念对他们的行为的影响,还可以引导他们发展出更加同情和支持性的自我对话,从而提高心理健康水平和生活质量。
干预:母猫练习
自我责备和对内心痛苦的严厉态度可能成为我们与自我评判及其他不喜欢的内在体验互动时的默认模式。注意到我们如何接受不愉快的内在体验,可以帮助我们为更加同情地对待自己的痛苦奠定基础。以下的辨别练习对于帮助来访发展出更加同情的态度对待他们的经历、行为或过去非常有用。这个练习建立在许多同情聚焦工作的基础上,并以一个小故事开始。
想象你正在观察一只母猫照顾她的一窝六只小猫。在这六只小猫中,有一只是黑白相间的,从它睁开眼睛的那一刻起,就表现出比它的兄弟姐妹更爱冒险。有一天,当母猫正在喂养她的孩子们时,那只黑白相间的小猫冒险离开了她的视线范围,突然发出了痛苦的尖叫声。母猫立刻冲向发出声音的地方,抓住小猫的后颈,把它带回了盒子,并舔它直到它平静下来。这种母亲的行为不仅限于猫;它在许多物种中都有体现,几乎所有的哺乳动物都会这样做——也许不是所有哺乳动物。
对于人类来说,当我们面对一个处于困境中的小孩时,我们可能不会总是立即冲过去,可能会说:“我现在没时间管这个!”或者“等你爸爸回来再说。”我们可能不会立即将孩子带到安全的地方,而是要求解释:“你为什么又惹麻烦?”我们可能会评判:“如果你在外面的表现和你在盒子里一样,难怪你会遇到麻烦!”我们可能会否认:“你没有理由哭!”我们可能会威胁:“别再哭了,否则你会后悔的!”我们可能会嘲笑:“看那个大宝宝又在哭了——现在可不那么勇敢了吧!”我们可能会转身离开:“别靠近盒子,我这里只想要快乐的小猫!”总之,与母猫不同,人类在面对困境中的孩子时,可能会展示出一系列不同于本能地接近并安慰孩子的行为。是什么阻止了我们接近困境并提供安慰?是被心智的评判所牵制。我们都学会了如何通过观察那些我们在其中长大的巨人们如何处理自己和他人的痛苦来接收和回应自己的痛苦。
那么你自己呢?当你的内心痛苦的小猫在远处尖叫,或者当你自责的想法从远方传来,当那个很久以前的孩子再次受伤时,你会怎么做?你是怎样对待这只小猫或这个孩子的?你是怀着一颗开放的心去安抚痛苦,还是转过身去,推开、忽视、贬低、争论、要求解释、否定、审视、嘲笑,或是采取任何其他除了同情地接近和接纳内心痛苦之外的行为?只是注意一下。然后注意你是否能找到一些空间,给那部分受伤的自己,那些痛苦的自我评判、充满厄运的预测或恐慌的感觉,给予它们所需的母猫般的关怀。
这个练习对治疗师和来访都有帮助。它促进了两种应对厌恶内在体验(无论是思想、自我故事、评判、记忆还是情绪)模式之间的辨别。通常,当来访仅仅注意到他们如何接受自己的内在体验时,就可以让他们逐渐意识到不安慰自己的痛苦是多么不可行。
我们喜欢邀请来访尝试识别那些可能教给他们非安抚性行为的依恋对象。为了帮助这一点,我们会分享自己的经验,比如听到父母在我们犯下哪怕是很小的错误时大声斥责的声音。我们观察到,有时这些指责的话语来得如此之快,以至于除了将它们视为一个钩子并验证这种体验有多么痛苦外,几乎没有其他办法。
临床案例:使用母猫练习与抑郁来访
以下是与Ted的对话,展示了如何使用母猫练习。
治疗师:那么,在过去的一周里,当你的内心痛苦出现时,你是否能够注意到你是如何对待它的?
来访:很奇怪,但我真的能看到小Ted因为没有被倾听而变得非常愤怒和沮丧。
治疗师:你是怎么对待他的——像母猫那样,还是用其他方式?
来访:我的第一反应是试图把他推开,并且……我想在某种程度上羞辱他。就像,看看你,这个小家伙,又生气了!你不能停止吗?
治疗师:哎呀!这听起来很严厉。
来访:确实如此。我几乎能听到我母亲的声音在对他说话。
治疗师:哇!那你做了什么?
来访:很奇怪,但当我注意到这一点时,我想起了你提到的母猫的形象,能够以更多的善意去接近他,而不是用愤怒回应愤怒。
治疗师:我觉得这真的很感人。
来访:是的。但你知道,我没有打那些上周讨论过的潜在雇主的电话,而且当我妻子试图提醒我时,我还对她发了脾气。
治疗师:你现在有什么感受?
来访:我觉得自己没用,不是一个好来访。(停顿)我感到羞愧和愤怒。
治疗师:那一定很难受,看到你这样我也很难过。我想知道你现在是如何对待自己的感受和想法的。是更像母猫的方式,还是其他方式?
来访:(笑)我想更多的是其他方式!
治疗师:那么,你想成为的那个Ted会怎么对待那个表现出愤怒和羞耻的小孩呢?
来访:更像母猫那样。
治疗师:我想知道你的母猫现在会怎么做。
来访:我想她会说,这种感觉很难受,但她会一直陪在我身边。
治疗师:是的,我也会一直在你身边。
在这个对话中,来访报告了他在前一周练习了区分不同应对模式后,治疗师抓住了一个来访重新陷入自我评判和自我羞愧的时刻。作为回应,她邀请来访实时练习这种区分。这个练习展示了如何通过提供基于价值观的区分方法(如母猫比喻传达的),帮助来访识别并改变不助于成长的内在体验应对模式。在治疗过程中,来访常常会将他们收到的治疗工具或练习变成一种自我评判的手段,就像Ted所做的那样。根据我们的经验,引导来访注意到他们的思维何时转向自我攻击,并温柔地塑造一种更加同情的态度来处理旧伤和评判,可以大大加快治疗进展。
本章知识点阐述
知识点扩展
- CFT (Compassion-Focused Therapy) 是一种心理治疗方法,它强调通过培养个人对自我和他人的同情心来改善心理健康状态。这种方法特别适合那些对自己过于苛刻或感到羞耻的人。
- ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) 则是另一种心理治疗方法,它鼓励个体接受自己的想法和感受,同时致力于实现个人价值观指导下的有意义的行为。
这两种方法虽然起源于不同的理论背景,但在实践中展现出了一定程度上的互补性。例如,通过结合CFT中的同情心培养技巧与ACT的价值导向行动策略,可以帮助人们更好地应对情绪困扰,同时朝着个人目标前进。
在实际应用中,心理治疗师可能会根据患者的具体情况灵活运用这些方法的不同元素,以达到最佳疗效。这种跨学科的整合不仅反映了现代心理学领域内对于更全面理解人类心灵的努力,也体现了向更加个性化治疗方案发展的趋势。
知识点扩展
- 慈悲聚焦疗法 (Compassion-Focused Therapy, CFT) 强调通过培养个体对自己和他人的慈悲心来改善心理健康状况。这种方法特别适用于那些对自己过于苛刻或感到羞耻的人。
- 自我同情 是一种关键的心理健康资源,它指的是当面临失败或痛苦时,个体能够给予自己理解、善意和支持的能力。自我同情与自尊不同,它鼓励人们接受自己的不足而不是简单地追求正面评价。
- 正念 和 慈悲冥想 是两种常见的训练方法,它们可以帮助个体提高其对当前经历的觉察力,同时培养对他人的慈悲态度。这些练习不仅有助于个人的情绪调节,还能促进身体健康。
在实际应用中,结合 ACT 的价值观导向行动策略与 CFT 的慈悲培养技巧,可以帮助人们更好地处理情感困扰,促进个人成长和发展。这种跨学科的方法反映了现代心理学领域内对于更加全面理解和治疗人类心灵的努力。
通过上述研究可以看出,慈悲相关的干预措施在多种情境下均显示出积极效果,这提示我们在设计心理健康项目时应考虑纳入这些元素。此外,这些发现也为未来如何整合不同的心理治疗方法提供了指导方向。
知识点扩展
- 慈悲聚焦疗法 (CFT) 不仅被证明能够有效减少个体的自我批评、羞耻感等负面情绪,还在多种心理健康状况中显示出积极效果,包括精神分裂症、人格障碍及进食障碍等。这表明CFT作为一种治疗方法具有广泛的适用性。
- 心理灵活性 是ACT的核心概念之一,它指的是个体能够在面对困难时保持开放的态度,采取有效的行动以符合个人的价值观。当结合了CFT的慈悲培养技巧后,这种灵活应对能力可能会得到进一步增强。
通过将 自我同情 作为心理灵活性的一个组成部分,Neff & Tirch (2013) 的工作展示了如何将慈悲原则融入到ACT框架内,从而为治疗提供了一种新的视角。这种方法不仅有助于提高个体处理情感困扰的能力,还促进了他们对自身经历的接受度以及对他人苦难的理解。
进化理论 在CFT和ACT的发展过程中扮演了重要角色,两者都试图从进化的角度理解人类行为模式及其背后的心理机制。这种跨学科的方法有助于深化我们对复杂心理现象的理解,并为开发更加有效的干预策略提供了依据。
随着更多研究者和实践者参与到CFT与ACT的融合工作中,未来有可能出现更多创新性的治疗方法。这样的整合不仅反映了现代心理学领域内的发展趋势,也为解决各种心理健康问题提供了更为全面和个性化的解决方案。
知识点扩展
- CFT (Compassion-Focused Therapy) 和 ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) 的结合体现了现代心理学领域内不同治疗方法之间相互借鉴的趋势。两者都强调了个体在面对困难时采取灵活应对策略的重要性,但各自侧重点有所不同:CFT侧重于通过培养慈悲心来缓解羞耻感和自我批评,而ACT则侧重于接受当前经验并致力于价值驱动的行为。
- 羞耻感 和 自我批评 是导致多种心理健康问题的重要因素。CFT通过促进个体对自己和他人的慈悲态度,帮助人们减轻这些负面情绪的影响。这种方法不仅有助于改善个体的心理状态,还能增强其社交技能和社会支持网络。
- 心理灵活性 是ACT的一个核心概念,它指的是个体能够根据情况变化调整自己的思维和行为,以便更好地适应环境。结合CFT的慈悲培养技巧,可以帮助个体更加开放地面对自身经历,从而提高其整体幸福感。
通过将 CFT 与 ACT 结合起来,临床工作者可以为患者提供一个更加全面的支持系统,既注重情感层面的关怀,也强调实际行动上的改变。这种综合方法为解决复杂心理健康问题提供了新的视角,并且有助于促进个体的整体康复。
进化理论 在理解人类行为模式及其背后的心理机制方面起到了关键作用。CFT和ACT的发展过程中均考虑到了这一点,尝试从进化的角度解释为什么某些情绪反应和行为模式会在特定情境下出现,从而为设计有效的干预策略提供了理论依据。
知识点扩展
- 进化理论 在CFT中的应用强调了人类心理机制的生物学基础,特别是大脑如何为了适应生存和繁衍的需求而进化出特定的行为模式。这种视角有助于个体理解自己的感受和行为并非完全由个人意愿控制,而是受到进化压力的影响。
- 去个性化 是CFT中的一个重要概念,它意味着帮助个体认识到自己的想法和情绪并不完全代表个人身份或价值。通过这种方式,个体能够更加客观地看待自己的内心世界,从而减少因负面情绪带来的自我批评。
- 现实检验 作为一种具体的CFT技术,旨在帮助个体认识到自身经历的普遍性和不可避免性。通过引入进化心理学的概念,个体能够更好地接受自身的局限性,进而减轻因无法控制的生活事件而产生的自责感。
- 合作案例概念化 是CFT治疗过程中的一种方法,其中治疗师与患者共同构建一个关于患者经历及其背后原因的故事。这种方法不仅促进了患者的自我理解,还增强了他们面对困难时的适应能力。
通过结合进化理论,CFT提供了一种新的框架来理解和处理人类的情感和行为。这种方法鼓励个体采取更加宽容的态度对待自己,同时也为治疗师提供了更多工具来帮助患者实现长期的心理健康改善。
知识点扩展
- 现实检验 是CFT中用于帮助个体理解和接受自身经历的一种技术。它不仅提供了关于人类共通性的深刻见解,还促进了个体对自己内心世界的同情心。
- 情感匹配 和 共情桥梁 是CFT中用来增强治疗关系和促进来访情感开放的重要技术。这些方法有助于建立信任感,使来访感到被理解和接纳。
- 通过 社会情境 的视角来看待个人发展,可以帮助个体认识到他们的行为和性格特征并非完全由个人意志决定,而是受到广泛的社会因素影响。这种认识有助于减少自我责备,并鼓励个体采取更加积极的态度对待生活中的挑战。
- 正念 和 慈悲 在CFT中被视为重要的工具,它们帮助个体更好地管理自己的情绪反应,同时促进对他人和社会的理解与连接。
- 旧脑 与 新脑 的概念强调了大脑不同部分的功能及其对情绪和行为的影响。了解这些机制有助于个体学会如何调节自己的情绪,从而改善心理健康。通过结合进化理论,CFT提供了一种全面的方法来处理复杂的情绪和行为问题,支持个体实现更健康的生活方式。
知识点扩展
- 旧脑与新脑 的概念强调了大脑不同部分的功能及其对情绪和行为的影响。旧脑负责基本的生存功能,如恐惧反应和攻击性行为,而新脑则处理复杂的认知任务,如抽象思维和计划未来。了解这两种脑功能有助于个体更好地管理自己的情绪和行为。
- 进化心理学 是CFT的重要组成部分,它帮助个体认识到许多情绪和行为模式并非个人选择的结果,而是长期进化过程中形成的基本机制。这种认识有助于减少自我责备,促进对自己和他人的同情心。
- 情绪调节 在CFT中占据核心位置。通过理解和接受情绪的自然属性,个体可以学习更有效地管理它们,从而提高生活质量。这包括识别触发情绪的因素、学会以健康的方式表达情绪以及培养积极的情绪体验。
- 认知能力 虽然给人类带来了巨大的优势,如创新和技术进步,但也可能导致过度担忧和心理压力。CFT鼓励个体认识到这一点,并通过正念练习等方法来减轻由此产生的负面影响。
- 社会环境 对个体的发展有着深远的影响。CFT强调了社会支持和良好人际关系的重要性,这些因素不仅影响着个体的心理健康,还影响着其整体幸福感。通过加强社交技能和建立积极的社会网络,个体可以更好地应对生活中的挑战。
- 比喻和实例 是CFT中常用的教育工具,它们帮助个体以直观易懂的方式理解复杂的心理概念。通过这种方式,个体不仅能够更好地理解自己,还能学会如何应用这些知识来改善日常生活。
知识点扩展
- 旧脑与新脑 的概念强调了大脑不同部分的功能及其对情绪和行为的影响。旧脑负责基本的生存功能,如恐惧反应和攻击性行为,而新脑则处理复杂的认知任务,如抽象思维和计划未来。了解这两种脑功能有助于个体更好地管理自己的情绪和行为。
- 进化心理学 是CFT的重要组成部分,它帮助个体认识到许多情绪和行为模式并非个人选择的结果,而是长期进化过程中形成的基本机制。这种认识有助于减少自我责备,促进对自己和他人的同情心。
- 情绪调节 在CFT中占据核心位置。通过理解和接受情绪的自然属性,个体可以学习更有效地管理它们,从而提高生活质量。这包括识别触发情绪的因素、学会以健康的方式表达情绪以及培养积极的情绪体验。
- 认知能力 虽然给人类带来了巨大的优势,如创新和技术进步,但也可能导致过度担忧和心理压力。CFT鼓励个体认识到这一点,并通过正念练习等方法来减轻由此产生的负面影响。
- 社会环境 对个体的发展有着深远的影响。CFT强调了社会支持和良好人际关系的重要性,这些因素不仅影响着个体的心理健康,还影响着其整体幸福感。通过加强社交技能和建立积极的社会网络,个体可以更好地应对生活中的挑战。
- 比喻和实例 是CFT中常用的教育工具,它们帮助个体以直观易懂的方式理解复杂的心理概念。通过这种方式,个体不仅能够更好地理解自己,还能学会如何应用这些知识来改善日常生活。
知识点扩展
- 情绪调节 是CFT的核心组成部分之一,它关注于帮助个体理解和管理自己的情绪反应。通过识别不同的情绪系统及其功能,个体能够更好地认识自己在不同情境下的情绪状态,并采取适当的策略来应对。
- 进化视角 在CFT中扮演着至关重要的角色,因为它帮助个体理解情绪不仅仅是个人经历的结果,而是长期进化过程中形成的适应机制。这种理解有助于减少对负面情绪的自我指责,促进更健康的情绪处理方式。
- 激励/资源导向系统 与积极的情绪体验紧密相关,如快乐、兴奋等。这些情绪不仅让人感到愉悦,还促使人们去追求目标、解决问题和享受生活。了解这一系统的工作原理可以帮助个体利用积极情绪来提升生活质量。
- 情绪体验的多维度 表明情绪不仅仅是一种单纯的感觉,它还会对思维、行为和生理状态产生广泛的影响。例如,在面对巨大财富时,除了激动和高兴外,还可能伴随着焦虑、不安甚至是失眠。这提示我们在进行情绪调节时需要考虑其全面的影响。
- 多巴胺系统 与奖赏和快感密切相关,是激励/资源导向系统的关键组成部分。当个体追求目标或体验到成功时,多巴胺水平会上升,带来愉悦感和动力。了解这一点有助于个体通过设定合理的目标和庆祝小成就来提高幸福感。
- 实际应用 中,CFT治疗师会教导个体如何识别和利用不同的情绪系统,以便在日常生活中做出更有益的选择。例如,通过练习感恩日记记录每天的小成就,可以激活激励/资源导向系统,从而提升整体的心理健康水平。
知识点扩展
- 威胁导向系统 是一种高度敏感的情绪调节系统,它帮助个体快速识别和应对潜在的威胁。这种系统在进化过程中发展出来,以确保个体能够迅速采取行动保护自己。理解这一系统有助于个体认识到自己的某些强烈情绪反应可能是自然的生存机制,从而减少对自己情绪的负面评价。
- 非渴求/亲和导向系统 提供了一种平衡,使个体能够在没有威胁的情况下体验到平静、安全和连接。这种系统强调了人际关系和社会支持在促进心理健康中的重要性。通过理解和利用这一系统,个体可以学会如何通过建立积极的人际关系来提高自己的幸福感。
- 催产素和阿片类系统 在亲和导向系统中起着关键作用,它们与亲密关系和社交互动有关。催产素通常被称为“爱情荷尔蒙”,因为它能促进信任、亲密和纽带的形成。了解这些生理机制可以帮助个体更好地理解人际互动如何影响情绪和行为。
- 情境的重要性 强调了外部环境和内部心理状态对情绪调节的影响。不同的情境可以激活不同的情绪系统,从而导致不同的行为反应。通过意识到这一点,个体可以更有意识地选择适合当前情境的情绪调节策略。
- 正念和同情 的实践可以帮助个体更好地管理情绪,特别是在面对压力和挑战时。通过培养正念意识,个体可以更加客观地观察自己的情绪,而不被情绪所控制;通过激发同情心,个体可以更好地理解和接纳自己及他人的感受,从而促进更健康的人际关系和社会互动。
- 应用 中,治疗师可以引导个体通过练习正念冥想、感恩日记等方法来增强亲和导向系统的作用,同时教授他们如何在日常生活中识别和应对威胁导向系统带来的过度警觉和焦虑。通过这样的综合方法,个体不仅能够更好地管理自己的情绪,还能提升整体的心理健康水平。
知识点扩展
- 依恋系统 在人类情感发展和心理健康中扮演着关键角色。它不仅帮助婴儿与父母建立紧密的情感联系,还为个体提供了一种安全感,使其能够探索外部世界并应对挑战。了解依恋的重要性有助于理解个体在成长过程中形成的内心模式如何影响其成年后的行为和人际关系。
- 催产素 是一种重要的神经肽,它在建立信任和亲和关系中起着重要作用。催产素不仅促进社会联系,还能减少焦虑和压力反应。通过增强催产素的作用,个体可以更好地应对社交互动中的负面情绪,并提高整体的心理福祉。
- 副交感神经系统 在维持身体的休息和消化功能方面至关重要,同时也负责产生平静和放松的感觉。通过激活副交感神经系统,个体可以在面对压力时更快地恢复平静状态。这对于管理长期的压力和焦虑尤为重要。
- 经典条件反射 可能会导致某些情境下安抚系统的激活反而引发更多的威胁感。例如,那些经历过童年创伤的人可能会在尝试接受安慰时感到不安。CFT通过逐步引导个体重新学习如何在安全和支持的环境中感受到安抚,从而克服这种负面的条件反射。
- 慈悲聚焦疗法 (CFT) 旨在通过多种技术和练习来培养个体的慈悲心。这些方法包括正念冥想、可视化练习和特定的呼吸技巧,旨在帮助个体学会自我安抚和对他人的同情。通过这些实践,个体可以逐渐建立起一种更加积极和健康的情绪调节机制。
应用
- 在应用中,治疗师可以使用诸如舒缓节奏呼吸等练习来帮助来访启动安抚系统,从而减轻焦虑和压力。通过持续的练习,个体不仅可以改善自己的情绪状态,还可以提高对他人痛苦的理解和同情能力,从而促进更和谐的人际关系和社会互动。
知识点扩展
- CFT (Compassion-Focused Therapy) 是一种心理治疗方法,它强调通过培养个人对自我和他人的同情心来改善心理健康状态。这种方法特别适合那些对自己过于苛刻或感到羞耻的人。
- ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) 则是另一种心理治疗方法,它鼓励个体接受自己的想法和感受,同时致力于实现个人价值观指导下的有意义的行为。
这两种方法虽然起源于不同的理论背景,但在实践中展现出了一定程度上的互补性。例如,通过结合CFT中的同情心培养技巧与ACT的价值导向行动策略,可以帮助人们更好地应对情绪困扰,同时朝着个人目标前进。
在实际应用中,心理治疗师可能会根据患者的具体情况灵活运用这些方法的不同元素,以达到最佳疗效。这种跨学科的整合不仅反映了现代心理学领域内对于更全面理解人类心灵的努力,也体现了向更加个性化治疗方案发展的趋势。
知识点扩展
- 慈悲聚焦疗法 (Compassion-Focused Therapy, CFT) 强调通过培养个体对自己和他人的慈悲心来改善心理健康状况。这种方法特别适用于那些对自己过于苛刻或感到羞耻的人。
- 自我同情 是一种关键的心理健康资源,它指的是当面临失败或痛苦时,个体能够给予自己理解、善意和支持的能力。自我同情与自尊不同,它鼓励人们接受自己的不足而不是简单地追求正面评价。
- 正念 和 慈悲冥想 是两种常见的训练方法,它们可以帮助个体提高其对当前经历的觉察力,同时培养对他人的慈悲态度。这些练习不仅有助于个人的情绪调节,还能促进身体健康。
在实际应用中,结合 ACT 的价值观导向行动策略与 CFT 的慈悲培养技巧,可以帮助人们更好地处理情感困扰,促进个人成长和发展。这种跨学科的方法反映了现代心理学领域内对于更加全面理解和治疗人类心灵的努力。
通过上述研究可以看出,慈悲相关的干预措施在多种情境下均显示出积极效果,这提示我们在设计心理健康项目时应考虑纳入这些元素。此外,这些发现也为未来如何整合不同的心理治疗方法提供了指导方向。
知识点扩展
- 慈悲聚焦疗法 (CFT) 不仅被证明能够有效减少个体的自我批评、羞耻感等负面情绪,还在多种心理健康状况中显示出积极效果,包括精神分裂症、人格障碍及进食障碍等。这表明CFT作为一种治疗方法具有广泛的适用性。
- 心理灵活性 是ACT的核心概念之一,它指的是个体能够在面对困难时保持开放的态度,采取有效的行动以符合个人的价值观。当结合了CFT的慈悲培养技巧后,这种灵活应对能力可能会得到进一步增强。
通过将 自我同情 作为心理灵活性的一个组成部分,Neff & Tirch (2013) 的工作展示了如何将慈悲原则融入到ACT框架内,从而为治疗提供了一种新的视角。这种方法不仅有助于提高个体处理情感困扰的能力,还促进了他们对自身经历的接受度以及对他人苦难的理解。
进化理论 在CFT和ACT的发展过程中扮演了重要角色,两者都试图从进化的角度理解人类行为模式及其背后的心理机制。这种跨学科的方法有助于深化我们对复杂心理现象的理解,并为开发更加有效的干预策略提供了依据。
随着更多研究者和实践者参与到CFT与ACT的融合工作中,未来有可能出现更多创新性的治疗方法。这样的整合不仅反映了现代心理学领域内的发展趋势,也为解决各种心理健康问题提供了更为全面和个性化的解决方案。
知识点扩展
- CFT (Compassion-Focused Therapy) 和 ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) 的结合体现了现代心理学领域内不同治疗方法之间相互借鉴的趋势。两者都强调了个体在面对困难时采取灵活应对策略的重要性,但各自侧重点有所不同:CFT侧重于通过培养慈悲心来缓解羞耻感和自我批评,而ACT则侧重于接受当前经验并致力于价值驱动的行为。
- 羞耻感 和 自我批评 是导致多种心理健康问题的重要因素。CFT通过促进个体对自己和他人的慈悲态度,帮助人们减轻这些负面情绪的影响。这种方法不仅有助于改善个体的心理状态,还能增强其社交技能和社会支持网络。
- 心理灵活性 是ACT的一个核心概念,它指的是个体能够根据情况变化调整自己的思维和行为,以便更好地适应环境。结合CFT的慈悲培养技巧,可以帮助个体更加开放地面对自身经历,从而提高其整体幸福感。
通过将 CFT 与 ACT 结合起来,临床工作者可以为患者提供一个更加全面的支持系统,既注重情感层面的关怀,也强调实际行动上的改变。这种综合方法为解决复杂心理健康问题提供了新的视角,并且有助于促进个体的整体康复。
进化理论 在理解人类行为模式及其背后的心理机制方面起到了关键作用。CFT和ACT的发展过程中均考虑到了这一点,尝试从进化的角度解释为什么某些情绪反应和行为模式会在特定情境下出现,从而为设计有效的干预策略提供了理论依据。
知识点扩展
- 进化理论 在CFT中的应用强调了人类心理机制的生物学基础,特别是大脑如何为了适应生存和繁衍的需求而进化出特定的行为模式。这种视角有助于个体理解自己的感受和行为并非完全由个人意愿控制,而是受到进化压力的影响。
- 去个性化 是CFT中的一个重要概念,它意味着帮助个体认识到自己的想法和情绪并不完全代表个人身份或价值。通过这种方式,个体能够更加客观地看待自己的内心世界,从而减少因负面情绪带来的自我批评。
- 现实检验 作为一种具体的CFT技术,旨在帮助个体认识到自身经历的普遍性和不可避免性。通过引入进化心理学的概念,个体能够更好地接受自身的局限性,进而减轻因无法控制的生活事件而产生的自责感。
- 合作案例概念化 是CFT治疗过程中的一种方法,其中治疗师与患者共同构建一个关于患者经历及其背后原因的故事。这种方法不仅促进了患者的自我理解,还增强了他们面对困难时的适应能力。
通过结合进化理论,CFT提供了一种新的框架来理解和处理人类的情感和行为。这种方法鼓励个体采取更加宽容的态度对待自己,同时也为治疗师提供了更多工具来帮助患者实现长期的心理健康改善。
知识点扩展
- 现实检验 是CFT中用于帮助个体理解和接受自身经历的一种技术。它不仅提供了关于人类共通性的深刻见解,还促进了个体对自己内心世界的同情心。
- 情感匹配 和 共情桥梁 是CFT中用来增强治疗关系和促进来访情感开放的重要技术。这些方法有助于建立信任感,使来访感到被理解和接纳。
- 通过 社会情境 的视角来看待个人发展,可以帮助个体认识到他们的行为和性格特征并非完全由个人意志决定,而是受到广泛的社会因素影响。这种认识有助于减少自我责备,并鼓励个体采取更加积极的态度对待生活中的挑战。
- 正念 和 慈悲 在CFT中被视为重要的工具,它们帮助个体更好地管理自己的情绪反应,同时促进对他人和社会的理解与连接。
- 旧脑 与 新脑 的概念强调了大脑不同部分的功能及其对情绪和行为的影响。了解这些机制有助于个体学会如何调节自己的情绪,从而改善心理健康。通过结合进化理论,CFT提供了一种全面的方法来处理复杂的情绪和行为问题,支持个体实现更健康的生活方式。
知识点扩展
- 旧脑与新脑 的概念强调了大脑不同部分的功能及其对情绪和行为的影响。旧脑负责基本的生存功能,如恐惧反应和攻击性行为,而新脑则处理复杂的认知任务,如抽象思维和计划未来。了解这两种脑功能有助于个体更好地管理自己的情绪和行为。
- 进化心理学 是CFT的重要组成部分,它帮助个体认识到许多情绪和行为模式并非个人选择的结果,而是长期进化过程中形成的基本机制。这种认识有助于减少自我责备,促进对自己和他人的同情心。
- 情绪调节 在CFT中占据核心位置。通过理解和接受情绪的自然属性,个体可以学习更有效地管理它们,从而提高生活质量。这包括识别触发情绪的因素、学会以健康的方式表达情绪以及培养积极的情绪体验。
- 认知能力 虽然给人类带来了巨大的优势,如创新和技术进步,但也可能导致过度担忧和心理压力。CFT鼓励个体认识到这一点,并通过正念练习等方法来减轻由此产生的负面影响。
- 社会环境 对个体的发展有着深远的影响。CFT强调了社会支持和良好人际关系的重要性,这些因素不仅影响着个体的心理健康,还影响着其整体幸福感。通过加强社交技能和建立积极的社会网络,个体可以更好地应对生活中的挑战。
- 比喻和实例 是CFT中常用的教育工具,它们帮助个体以直观易懂的方式理解复杂的心理概念。通过这种方式,个体不仅能够更好地理解自己,还能学会如何应用这些知识来改善日常生活。
知识点扩展
- 情绪调节 是CFT的核心组成部分之一,它关注于帮助个体理解和管理自己的情绪反应。通过识别不同的情绪系统及其功能,个体能够更好地认识自己在不同情境下的情绪状态,并采取适当的策略来应对。
- 进化视角 在CFT中扮演着至关重要的角色,因为它帮助个体理解情绪不仅仅是个人经历的结果,而是长期进化过程中形成的适应机制。这种理解有助于减少对负面情绪的自我指责,促进更健康的情绪处理方式。
- 激励/资源导向系统 与积极的情绪体验紧密相关,如快乐、兴奋等。这些情绪不仅让人感到愉悦,还促使人们去追求目标、解决问题和享受生活。了解这一系统的工作原理可以帮助个体利用积极情绪来提升生活质量。
- 情绪体验的多维度 表明情绪不仅仅是一种单纯的感觉,它还会对思维、行为和生理状态产生广泛的影响。例如,在面对巨大财富时,除了激动和高兴外,还可能伴随着焦虑、不安甚至是失眠。这提示我们在进行情绪调节时需要考虑其全面的影响。
- 多巴胺系统 与奖赏和快感密切相关,是激励/资源导向系统的关键组成部分。当个体追求目标或体验到成功时,多巴胺水平会上升,带来愉悦感和动力。了解这一点有助于个体通过设定合理的目标和庆祝小成就来提高幸福感。
- 实际应用 中,CFT治疗师会教导个体如何识别和利用不同的情绪系统,以便在日常生活中做出更有益的选择。例如,通过练习感恩日记记录每天的小成就,可以激活激励/资源导向系统,从而提升整体的心理健康水平。
知识点扩展
- 威胁导向系统 是一种高度敏感的情绪调节系统,它帮助个体快速识别和应对潜在的威胁。这种系统在进化过程中发展出来,以确保个体能够迅速采取行动保护自己。理解这一系统有助于个体认识到自己的某些强烈情绪反应可能是自然的生存机制,从而减少对自己情绪的负面评价。
- 非渴求/亲和导向系统 提供了一种平衡,使个体能够在没有威胁的情况下体验到平静、安全和连接。这种系统强调了人际关系和社会支持在促进心理健康中的重要性。通过理解和利用这一系统,个体可以学会如何通过建立积极的人际关系来提高自己的幸福感。
- 催产素和阿片类系统 在亲和导向系统中起着关键作用,它们与亲密关系和社交互动有关。催产素通常被称为“爱情荷尔蒙”,因为它能促进信任、亲密和纽带的形成。了解这些生理机制可以帮助个体更好地理解人际互动如何影响情绪和行为。
- 情境的重要性 强调了外部环境和内部心理状态对情绪调节的影响。不同的情境可以激活不同的情绪系统,从而导致不同的行为反应。通过意识到这一点,个体可以更有意识地选择适合当前情境的情绪调节策略。
- 正念和同情 的实践可以帮助个体更好地管理情绪,特别是在面对压力和挑战时。通过培养正念意识,个体可以更加客观地观察自己的情绪,而不被情绪所控制;通过激发同情心,个体可以更好地理解和接纳自己及他人的感受,从而促进更健康的人际关系和社会互动。
- 应用 中,治疗师可以引导个体通过练习正念冥想、感恩日记等方法来增强亲和导向系统的作用,同时教授他们如何在日常生活中识别和应对威胁导向系统带来的过度警觉和焦虑。通过这样的综合方法,个体不仅能够更好地管理自己的情绪,还能提升整体的心理健康水平。
知识点扩展
- 依恋系统 在人类情感发展和心理健康中扮演着关键角色。它不仅帮助婴儿与父母建立紧密的情感联系,还为个体提供了一种安全感,使其能够探索外部世界并应对挑战。了解依恋的重要性有助于理解个体在成长过程中形成的内心模式如何影响其成年后的行为和人际关系。
- 催产素 是一种重要的神经肽,它在建立信任和亲和关系中起着重要作用。催产素不仅促进社会联系,还能减少焦虑和压力反应。通过增强催产素的作用,个体可以更好地应对社交互动中的负面情绪,并提高整体的心理福祉。
- 副交感神经系统 在维持身体的休息和消化功能方面至关重要,同时也负责产生平静和放松的感觉。通过激活副交感神经系统,个体可以在面对压力时更快地恢复平静状态。这对于管理长期的压力和焦虑尤为重要。
- 经典条件反射 可能会导致某些情境下安抚系统的激活反而引发更多的威胁感。例如,那些经历过童年创伤的人可能会在尝试接受安慰时感到不安。CFT通过逐步引导个体重新学习如何在安全和支持的环境中感受到安抚,从而克服这种负面的条件反射。
- 慈悲聚焦疗法 (CFT) 旨在通过多种技术和练习来培养个体的慈悲心。这些方法包括正念冥想、可视化练习和特定的呼吸技巧,旨在帮助个体学会自我安抚和对他人的同情。通过这些实践,个体可以逐渐建立起一种更加积极和健康的情绪调节机制。
应用
- 在应用中,治疗师可以使用诸如舒缓节奏呼吸等练习来帮助来访启动安抚系统,从而减轻焦虑和压力。通过持续的练习,个体不仅可以改善自己的情绪状态,还可以提高对他人痛苦的理解和同情能力,从而促进更和谐的人际关系和社会互动。
知识点扩展
- 自我和解 是指个体在心理治疗过程中,通过理解和接纳自己过去的经历、情感和行为,达到内心的和谐与平衡。自我同情是实现这一和解的重要途径,它帮助个体以更宽容和理解的态度对待自己。
- 自我同情 涉及三个核心组成部分:自我善良(self-kindness)、共同人性(common humanity)和正念(mindfulness)。自我善良意味着对自己怀有善意,而不是严厉批评;共同人性是指认识到每个人都会遇到困难和挑战,这是人类共有的经验;正念则是以非评判的方式观察自己的思想和感受。
- 文化因素 对个体的自我认知和情感体验有着深远的影响。许多文化倾向于贬低弱点和负面经历,这可能导致个体难以接受自己的不足和负面情绪。因此,在治疗过程中,识别和处理这些文化影响尤为重要。
- 评判性思维 会导致个体对自己的负面评价和自我攻击。通过培养自我同情,个体可以学会以更温和和理解的方式看待自己,从而减少自我批评和羞耻感。
- 心理障碍 从学习理论的角度来看,个体可能由于早期经历中的条件反射而形成了自我批评的习惯。通过了解这些学习过程,治疗师可以设计特定的干预措施,帮助个体打破这些负面模式,建立更健康的自我关系。
应用
- 在应用中,治疗师可以通过引导来访进行自我同情练习,如书写练习、冥想和对话练习,帮助他们逐步建立自我同情的能力。这些练习不仅有助于改善个体的情绪状态,还能增强他们的心理韧性,提高应对生活挑战的能力。此外,治疗师还可以通过教育来访关于自我同情的重要性,帮助他们转变对自身负面经历的看法,从而促进更深层次的自我和解。
知识点扩展
- 自我和解 是指个体通过理解和接纳自己所有的经历和情感,达到内心的和谐与平衡。这种和解不是消除痛苦,而是学会以一种新的、更宽容的态度面对它。
- 同情心 在自我和解的过程中扮演着关键角色。通过培养自我同情,个体可以学会对自己怀有善意,而不是持续的批评和自我攻击。这种态度有助于减少内疚感和羞耻感,增强内在的支持和力量。
- 心理标签 有时可能限制个体对自己的看法。通过意识到这些标签的局限性,个体可以超越诊断带来的束缚,看到自己作为一个完整的人,拥有各种复杂的情感和经历。
- 行为改变 往往伴随着内心态度的转变。当个体学会了以更健康的方式对待自己时,他们更有可能采取积极的行为,如改变职业、改善生活习惯等。
- 正念 和接受是自我和解的重要组成部分。通过正念练习,个体可以更好地观察自己的思想和感受,而不被它们所控制。这种觉察有助于建立一种更健康的心理状态。
应用
- 在应用中,治疗师可以通过引导来访进行自我同情练习,如书写练习、冥想和对话练习,帮助他们逐步建立自我同情的能力。这些练习不仅有助于改善个体的情绪状态,还能增强他们的心理韧性,提高应对生活挑战的能力。此外,通过教育来访关于自我同情的重要性,治疗师可以帮助他们转变对自身负面经历的看法,从而促进更深层次的自我和解。
知识点扩展
- 自我同情 是指个体以善意、理解和接纳的态度对待自己,尤其是在面对困难和痛苦时。卡尔的故事展示了即使没有专门的同情训练,个体也可以通过实践某些技能来培养自我同情。
- 融合与自我概念 在ACT中,融合是指个体将自己的身份完全等同于某种想法、感受或标签。例如,一个长期被贴上“失败者”标签的人可能会将这个标签视为自己的真实身份,从而产生自我憎恨和羞耻感。
- 衍生关系反应 指的是个体如何通过语言和符号系统建立复杂的心理关联。这些关联可以增强负面的自我概念,使个体难以摆脱自我批评和羞耻感。
- 自我概念的灵活性 为了打破负面自我概念的束缚,治疗师可以帮助来访发展一种更灵活的自我意识,认识到自我不仅仅是单一的标签或角色,而是多方面的、变化的实体。
应用
- 在应用中,治疗师可以通过以下方式帮助来访培养自我同情:
- 观察者视角:引导来访从旁观者的角度观察自己的思想和感受,减少情绪的直接冲击。
- 价值导向:鼓励来访关注自己的核心价值观,而不是具体的目标,这样可以更加灵活地应对生活中的挑战。
- 接纳练习:教导来访以善意接纳无法改变的经历,学会与痛苦共处,而不是逃避或否认。
- 正念练习:通过正念冥想等技术,帮助来访提高对当前体验的觉察,减少自动化的负面思维模式。
- 情感调节:教授来访有效的情感调节技巧,如深呼吸、放松练习等,以缓解情绪压力。
- 通过这些方法,治疗师可以帮助来访逐步建立自我同情,从而改善心理健康,提高生活质量。
知识点扩展
- 自我概念的发展:自我概念主要是在与照顾者和依恋对象的互动中形成的。语言能力的发展促进了自我意识的形成,使个体能够用语言表达自己的内在体验。
- 言语行为的功能:从功能语境角度来看,自我是一个言语行为的功能。这意味着自我意识是通过语言交流和互动逐渐构建起来的。
- 多实例训练:多实例训练是指通过多次不同情境下的强化,使个体能够泛化特定行为。这种训练对于儿童学习如何识别和命名内心体验非常重要。
- 社会互动的影响:社会互动在个体学习如何理解和表达内心体验方面起着关键作用。照顾者的反馈和支持对于儿童建立健康的自我概念至关重要。
- 内心体验的命名:由于照顾者无法直接观察到孩子的内在状态,因此需要通过观察孩子的外在行为来进行猜测。这种间接性使得内心体验的命名往往不如对外界事物的描述那么精确。
- 不利的学习环境:如果照顾者处于压力或其他负面状态下,他们可能无法提供适当的反馈,导致儿童难以准确地识别和表达自己的内心体验。长期下来,这可能导致儿童对内心体验的恐惧、否认或评判。
临床应用
- 在临床应用中,治疗师可以通过以下方式帮助来访:
- 增强自我觉察:通过各种技术,如正念冥想,帮助来访更好地认识和接纳自己的内心体验。
- 情感教育:教授来访如何识别和表达自己的情绪,增加情感词汇量。
- 建立信任关系:通过建立安全的治疗关系,让来访感到被理解和支持,从而更愿意探索和表达内心世界。
- 纠正错误信念:帮助来访识别和修正那些不利于自我接纳的错误信念,培养积极的自我形象。
- 情感调节技巧:教授来访有效的情感调节策略,如深呼吸、放松练习等,以应对强烈的情绪体验。
知识点扩展
- 依恋理论:依恋理论是由约翰·鲍尔比(John Bowlby)提出的,描述了儿童与其主要照顾者之间的情感纽带。依恋风格(安全型、回避型、恐惧型、混乱型)会影响个体成年后的人际关系模式。
- 自我同情:自我同情是指以善意、理解和宽容的态度对待自己,尤其是在面对困难和失败时。它不同于自怜或自我放纵,而是基于对共同人性的认识,承认每个人都有脆弱和不完美的一面。
- 认知融合:认知融合是指个体将自己的身份完全等同于某种想法、感受或标签。这种融合会导致自我批评和自我憎恨,因为它使个体难以客观看待自己的经历。
- 言语过程:言语过程不仅包括语言本身,还包括语言使用中的社会互动和文化背景。这些过程会影响个体如何看待自己和他人,以及如何处理情绪和挑战。
- 治疗关系:治疗关系是一种特殊的信任关系,它为来访提供了一个安全的空间,让他们能够探索和表达内心世界。治疗师通过提供支持、理解和新的视角,帮助来访发展出更健康的自我观念和应对策略。
临床应用
- 识别和改变依恋模式:通过心理治疗,特别是依恋导向疗法,帮助来访识别其依恋模式,并逐渐建立更安全的依恋关系。
- 培养自我同情:通过正念练习、慈悲冥想等技术,帮助来访学会以更宽容的态度对待自己。
- 减少认知融合:通过认知解构技巧,帮助来访认识到自己的想法和感受并不等于事实,从而减少自我批评。
- 增强言语灵活性:通过语言训练和角色扮演等方法,提高来访在不同情境下表达和处理情绪的能力。
- 建立积极的自我对话:引导来访用积极和支持性的语言替换消极和批判性的自我对话,以促进内心的和谐与成长。
知识点扩展
自我同情与自尊的区别:
- 自尊:通常指个体对自己的价值和能力的总体评价。高自尊意味着个体认为自己是有价值的,而低自尊则意味着个体认为自己缺乏价值。
- 自我同情:是指以善意、理解和宽容的态度对待自己,尤其是在面对困难和失败时。它强调的是对共同人性的认识,承认每个人都有脆弱和不完美的一面。
ACT中的自我概念:
- 在ACT中,问题不在于自我概念的具体内容,而在于个体与其自我概念的过度融合。这种融合会导致自我批评和自我憎恨,因为它使个体难以客观看待自己的经历。
- ACT强调通过解构、接纳和观察者视角等技术来减少这种融合,从而培养自我同情。
治疗关系的重要性:
- 治疗关系是心理治疗成功的关键因素之一。一个基于接纳、善意和同情的治疗关系可以为来访提供一个安全和支持的环境,让他们能够探索和表达内心世界。
- 功能性分析疗法(Functional Analytic Therapy, F.A.T.)特别强调治疗关系的建设,将其视为治疗过程中的核心部分。通过这种关系,治疗师可以帮助来访学会如何在现实生活中建立和维持健康的人际关系。
临床应用:
- 解构技术:通过正念练习和认知解构技巧,帮助来访认识到自己的想法和感受并不等于事实,从而减少自我批评。
- 接纳技术:通过正念冥想和其他接纳技术,帮助来访学会以非评判的态度接受自己的痛苦和负面情绪。
- 观察者视角:引导来访从旁观者的角度看待自己的经历,从而减少情绪的直接冲击,并培养更加灵活的自我观念。
- 建立治疗关系:通过建立基于接纳和同情的治疗关系,为来访提供一个安全的空间,让他们能够探索和表达内心世界。
- 行为工具:利用功能性分析疗法的行为工具,如强化和惩罚技术,帮助来访在治疗关系中学习新的行为模式,并逐步推广到日常生活中。
知识点扩展
治疗师技能集:
- 自我同情:治疗师自身也需要练习自我同情,尤其是在面对自身的挣扎、自我评判和羞耻时。这种自我同情的态度有助于治疗师更好地理解和支持来访。
- 直接经验工作:通过实际操作和体验,治疗师可以更深入地理解和掌握所需的技能。这包括参加专业培训、参与监督和同行咨询小组等。
- 正念和慈悲练习:治疗师可以通过日常的正念练习和慈悲练习来培养自己的心理灵活性和同情心,从而更好地帮助来访。
工作理由:
- 正念:强调在当下时刻的关注,这是训练和学习新技能的重要基础。
- 治疗关系:治疗关系是一个可以展现和处理来访常见困难的情境,为当下工作提供了宝贵的机会。
- 临床相关行为:在治疗过程中识别和处理临床相关行为,这些行为反映了来访在日常生活中的行为模式。
功能语境视角下的同情:
- 心理灵活性:指的是在面对内心障碍时仍能追求重要目标的能力。这可以通过比喻和工具(如ACT矩阵)来解释和教授。
- ACT矩阵:这是一种视觉工具,帮助个体区分自己的经历和行动,从而更好地理解自己的心理过程,并促进心理灵活性的发展。
临床应用:
- 培养治疗师的自我同情:通过正念练习、慈悲冥想和其他自我关怀技术,帮助治疗师建立自我同情的习惯。
- 强化治疗关系:通过建立基于接纳和同情的治疗关系,为来访提供一个安全和支持的环境,让他们能够探索和表达内心世界。
- 使用ACT矩阵:利用ACT矩阵来帮助来访识别和处理他们的内心障碍,从而促进心理灵活性和自我同情的发展。
- 直接经验工作:鼓励治疗师通过实际操作和体验来提升自己的技能,同时帮助来访在实际情境中应用所学的技巧。
知识点扩展
ACT矩阵的作用:
- 可视化工具:ACT矩阵提供了一个直观的框架,帮助来访和治疗师理解并分类不同的行为和体验。
- 心理灵活性:通过识别和区分靠近(toward)和远离(away)的行为,来访可以更好地理解自己的行为模式,并朝着更符合价值观的方向努力。
- 自我观察:矩阵鼓励来访从观察者的角度看待自己的行为和体验,从而减少认知融合,提高心理灵活性。
外部体验 vs. 内部体验:
- 外部体验:指通过五感感知到的外部世界,如与家人朋友的互动、工作、娱乐等。
- 内部体验:指发生在皮肤之内的体验,如情绪、想法、身体感觉和记忆等。
靠近 vs. 远离行为:
- 靠近行为:指那些有助于实现个人价值观的行为,如与家人共度时光、锻炼等。
- 远离行为:指那些用于逃避或应对不愉快内在体验的行为,如饮酒、看电视、购物等。
临床应用:
- 识别价值观:通过ACT矩阵,帮助来访明确自己的价值观,并认识到哪些行为是真正重要的。
- 识别障碍:帮助来访识别阻碍他们实现价值观的内外部障碍。
- 行为分析:通过矩阵,分析来访的行为模式,识别哪些行为是靠近行为,哪些是远离行为。
- 制定行动计划:基于矩阵的分析结果,制定具体的行动计划,帮助来访更多地从事靠近行为,减少远离行为。
- 增强自我观察:引导来访从观察者的角度看待自己的行为和体验,促进自我接纳和心理灵活性。
通过这些方法,治疗师可以帮助来访更好地理解自己的行为模式,识别并克服障碍,从而更加一致地朝着自己的价值观前进。这不仅有助于改善心理健康,还能提高生活质量。
知识点扩展
ACT矩阵的作用:
- 可视化工具:ACT矩阵提供了一个直观的框架,帮助来访和治疗师理解并分类不同的行为和体验。
- 心理灵活性:通过识别和区分靠近(toward)和远离(away)的行为,来访可以更好地理解自己的行为模式,并朝着更符合价值观的方向努力。
- 自我观察:矩阵鼓励来访从观察者的角度看待自己的行为和体验,从而减少认知融合,提高心理灵活性。
功能导向 vs. 内容导向:
- 功能导向:关注行为、想法、情绪和记忆在特定情境中的实际效果。这种方法强调行为的功能,而不是内容本身。
- 内容导向:关注想法、情绪等的具体内容,试图直接改变这些内容以达到治疗目的。
功能导向的应用:
- 识别功能:通过询问来访特定内在体验后的行为及其是否有助于接近有价值的目标,帮助来访理解行为的功能。
- 避免内容陷阱:通过功能导向,避免陷入内在体验的内容,而是关注行为的效果和可操作性。
- 解构和接纳:当识别出特定内在体验的不可行功能时,使用解构和接纳策略,帮助来访改变言语环境,增强行为的可操作性。
自我同情与自我认可:
- 自我同情:包括无条件地认可自己的厌恶体验和感受,开放自己去接受全部的体验,并认识到这些体验的有效性。
- 自我认可:深刻理解和承认内在体验,特别是情感体验。这是一项需要培养的技能,即使对于临床医生来说也可能是挑战。
临床应用:
- 设置吸引性情境:通过ACT矩阵,帮助来访明确自己的价值观,并创造一个以接近价值观为导向的情境。
- 功能导向提问:通过功能性问题,引导来访理解行为的实际效果,而不是仅仅关注内在体验的内容。
- 解构和接纳技术:当来访识别出某些内在体验的功能不可行时,使用解构和接纳技术帮助他们改变言语环境。
- 自我同情训练:教授来访如何无条件地认可自己的厌恶体验和感受,培养自我同情的态度。
知识点扩展
挣扎的功能分析:
- 短期 vs. 长期效果:分析来访远离行为在短期和长期的效果,帮助他们认识到这些行为虽然短期内可能有效,但长期来看可能带来负面影响。
- 价值导向:通过探讨远离行为是否有助于接近价值观,帮助来访重新聚焦于他们真正重视的事物。
- 双重功能:某些行为可以根据情境既被视为远离行为,也可被视为靠近行为。理解这一点有助于来访调整自己的行为模式,使其更符合价值观。
创造性绝望:
- 定义:指通过分析来访的挣扎方式,帮助他们认识到远离行为的局限性和潜在的负面结果。
- 目的:让来访意识到自己当前的行为模式可能导致他们感到被困住,从而激发改变的动力。
解构与自我同情:
- 自我融合:当来访将负面自我概念视为真实时,容易陷入自我批评和自我否定。
- 解构技术:通过将心智视为一个评估工具,而不是绝对的真实来源,帮助来访与其负面自我概念保持一定距离。
- 自我同情:解构技术有助于减少自我融合,从而促进自我同情的发展,使来访能够更宽容地对待自己的经历和感受。
临床应用:
- 功能分析:引导来访反思其远离行为的效果,特别是长期效果,帮助他们认识到这些行为的局限性。
- 价值澄清:通过讨论来访的价值观,帮助他们识别哪些行为是真正有助于实现这些价值观的。
- 解构练习:通过各种练习和技术,帮助来访学会与其负面自我概念保持距离,从而减少自我批评。
- 行为转换:鼓励来访将原本受厌恶控制的行为转变为受价值观吸引控制的行为,从而提高行为的可操作性和生活质量。
通过这些方法,治疗师不仅可以帮助来访更好地理解自己的行为模式,还能帮助他们逐步改变这些模式,从而更一致地朝着自己的价值观前进。同时,通过解构和自我同情的训练,来访可以学会更健康地处理内心的困扰,提高整体的心理健康水平。
知识点进一步阐述
自我融合与解构:
- 自我融合:当来访将负面自我概念视为真实且不可改变的事实时,他们会陷入一种心理状态,这种状态限制了他们的行为选择。例如,如果来访认为自己是一个失败者,他们可能会避免尝试新事物或挑战现状,因为他们相信自己注定会失败。
- 解构技术:治疗师通过揭示负面自我概念的实际功能,帮助来访看到这些概念是如何阻碍他们实现目标的。在这个例子中,治疗师指出“我是个失败者”这个念头实际上是在阻止来访进行新的尝试,而不是反映真实的自我价值。
功能性分析:
- 识别功能:通过功能性分析,治疗师帮助来访理解负面自我概念在特定情境中的实际作用。例如,来访可能发现,当他们认为自己是失败者时,这种想法实际上是在让他们保持现状,而不是推动他们前进。
- 提供替代行为:一旦来访意识到负面自我概念的功能,治疗师就可以引导他们探索更加积极和建设性的行为模式。例如,来访可以学习在面对挑战时给予自己鼓励和支持,而不是自我批评。
增强自我同情:
- 自我鼓励:治疗师鼓励来访在面对负面自我评判时,给予自己更多的鼓励和支持。这有助于来访建立更加积极的自我形象,并提高他们的自尊心。
- 行为改变:通过具体的练习和行为实验,来访可以逐步改变他们的自我对话模式。例如,每当来访发现自己陷入负面自我评判时,他们可以尝试对自己说一些鼓励的话,逐渐形成新的习惯。
临床应用:
- 早期干预:在治疗初期就关注来访的负面自我评价,可以帮助来访更快地识别和处理这些问题,从而加速治疗进程。
- 对话技巧:通过有效的对话技巧,治疗师可以引导来访反思自我评判的有效性,并探讨更健康的行为模式。这包括使用开放式问题和积极倾听等技巧。
- 行为实验:设计具体的行为实验,让来访在现实生活中实践新的应对策略。例如,来访可以在遇到挫折时尝试给自己写一封鼓励信,或者在镜子前对自己说一些积极的话。
- 持续支持:在整个治疗过程中,治疗师应持续提供支持和反馈,帮助来访巩固新的行为模式。这可以通过定期的随访和评估来实现,确保来访在治疗结束后也能继续维持积极的变化。
通过这些方法,治疗师不仅能够帮助来访摆脱负面自我概念的束缚,还能够促进他们发展出更加积极和健康的自我对话,从而提高整体的心理健康水平和生活质量。
知识点进一步阐述
自我责备与同情:
- 自我责备:当面对内心的痛苦或负面情绪时,许多人会自动进入自我责备的模式,这可能导致更多的痛苦和无助感。
- 同情:培养一种更加同情的态度,即像母猫对待小猫那样,能够温柔地接纳和抚慰内心的痛苦,而不是批评或排斥。
辨别不同的应对模式:
- 默认模式:自我责备和严厉的态度往往成为默认模式,这源于早期的生活经验和环境影响。
- 同情模式:通过练习,来访可以学会用更加同情和关爱的方式对待自己的内在体验,从而减少痛苦和促进心理恢复。
模仿与学习:
- 早期经验:我们在成长过程中通过观察身边重要人物(如父母)如何处理痛苦来学习如何应对自己的痛苦。
- 非安抚性行为:如果这些重要人物在我们痛苦时表现出来的行为是非安抚性的,我们也可能内化这些行为模式。
临床应用:
- 识别依恋对象:鼓励来访识别那些可能教给他们非安抚性行为的依恋对象,这有助于理解他们当前的行为模式。
- 分享经验:治疗师可以通过分享个人经验来示范如何处理这些非安抚性行为,帮助来访感到被理解和接纳。
- 逐步练习:通过逐步的练习,来访可以学会如何在内心痛苦出现时,采用更加同情和关爱的方式来对待自己。
- 验证感受:治疗师应验证来访的感受,认可他们的痛苦体验,帮助他们感受到被理解和支持。
通过这样的练习和方法,治疗师可以帮助来访打破自我责备的循环,培养更加同情和关爱的自我对话,从而提高心理健康水平和生活质量。
知识点进一步阐述
自我评判与同情:
- 自我评判:当面对内心的痛苦或负面情绪时,许多人会自动进入自我评判的模式,这可能导致更多的痛苦和无助感。例如,Ted在面对自己的失败和愤怒时,首先选择了自我羞辱和指责。
- 同情:培养一种更加同情的态度,即像母猫对待小猫那样,能够温柔地接纳和抚慰内心的痛苦,而不是批评或排斥。Ted在意识到自己的行为后,尝试用母猫的方式去对待自己,这有助于减少自我攻击。
辨别不同的应对模式:
- 默认模式:自我评判和严厉的态度往往成为默认模式,这源于早期的生活经验和环境影响。Ted的第一反应是推开和羞辱,这可能是他从父母那里学到的一种应对模式。
- 同情模式:通过练习,来访可以学会用更加同情和关爱的方式对待自己的内在体验,从而减少痛苦和促进心理恢复。Ted在意识到母猫的形象后,能够以更加善良的态度对待自己。
模仿与学习:
- 早期经验:我们在成长过程中通过观察身边重要人物(如父母)如何处理痛苦来学习如何应对自己的痛苦。Ted在面对自己的痛苦时,几乎听到了母亲的声音,这说明他的自我评判模式可能源自童年时期的经验。
- 非安抚性行为:如果这些重要人物在我们痛苦时表现出来的行为是非安抚性的,我们也可能内化这些行为模式。Ted的母亲可能在他痛苦时采取了严厉的态度,导致他现在也对自己采取类似的态度。
临床应用:
- 识别依恋对象:鼓励来访识别那些可能教给他们非安抚性行为的依恋对象,这有助于理解他们当前的行为模式。Ted在对话中认识到母亲的声音对自己的影响。
- 分享经验:治疗师可以通过分享个人经验来示范如何处理这些非安抚性行为,帮助来访感到被理解和接纳。治疗师在这里提供了母猫的比喻,帮助Ted找到一种新的应对方式。
- 逐步练习:通过逐步的练习,来访可以学会如何在内心痛苦出现时,采用更加同情和关爱的方式来对待自己。Ted在意识到母猫的形象后,开始尝试用更加善良的态度对待自己。
- 验证感受:治疗师应验证来访的感受,认可他们的痛苦体验,帮助他们感受到被理解和支持。治疗师表达了对Ted的感受的理解,并承诺会一直支持他。
通过这样的练习和方法,治疗师可以帮助来访打破自我评判的循环,培养更加同情和关爱的自我对话,从而提高心理健康水平和生活质量。此外,这种练习还强调了治疗过程中持续的支持和引导的重要性,帮助来访在面对困难时能够更好地应对。
4 Training Self-Compassion in Clinical Practice Regardless of their theoretical approach, clinicians often notice that successful therapy leads to a profound sense of self-reconciliation. We believe that compas- sion for oneself and one’s inevitable failings, past, present, and future, is a key element in such self-reconciliation. Pierre Cousineau, a clinician friend of ours, likes to say that if he could give his clients only one skill, he would give them the skill to be self-compassionate. Unfortunately, our evaluative and comparing minds make it so easy to fear or hate our selves, histories, thought patterns, emotions, behaviors, and the self-concepts that inevitably come to filter our experience and seemingly limit our options.
Yet when we are at war with ourselves or some part of ourselves, what could a victory possibly look like? Who would win and who would lose? What would become of the loser, and what would be left of the winner?
From a compassionate perspective, nothing is to be gained by prosecuting a war against those parts of our experience or ourselves that evoke discomfort and stubbornly resist our attempts at change. It’s only natural to dislike aversive experiences such as fear, sadness, or self-doubt. From there, it is only a very short distance to hating them and the vessel that contains them. Then comes hatred for the kind of person who feels or does such things; in other words, oneself.
Our culture disparages weakness and negative experience and makes this dislike abundantly clear in myriad ways—including, quite often, through our early caregivers. As we learn how to relate to our private world from our early caregivers, we may adopt a hostile, dismissive, avoidant, or invalidating attitude toward difficult inner experiences, perhaps based on the assumption that we are supposed to think rationally and feel good, supposed to be confident and opti- mistic. We may believe we are expected to “just do it” regardless of inner obsta- cles. These messages are pervasive to the point where it can feel unsafe to publicly show any sign of weakness.
When the evaluative mind enters the fray, these social processes become highly potentiated and the war against inner experience starts in earnest. If only we felt differently, if only we could see the good side of things, if only we’d had a different history; if only we had a less negative vision of ourselves, more self-esteem, less self-doubt, more of this, less of that…then we would finally be complete and whole. Verbal processes trap us in endless evaluative frames from which we nearly always emerge at fault.
In this context, training self-compassion can be seen as the overarching goal in therapy. If we all had the skill and courage to make space for our own suffer- ing and be kind to that part of ourselves that stumbles and sometimes falls, change would become so much easier. Through self-compassion, mistakes cease to present us occasions to berate ourselves, shame dissipates, and we become our own best friend, coach, or ally, providing ourselves with whatever support we need to make it through and move toward what really matters to us. This chapter explores the clinically relevant processes that make us hate ourselves, the forms they can take, and the functions they can serve. It then outlines a number of key skills that can assist clinicians in training self- compassion and briefly discusses psychological barriers to self-compassion from a learning theory perspective. Then, through the lens of our clinical practice, we’ll explore the elements of the deep reconciliation that can arise from self- compassion and offer some clinical approaches that may be helpful in getting clients to engage in this process.
The Ultimate Frontier in Self-Reconciliation When therapy works at a deep level, it brings clients to a place of profound rec- onciliation. In that place, the past has not been erased, nor has pain disap- peared, yet clients’ resonance and relationship with the self are transformed. Of course, personal flaws, pain from past history, judgments of the evaluative mind, and scary emotions do not disappear, though they often become less intense. They still play out on the stage of our private personal experience; however, instead of igniting an inner war, they can now lead to a kind inclination of the heart and a softness born of taking the full measure of the struggle and its costs. Clients develop a new sense that they are able to speak to themselves in the way they need to be spoken to in order to provide the support that will allow them to move toward what is important in this difficult and beautiful life.
In our clinical experience, one characteristic common to clients who have effected deep and lasting change in their behavior is a sense of having made peace with the parts of their experience and past that they had been warring against or fearful of. Their problems have in no way been magically solved, and they will assuredly know suffering again. Yet they seem to approach their entire selves with a new sense of kindness and reconciliation. At this point, names and tags fall away, and it is not uncommon for clients to even wonder about the diagnostic labels that have been applied to them, as they have come to see more broadly that suffering is an integral part of the human experience—one that informs what is centrally important to us and can be held with the same kind- ness and willingness as our deepest values. What, then, would be the sense in trying to not have suffering, to dismiss it, avoid it, or somehow invalidate it?
Clinical Example: Holding Yourself in Kindness Below is a dialogue with Carl, who has come to the end of a twelve-session course of ACT. When Carl started ACT, he was forty-two and came with a twenty-year history of therapy, sometimes in inpatient facilities. He had at various times been diagnosed with depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). From his point of view, his main difficulties were anxiety and a lack of self-esteem. After ten weekly ses- sions, he took a break from therapy and came back three months later, then once again three months after that. Below is an extract from that twelfth session. For the past six months, he’s been gradually improving.
Therapist: So, how do you feel about our work? What has changed? Client: ell, it’s strange to say, but the main thing for me is how I’ve stopped W being so hard on myself. Therapist: How so? Client: I used to constantly judge myself and feel ashamed because of my anxiety. Then I would judge myself for making lists, seeking reassur- ance, and doing my rituals. Of course, I would judge myself for having OCD, depression, and—what do they call it again? DAG, AGD, GAD? Who cares about these labels anyway? Then, after we started our work together, I would judge myself for judging myself! I basically used to hate the Carl that did all this. Therapist: Ouch! Client: Yeah. Well, I wanted to be someone else, someone better, someone without anxiety. Now I see that I was at war with a part of myself. How could I win against myself? Now what’s important to me is to move in directions I care about. Of course I’ll stumble and even fall. And that will be hard. But it’s okay, because when I fall, I now know not to treat myself so harshly. Everybody stumbles sometimes, right? So yeah, I’d say the main change is I’ve made my peace with myself. Three years later the therapist met with Carl again. He’d made the choice to end his relationship of ten years with his partner. Most importantly to him, he’d changed jobs, moving out of banking and into providing support to teenag- ers who were struggling in school. He’d also stopped smoking and started exer- cising. The job change was tough and money was tighter, but he loved his new job, working in a school and helping troubled kids, and he was good at it. The dialogue below is from that follow-up session. Therapist: How did you manage to make these difficult changes? Client: Becoming kinder to myself allowed me to follow my heart, even though I knew it would be difficult and scary at times. Therapist: And was it? Client: ( Laughs.) Oh yes! But nowhere near as bad as the stories my mind used to sell me! What I do now is just proceed, knowing it may be hard. And when it is, I give myself gentle encouragement. I guess I speak to myself a bit like I wish I’d been spoken to as a kid—and, come to think of it, a bit like I speak to those kids I work with. We contacted Carl again as we were writing this chapter. It has been six years since he was last in therapy. He has a new partner, and they’re in the process of buying a house together. He still loves his job helping teenagers. On the occasions when he feels down, he goes back to the observer perspective and practices receiving his distress with kindness. There is no question that he is finally leading a rich and meaningful life. Carl’s story is evocative. It is particularly interesting to us in that, more than six years after a brief treatment that helped him get unstuck from over twenty years of struggling with obsessions, compulsions, worry, and poor self-esteem, he reports three skills as being central to maintaining the gains of treatment: an ability to take an observer perspective on his experience, choosing directions rather than rigid goals, and receiving with kindness the experiences he cannot change. In other words, though Carl does not specifically name compassion and his therapist did not engage in explicit compassion work, Carl has learned to be self-compassionate.
What Makes Us Hate Ourselves? From an ACT perspective, fusion with self-as-content can be one of the most potentially damaging processes we face. Indeed, long histories of punish- ment for a wide array of behaviors, augmented by the attendant verbal punish- ment that minds deliver, can result in people becoming fused with self-critical or self-shaming constructions their minds insist are their true selves. Clients (and if we are honest, most of us) therefore walk around with fused notions of who or what they really are, and more often than not hate or shame themselves for it. Depressed, anxious, shy, ugly, socially inept, unlovable, complicit in abuse, ne’er-do-well, coward, idiot, misfit, defective, and so on—the list is endless. But whatever particular set of epithets the vagaries of our personal history have led us to fuse with, one thing most of us share is that we intensely dislike and often criticize ourselves for whatever self-concept we hold.
Derived relational responding is the driving force in this dynamic. Most of these labels arose from painful moments in our history. Through the transfor- mation of stimulus functions that lies at the heart of relational framing—a largely involuntary process—the pain, and often shame, that these events elic- ited became attached to the memories of the events and the labels our behavior, experiences, or entire self received on those occasions. When that content is, in turn, put into a frame of equivalence with the self, then our very notion of self becomes aversive—something to move away from. This can lead to self-hatred and self-shame and take many forms, including suicidal ideation, self-harming behavior, self-chastising or self-aggrandizing talk, putting on a mask and pre- tending, ruminating, self-shaming, and dissociating.
Fusion of our sense of self with content or labels of experience is often prompted and reinforced by caregivers or peers, through statements like “Little Joe is such a shy boy,” “You asked for it!” “You’re such an idiot for not seeing this,” “You’ll never amount to anything,” “Look at this big baby crying again,” and so on. Soon enough, that other-initiated talk can turn inward and become self-sustained disparaging self-talk. Is it any wonder that deep-set self-hatred is so prevalent? Because of this dynamic, it is clinically crucial to promote a more flexible sense of self that can help clients disentangle themselves from rigid self-concepts and the limitations they impose on behavior.
Learning History and Emergence of Sense of Self As mentioned, our self-concepts are largely the products of our learning histories, especially in relation to our caregivers and attachment figures. From a functional contextual point of view, the self is a function of verbal behavior and emerges as a product of becoming a verbally competent human (Hayes, 1984; Kohlenberg & Tsai, 1991). Developmentally, the acquisition of verbal behavior goes through a number of phases. At first children learn to name objects, then subjects and actions, often as whole functional units containing all three: “Baby eats apple.” “Baby sees doggy.” “Daddy reads book.” As children grow more sophisticated in their use of language, the functional units become increasingly smaller, separating subjects from objects (baby from apple) and objects from actions (apple from eating). In normally developing children, this process is relatively straightforward as regards publicly observable objects and actions. Most children are presented with a great many opportunities to use and respond to functional verbal units and get fairly consistently reinforced for correct uses and responses. This is a form of multiple exemplar training that is ubiquitous, and a consistent history of reinforcement is a central condition for successful multiple exemplar training.
Early on, children have no more language for their inner experience than they do for the experience of their senses. And whereas learning to orient to sensory experience is necessary for physical survival, the world of inner experi- ence, as Skinner (1974) noted, only acquires significance because it is important to other members of our verbal community. In this way and through social inter- action, we learn modes of interacting with our inner experience. This is why it is so common for people to recognize their caregivers’ voices in their self-talk. How does the individual learn to recognize and name that part of the universe that only he can observe? How do we learn to name what we feel when no one can see it? Because our caregivers do not have direct access to the objects or actions involved (bodily states and sensations), a certain amount of guesswork is necessary, often based on what can be observed of the child’s behavior. This means that, even at best, our descriptions of private events can never have the precision of our descriptions of publicly observable objects or events (Skinner, 1974).
A consistent learning environment requires that caregivers devote exquisite attention to subtle cues, and that they flexibly adapt to new information avail- able from further observation. When caregivers are stressed, absent, overworked, avoidant of or overcome by emotion, or themselves the product of an inconsis- tent learning history, chances are they will not respond in ways most conducive to children learning how to recognize and name their inner experience and accept it as normal. Under these conditions, children might be told that they are angry when they are in fact hungry, that they are hungry as the clock strikes noon, that they are not (or should not) be sad when they are feeling sad, that they want ice cream when in fact their caregiver wants ice cream, and so on. Repeated such experiences during early development may lead to children having difficulties in learning to name what they feel or want with any precision and under the control of internal stimuli (i.e., what they really feel, think, or want). Instead, they may have to take cues from others to know about their “own” thoughts and feelings. Their inner experience might have received so little attention that they have no words to describe it. In many cases, they will have learned to fear, deny, or judge their inner experience rather than notice and accept it as one may notice and accept the changing weather. In extreme cases, such as when early attempts to name feelings, thoughts, and desires have been consistently or unpredictably punished, they may present with a veritable phobia of experiencing or expressing their inner experience.
The world of inner experience can thus become an unfamiliar, unstable, treacherous territory, full of darkness, threats, and defects. And that, in turn, will further feed self-hatred, shame, fear, and a sense of unrelenting inner con- flict. Clinically, clients may say that they do not know how they feel or think. They might be unable to describe inner sensations or name their emotions, perhaps only locating feelings in their heads; or they may react aversively to any attempts at helping them contact inner experience, such as through eyes-closed mindfulness exercises.
Attachment and Self-Compassion in Context How caregivers respond to a child’s instinctual bids for affiliation can also have a profound impact on affiliative behavior. Whether those bids have been consistently reinforced, ignored, punished, or responded to inconsistently (at times reinforced, at times punished or ignored) can contribute to the develop- ment of the child’s attachment patterns (Mansfield & Cordova, 2007). A history of consistent reinforcement for affiliation bids could result in a secure attach- ment style. A history in which such bids were consistently ignored may lead to an avoidant attachment style. A history in which those bids were consistently punished could produce an attachment style that’s fearful. And because few learning histories are perfectly consistent, different combinations of reinforce- ment, punishment, and ignoring could lead to a mixed attachment style with either a dominant style or, in cases where inconsistency is the norm, a disorga- nized attachment style. Because we learn our relationship with our inner expe- rience and concepts of self largely from our attachment figures, these styles could in turn be reflected in individual styles of relating to inner experience: secure and accepting, avoidant and dismissive, fearful and critical, or disorga- nized and unaware. Of these, only the first style would naturally incline the individual toward self-compassion. The others would naturally fuel different forms of self-hatred, self-shame, and inner conflict.
It thus takes a specific learning history and a deliberate verbal context and community to build an accepting and kind relationship to one’s own experience and self-concept—a relationship that consistently reinforces compassion for one’s own aversive experiences and those of other people. It makes sense that when that history is missing, a healing relationship, such as the therapeutic relationship, might provide a privileged context for building a new learning history that fosters and reinforces affiliative responding and self-compassion skills, something we’ll discuss in detail in chapter 6. In this way, the therapeutic relationship offers a setting in which a different approach to the self and one’s own experience becomes possible. This can range from helping clients learn to receive their negative self-concepts with strength, wisdom, and kindness to helping them transform a sense of self that is unstable or disorganized. Within this context, clients can also adopt a more flexible sense of self.
Verbal Processes and Self-Compassion We have discussed how the verbal community is central to learning one’s relationship to one’s own private experiences, thoughts, and emotions. Now we will briefly look at the influence of verbal processes on self-criticism and self- compassion. Understanding the verbal processes that lie at the root of self- hatred and reinforce it can help clinicians devise targeted interventions to gradually undermine self-critical behavior and foster a more compassionate approach to how hard it is to live in this world. This approach highlights the importance of being kind to oneself in order to have a chance to move toward what is important in life, even in the face of deep-seated and painful inner obstacles.
As previously noted, fusion with the content of one’s experience and verbal constructions is the process that fuels self-criticism and self-hatred. The fruit of derived relational responding and the transformation of functions, cognitive fusion is ubiquitous and constitutes the normal mode of mind. Through derived relational responding, inner experience acquires the aversive or appetitive func- tions of sensory experience. Though it is useful and at the root of our ability to think abstractly, fusion makes it highly probable that individuals will define themselves by the content of their experience. From there it is natural to evalu- ate one’s self-concept and classify it as aversive. Thus, clients will judge them- selves as bad because of what they have experienced (for example, trauma) or still experience (anxiety, sadness, fear, doubts). They may condemn their present selves for past actions. They may feel ashamed of having intrusive ego-dystonic thoughts. They may fear their inner experience and equate their feelings of emptiness with proof that they are somehow less than others.
Self-Compassion Versus Self-Esteem Whereas traditional cognitive approaches may recommend helping clients reevaluate their self-definitions more rationally, from an ACT perspective the problem with self-hatred does not arise from the content of one’s self-concept, which would prescribe changing the problematic content, but from excessive fusion with one’s self-concept, or self-as-content. If the problem is not primarily how one evaluates the content of one’s self-definition, then trying to move eval- uative constructs, such as self-esteem, might not prove most helpful. From an ACT perspective, trying to directly modify one’s self-evaluation (i.e., improving one’s self-esteem) runs the risk of investing self-evaluations with excessive importance. Then, through derived relational responding, the risk of increasing or strengthening negative self-evaluations arises. A positive evalua- tion marshaled in the service of weakening a negative sense of self might serve to put both in a frame of coordination that can result in the aversive functions of the original evaluation being transferred to the proposed alternative evalua- tion. Thus, the intended positive self-evaluation becomes associated with the same experience of suffering as the original negative self-evaluation. Furthermore, high self-esteem in itself is not necessarily correlated to better social or general functioning. When insensitive to context and attached to one’s self rather than one’s actions, positive evaluations are liable to lead to higher degrees of narcis- sism and lower levels of prosocial behavior (Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001). In addi- tion, such artificially inflated, conditional self-esteem is fragile. A potentially more fruitful approach to dealing with negative self-evaluations, and one that carries fewer risks of unintended side effects, would be to cultivate compassion for aversive self-concepts. In this work, the key processes are defu- sion, acceptance, and fostering experiential contact with a sense of an observer self, or self-as-context. The central focus is on cultivating the ability to take perspective and receive one’s suffering and negative evaluations as they arise.
Establishing an Effective Context for Training Self-Compassion We believe that effectively training a more self-compassionate approach to one’s suffering is greatly enhanced by various prerequisites and key skills. From a contextual point of view, it is crucial to establish a context that will prove most effective in fostering compassion. Foundational elements for establishing such a context include a deliberate focus on acceptance in the therapeutic relation- ship, the skill set of the therapist, presentation of a rationale for the work, estab- lishing a functional contextual point of view, and orienting to function and workability rather than form.
Establishing an Accepting Relationship In psychotherapy work, the therapeutic relationship is the primary context in which change takes place. We believe it is essential for the relationship to be based on acceptance, kindness, compassion, and reciprocity. As suggested by the promoters of functional analytic therapy, the therapeutic relationship can be established as a sacred space that can compassionately hold everything clients think and feel, along with all of their history and the whole of who they are (Tsai & Kohlenberg, 2012). It can also become a model of a truly intimate rela- tionship, which, in the definition offered by Cordova and Scott (2001), is a relationship in which behaviors that are liable to be socially punished, such as sharing vulnerabilities, opening up to one’s hopes and dreams, or showing one’s soft side, are not only not punished but in fact reinforced. Such a relationship can offer a supportive environment for the cultivation of self-acceptance and self-compassion. In chapter 5, we will further detail how to use the behavioral tools of functional analytic therapy to promote such a relationship.
Cultivating the Therapist Skill Set ACT has its roots in a model of normal functioning in which evaluative verbal processes inherently feed cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance and can lead to unclear values and lack of contact with the present moment. In turn, fusion with the self-judgments that the interactions of these processes can create is a universal human experience. And just as ACT clinicians are all the more effective when they embody compassionate flexibility around their own fusion and values, training self-compassion is best done by clinicians who prac- tice self-compassion around their own struggles, self-judgments, and shame.
To effectively foster curative relationships, clinicians must themselves possess a flexible repertoire for intimate relating, including the skills or behaviors they seek to train in their clients. Direct experiential work is key. This can be accom- plished by working through the clinician exercises proposed in this book, and by attending experiential training workshops in ACT, CFT, and FAP. Clinical supervision or participating in a peer consultation group with like-minded clini- cians can also be helpful in developing these skills in both personal and profes- sional life.
Beyond the clinic, practicing deliberate acts of kindness with loved ones and strangers, keeping a log of compassionate interpersonal risks and acts of self- care, cultivating mindfulness, and engaging in compassion-focused imagery practices can all contribute to learning to stay within a mindful, compassionate space. Mindful movement practices, such as yoga or tai chi, can also be helpful.
Presenting an Overall Rationale for the Work A key aspect of creating a context for compassion-focused work and enhanc- ing client motivation is presenting a rationale for the work. While there are a number of ways to do so, we believe that an effective rationale stems from the functional contextual point of view and includes several key elements. The first step is to establish mindfulness—a focus on what happens in the present moment—as the favored arena for training and learning new skills. Following from that, the therapeutic relationship can be presented as a context in which familiar difficulties can and will show up, providing precious opportunities for present-moment work. Drawing clients’ attention to this dimension of the work can help normalize emotional and affective issues that will arise in or about the therapeutic relationship. It also provides the groundwork for the clinician to turn to clinically relevant behavior when it shows up in session. As defined by FAP, and as we will detail in chapter 5, clinically relevant behavior is problem- atic or improved behavior that occurs in session and in the therapeutic relation- ship and that is an instance of problematic or improved client behavior outside of session (Kohlenberg & Tsai, 1991).
Establishing a Functional Contextual Perspective on Compassion The functional contextual viewpoint on compassion can be set forth by presenting psychological flexibility as becoming able to do what is important even in the presence of inner obstacles such as unpleasant or painful emotions, thoughts, or self-judgments. This can be presented in a number of ways, such as through a metaphor suggesting that we cannot control the waves of our emo- tions but can learn to surf them. Another effective way to present the func- tional contextual viewpoint on developing compassion is through the ACT matrix (Polk & Schoendorff, 2014).
Intervention: Presenting the ACT Matrix The ACT matrix, shown in figure 7, is a diagram that helps orient client and therapist toward increased psychological flexibility and compassion. It can provide an effective way to establish a functional contextual point of view with clients in everyday language. The matrix can be introduced in a number of ways. External Experiencing (Five Senses) Values: Family Intimate Relationships Parenting Away Toward Friends Education Work Recreation Spirituality Citizenship Health Internal Experiencing (Inside the Skin) Figure 7. The ACT matrix. (Reprinted from Polk & Schoendorff, 2014, with permission from New Harbinger Publications.)
One effective way of presenting it is to invite clients to name who or what is important to them and ask them to note it in the lower right quadrant of the diagram. Common responses include family, children, spouse, work, or health. Whatever clients may name, it is written down. Next, ask if they always do what would move them toward who or what they identified as important. In other words, do they always embody their values? Of course, none of us do; there are always obstacles that stand in the way. Take a moment to differentiate between external obstacles (material circumstances, other people, or both) and internal obstacles (thoughts, emotions, bodily sensations, and memories, some of which may arise in the presence of external obstacles), then invite clients to list some of their inner obstacles to moving toward who or what is important and place them in the lower left quadrant of the matrix. Common obstacles include fear, anxiety, guilt, shame, pain, painful memories, and thoughts of being unworthy, stupid, not good enough, and so on.
Next, invite clients to list some of the things they can or could be seen doing (if, say, a video camera recorded their actions) to move away from these inner obstacles—behaviors that they usually engage in response to these obstacles or to cope with them—and place them in the upper left quadrant. These are often resistant or avoidant behaviors and commonly (but not always) stand in opposi- tion to behaviors that would move them toward what really matters. Typical away moves include avoiding, drinking, taking drugs, distracting with television or video games, shopping, working, arguing, seeking to be right, blaming, com- pulsions, doing sports, cleaning, seeking reassurance, and so on.
Finally, ask clients what they can or could be seen doing (on the video camera) to move toward who or what is important to them and list these responses in the upper right quadrant. Common toward moves include spend- ing time with loved ones, playing with one’s children, going on date nights, planning a vacation, reconciling, exercising, and doing sports.
As the examples we listed illustrate, some behaviors can be considered either toward or away moves depending on whether they are under aversive control of unwanted inner experience or appetitive control of values. For example, you could go to the gym as a move away from anxiety, a move toward health, or a bit of both. And just as only clients themselves can notice who or what is impor- tant to them and what they don’t want to think or feel, only they can tell if a particular behavior is more of a toward move or an away move. When clients are unsure, asking them to ascribe percentages to toward and away can be useful. Through skillful questioning, you can orient a client toward experienc- ing the perspective of an observing self that can notice inner experience and whether behavior is performed in the service of moving away from unwanted inner experiencing (or at times moving toward wanted feelings, such as when using substances) or toward values.
Once the matrix has been set up and clients are noticing that the self, or “I,” lies at the center of the matrix—and the therapeutic process—you can ask which life clients would choose if presented with two options: doing more things to move away from what they don’t want to feel or think, or doing more things to move toward who or what is important. Thus far, every single one of our clients has voted for the option of moving toward life and what is important. You can then wrap up the process by explaining that the work in therapy will be about becoming better able to choose moving toward who or what is impor- tant, even in the presence of inner obstacles—a definition of psychological flex- ibility that’s accessible to the layperson.
Presenting the matrix sets up a context for therapy under clear appetitive control of values (i.e., moving toward). In this respect, the functional contex- tual approach differs radically from other approaches, which largely seek to help clients move away from aversives, either by reducing the occurrence or intensity of aversive thoughts and feelings, or by helping them change their behavior to escape aversive consequences (such as when promoting abstinence from alcohol and other drugs). We believe that setting up an appetitive context as explicitly as possible is crucial for establishing long-term motivation that can last beyond the removal of aversive consequences and reductions in distress. Furthermore, it provides an ideal basis for fostering more approach behavior toward aversive inner experience and self-concepts, which is a key element in training compas- sion clinically.
Orienting to Function and Workability Behavior cannot be understood in isolation from its context. For example, looking at different options may be useful before engaging in a course of action but not so helpful once action has been taken and there is no possibility of changing course or outcomes. Whereas other cognitive and behavioral approaches tend to focus on the content of clients’ thoughts, a functional contextual approach seeks to orient to the function of a particular thought or behavior in a given context.
Orienting to function involves looking at the effects of behavior, thoughts, emotions, and memories in a given context. Do thoughts of being hurt in the past that arise in the context of meeting a new potential partner serve as obsta- cles, or do they facilitate opening up? Does the behavioral response to these thoughts and feelings serve to move toward valued ends? These two questions— what behavior follows a particular inner experience (thought, emotion, memory, or image) and whether this behavior represents a move toward a valued direction—help orient to function. Orienting to function can prevent clinicians and clients from getting trapped in the content of inner experience and the often futile attempts to change that content.
From an ACT perspective, once the unworkable function of a particular inner experience has been identified, defusion and acceptance strategies, along with orienting toward values, are the preferred means of changing the verbal context and increasing the workability of behavior.
Validation of the Struggle Self- compassion implies unconditional validation of one’s own aversive experiences and feelings. It involves opening up to the entirety of one’s experi- ence and having the wisdom to know that one’s emotions and thoughts are valid. Many clients struggle with self-validation. Deeply understanding and acknowledging inner experience, particularly emotional experiencing, is a sin- gularly uncommon skill. Even clinicians, who are professionally trained in vali- dating clients’ experiences and emotions, may struggle with this process when turning it inward.
Analyzing the Workability of the Struggle From an ACT perspective, an effective first step toward validation includes a functional analysis of clients’ struggles to move away from unwanted inner experiences. In such an analysis, the clinician invites her client to consider how effective his away moves have been, in both the short and the long term, and whether they have served to help him move toward who or what is important. Often clients report that away moves are effective in the short term. This pro- vides an opportunity to validate the fact that the client engages in them. After all, they do work; they are valid, even if not the most effective approach in the long run. Indeed, most clients report that their away moves are ineffective in the long term, causing negative consequences or even making unwanted inner experiences more frequent, more intense, and generally more important in their lives. This provides a further opportunity for clinicians to validate clients’ expe- riences of being stuck in away moves.
Finally, asking whether away moves have been effective in helping clients move toward who or what is important helps reorient the work toward their freely chosen values. As mentioned, some behaviors can be either away moves or toward moves, depending on the context. For example, clients can go out with friends or engage in physical activity as a move away from loneliness or anxiety. Yet if friendship and health are important to them, they could also do the same behaviors under appetitive control of their values. This insight can help clients appreciate the potential for increasing the appetitive control of many of their away moves. Here, the power of derived relational responding can come into play, gradually bringing a range of hitherto aversively controlled behaviors under appetitive control. For example, say the compulsive away moves of a client presenting with OCD are running, reading, calling family and friends, cooking, and doing crossword puzzles. As the client comes to see that these are all also moves toward values, he can gradually begin to engage them under the appetitive control of values, rather than the aversive control of anxiety and obsessions. Indeed, we had such a client once who, by the end of treatment, did not meet criteria for OCD anymore while still engaging in largely the same range of behaviors; the difference was that he did so now under the appetitive control of values (Schoendorff, Purcell-Lalonde, & O’Connor, 2014). Through this kind of analysis of the way clients have struggled—often referred to as creative hopelessness in ACT texts—clients can learn how addic- tive and powerful away moves can be and how they result in people feeling stuck, unable to free themselves from entrapment. The first step toward freedom is to acknowledge this valid experience of being stuck. The next step is to stop struggling with the trap itself—in other words, defusing from rigid interaction with language.
Defusion from Self-as-Content Fusion with negative self-concept is a major obstacle to fostering a more self- compassionate stance. If clients take the negative self-conceptions their minds produce literally—self-conceptions that often echo the words of developmen- tally influential figures—self-criticism and self-invalidation can become their default behavior. By presenting the mind as an evaluating organ, useful for judging whether things fit in the world of five-senses experiences but not so useful when it comes to controlling inner experiences, the clinician can create more space in which clients can start gaining some distance from what their minds tell them.
Clinical Example: Targeting Self-Judgments and Criticism Given how common negative self-evaluation is, it may be possible fairly early in treatment to zero in on negative self-judgments and criticism as they appear in the moment. Asking clients how effective self-berating has been and how they would like to be able to behave toward themselves instead can help. The dia- logue below, which occurred in the second session of therapy, illustrates such an intervention. Ted is a thirty-two-year-old man presenting with depression, pro- fessional difficulties, and a high level of marital conflict. Therapist: So, Ted, what did you notice in your matrix over the past week? Client: I t looks like it’s been mostly away moves. I am just such a loser. I don’t know why you bother with me. Therapist: Ouch! First let me congratulate you for noticing away moves. Minds generally don’t like it when we start noticing this, and one thing they often do in reaction is beat us over the head with the fact that we’ve noticed away moves. Could this be what has happened? Client: Yeah. (Sighs.) Therapist: That must have been really painful. Is it something new, or is this something your mind usually does, judging you harshly and calling you names? Client: 100 Oh, I’m used to it. I’m just a loser anyhow. Therapist: It sounds to me that it’s almost as though “I’m a loser” stands guard to stop you from going anywhere beyond where it’s kept you all these years. Client: What do you mean? Therapist: Well, here you are doing something new: noticing toward and away moves. Yet “I’m a loser” won’t let you do it. It picks up the away moves you notice and tries to use them as sticks to beat you back into the “I’m a loser” corner. Client: Yeah. That’s exactly it. Therapist: I wonder if that’s what you need? Do you really need to be more beaten down? Client: Well, no. But what else can I do? Therapist: How would the person you want to be handle this? By calling you a loser? Or would some other words help? Client: I guess I’d need more encouragement. Therapist: Great! Let’s start by encouraging you to notice when your mind wants to pick up the loser stick and beat you with it. That’s kind of like level two of noticing.
The client is fused with the negative self-concept “I’m a loser,” which func- tions to limit what he can do in a given context. The clinician works on making apparent to the client how fusion with this negative self-concept determines his behavior, picking up on the self-judgment and helping the client defuse from it by pointing to its function: beating the client into a corner. Making that func- tion apparent provides the space in which the client can identify an alternative, more compassionate behavior: offering himself encouragement.
Intervention: The Mother Cat Exercise Self-blaming and a harsh approach to our inner distress can become the default mode of interacting with the self-judgments and other parts of our inner experi- ence that we dislike. Noticing how we receive our aversive inner experience can help lay the foundations of a more compassionate approach to our suffering. The following exercise in discrimination can be very useful in helping clients develop a more compassionate stance toward their experiences, behavior, or past. The exercise builds on a number of aspects of compassion-focused work and starts with a little story.
Imagine you’re observing a mother cat tending her litter of six kittens in a box. Of the six, one is black and white, and from the moment it opened its little eyes, it has shown itself to be more adventurous than its siblings. One day, as the mother cat is nursing her kittens, the little black-and-white kitten, who has ventured away from her line of sight, suddenly emits shrieks of distress. The mother cat instantly makes a beeline to where the black-and-white kitten is, catches it by the scruff of the neck, and carries it back to the box, where she drops it and licks it until it’s soothed. This mother’s behavior is not peculiar to cats; it’s present in some form in many species and nearly all species of mammals—well, perhaps not quite all species of mammals.
When it comes to humans, we may not always make a beeline for our little one in distress, perhaps saying, “I don’t have time for this now!” or “Wait until your dad gets home.” We may not immediately bring it back to a safe place, instead demanding explanations: “Why did you get into trouble again?” We may judge: “If you behaved there as you behave in the box, no wonder you came to grief!” We may invalidate: “You have no good reason to cry!” We may threaten: “Stop whining, or you’ll be sorry!” We may mock: “Look at that big baby crying again—not such a brave adventurer now!” We may turn away: “Don’t come near the box. I only want happy kittens here!” In short, unlike a mother cat, we humans may display a large palette of behaviors other than instinctively approaching a young one in distress, bringing it to a place of safety, and comforting it until it is soothed. What stops us from approaching distress and providing comfort? Getting hooked by the mind’s judgments. We all learned how to receive and respond to our own distress by witnessing how distress, both our own and that of others, was received by those giants we grew up amongst.
How about you? When your own kittens of inner distress start shrieking in the distance or when your self-judgmental thoughts start rumbling from afar, when that long-ago child starts hurting again, what do you do? How do you receive that kitten or that child? Do you turn toward it with an open heart and an intention to soothe the pain, or do you turn away, push away, ignore, belittle, argue, demand explanations, invalidate, scrutinize, mock, or engage in any number of behaviors other than approaching and receiving your inner distress with compassion? Just notice. And then notice if you can find some space to give that hurt part of yourself, that painful self-judgment, doom-laden prediction, or panic-stricken feeling, some of the mother-cat care it needs.
This exercise can be helpful for both therapist and client. It promotes dis- crimination between two modes of relating to aversive inner experience, whether those experiences are thoughts, self-stories, judgments, memories, or emotions. Often, when clients simply notice how they receive their inner experience, it can allow them to gradually notice the unworkability of not comforting their suffering.
We like to invite clients to try to identify the attachment figures from whom they might have learned their nonsoothing behavior. To aid in this, we volun- teer our own experience, such as hearing a parent’s voice loudly disapproving of our behavior when we make even a minor mistake. We observe that sometimes the blaming words in this tone of voice come so fast that there is little to be done about them other than noticing them as a hook and validating how painful it is to have this experience.
Clinical Example: Using the Mother Cat Exercise with a Depressed Client Below is a dialogue with Ted that illustrates use of the Mother Cat exercise. Therapist: So, over the past week, were you able to notice how you received your inner distress when it showed up? Client: It’s strange, but I could really see it as the little Ted getting so angry and frustrated about not being listened to. Therapist: And how did you meet him—like the mother cat, or in some other way? Client: y first reaction was to try to push him away and…I guess shame M him in some way. Like, Look at you, little so-and-so, feeling pissed off again! Can’t you just stop it? Therapist: Ouch! That feels harsh. Client: It is. And I could almost hear my mother’s voice talking to him. Therapist: Wow! What did you do? Client: I t’s strange, but when I noticed it, I thought of your mother cat image and was able to approach him with more kindness, to not meet anger with anger. Therapist: I find this really touching. Client: es. But you know, I didn’t make those calls to potential employers Y we discussed last week, and I lashed out at my wife when she tried to remind me. Therapist: What’s showing up for you now? Client: hat I’m useless and not a good client. (Pauses.) I feel ashamed and T angry. Therapist: That must be hard, and it’s hard for me to see you like this. I wonder how you’re receiving what you’re feeling and thinking right now. Is it more like a mother cat or in some other way? Client: (Laughs.) I guess more the other way! Therapist: And what would the Ted you want to be do with that little kid showing up in anger and shame? Client: Be more like a mother cat. Therapist: I wonder what your mother cat would do right now. Client: I guess she would say that it’s tough to feel this way and that she’s going to just be there for me.
Therapist: Yes, and I will be there for you too. In this dialogue, after the client reports having practiced the discrimination introduced the previous week, the therapist catches an in-session moment when the client veers back toward self-judgment and self-shame. In response, she invites him to practice the discrimination in real time. This exercise is an example of how offering clients a values-based discrimination, such as the one conveyed by the Mother Cat metaphor, can help them recognize and change unhelpful patterns of relating to their inner experience. In the course of therapy, it is not uncommon for clients’ minds to turn the therapeutic tools or exercises they receive into a way to feed the self-judging machine, as Ted did. In our expe- rience, guiding clients to notice when their minds turn on them and gently shaping a more compassionate approach to old wounds and judgments can greatly speed progress.
Training Self-Compassion More Directly The war against ourselves that our minds convince us to prosecute cannot be won. Accepting what we dislike about ourselves is the only basis for deep self- reconciliation. Clinical experience suggests that making peace with oneself is a hallmark of deeply transformative therapies. Peace is not about the end of pain; it is about not going to war against pain and suffering and instead receiving these experiences as they are, with a kind inclination of the heart. By promot- ing defusion and acceptance and orienting clients toward their values, ACT can serve to promote this kind of compassionate peace effectively. Cognitive fusion, which from an ACT perspective plays a central role in many pathological processes, also affects self-conceptions and can result in highly aversive self-constructions. The resulting behaviors of self-judgment and self-shaming are fundamental to the verbal entanglements that narrow people’s life choices and unduly increase suffering.
The emergence of a sense of self is a verbal product of our early interactions with our caregivers. Central to this process is the ability to recognize and name inner experiences. This learning requires a caring, consistent, and accepting social environment, which is rarely the case due to the vagaries of both family and cultural environments. In addition to purely verbal processes, our history of reinforcement or punishment for affiliation bids can impact our relationship to our own experience and our capacity to provide ourselves with the comfort we need. Within this context of verbal and attachment history, people can become fused with particularly painful and rigid forms of self-evaluations and self-shame. Rather than trying to change the content of such evaluations and emotions, it may be more fruitful to foster a more compassionate relationship with them. Because the relationship we have with our inner experience was learned in the context of relationships with our closest caregivers, a close and intimate thera- peutic relationship can provide a context ideally suited to helping clients foster a more accepting and compassionate relationship with their inner experience and self-evaluations.
Some key elements of working on compassion clinically include establishing a validating, accepting, and intimate therapeutic relationship; presenting a cogent therapeutic rationale; establishing a functional contextual point of view; and focusing on the function rather than the form of inner experience and behavior. The ACT matrix can be an effective tool in establishing a functional contextual point of view. An integral part of this work is validating clients’ struggles against their own experience, helping them see that it is often effective in the short term, and also orienting them to its long-term unworkability, both in terms of reducing their suffering and, crucially, in terms of moving toward a valued life.